How Walter Plecker Erased Native American Heritage

#ancestry #findingyourroots #redbone #nativeamerican #louisiana #redbone #familyhistory #genealogy
The historical classification of mixed-race individuals as "mulatto," a term primarily used to denote African and European ancestry, often erased the recognition of Native American heritage in families like the Melungeons and Redbones. These groups found themselves fighting against this simplistic racial categorization. Their struggle was not just for personal identity, but also a fight against the erasure of their rich, multifaceted heritage in a society inclined to fit them into a binary racial framework.
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Select References:
www.creolegen.org/2022/06/25/...
W.B. Goins, et.al. vs. Board of Trustees Indian Normal School. Filed October 12, 1915 in the Supreme Court of North Carolina.
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cwnc.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/ite...
www.newspapers.com/article/tr...
sciway3.net/clark/freemoors/I...
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[@nytn]

What do you think? 🟢Sign up for the e-mail list here! nytonashville.com/connect ▶Please follow me on X, twitter.com/ImFindingLola 🟢Send me a coffee!: ko-fi.com/nytn13#linkModal 🟢Support on Patreon: www.patreon.com/NYTN ▶Download the first section FREE of my "Be a Good ancestor" course here: nytonashville.com/shoplola/be-a-good-ancestor-course-digital-download-videos-bjks6 ▶Get the full course to save your family history here: nytonashville.com/shoplola/be-a-good-ancestor-course-digital-download-videos

[@djsec7207]

@nytn, I’m fully enjoying the content you are producing and sharing! I wanted to recommend an esoteric book that touches on what you are speaking of: Gone To Croatan: Origins of North American Dropout Culture. By James Koehnline Published by Autonomedia, March 1994

[@rogeliovaldez6594]

One of my favorite genealogical channels. U should colab with masaman

[@Omisaide]

Appreciate your knowledge and research on Indigenous American people. My Maternal Great Grandparents was listed as Mulattos because of the paper genocide. They refuse to relocate after 1812 and married other free people for generations. Only my Paternal Great Grandparents are linked to slavery as documented. No one is listed as an African slave though,?

[@axjohn]

I think you should be enrolled as a doctoral student in history or a related field at Vanderbilt since you live in Nashville. They would be lucky to have you! ❤

[@jameswest981]

Thank you for covering this I've tried to study on the tribe for a number of years but i was never able to find half of the facts u have found.

[@atina5976]

100% truth. My sister got a call during Covid from a German man wanting to buy land in Arizona. She asked why he was calling and he said he couldn't reach her husband. Was she the mother of their two sons? She said yes and he said, well, your husband is the 2nd to last surviving male of the Pinal Apaches of this land and your sons are the sole heirs. A distant grandmother had transferred the land to her family, but that was illegal, because it can only be passed on to a male. He added the 120 acres wasn't worth anything. LOL. Yeah, okay, but you've been trying to buy it for 4 years. My sister hung up, called her husband and he said, yeah, his father mentioned they were Apache and his mother was half Mexican, but they didn't say much else and were Negro on the Census. Nevertheless, they got a lawyer and have possession of the land. So a lot of Black folks walking around saying they have Native aren't all lying, some are and their ancestors were erased into Colored, Mulatto, or Negro by the stroke of a pen.

[@wiseteacher3599]

Thanks for sharing

[@keeshabrown7353]

Thank you. Old census reports show this paper phenomenon with my great grandfather and coincide with what my grandfather taught me before he passed. I'm still searching for older census reports, but it gets tougher to find him due to not being sure where his parents were from or what county he was actually born in circa 1862-63 (His 1900-1930 census reports are never consistent in the father's & mother's birthplace sections)

[@INGEN_Dahnie-el-aha-ha]

YEP...But not "some" ... it's "MOST" blacks....the rabbit hole is quite deep.❤

[@sd247]

I'm glad your questioned that real estate crook. If the land wasn't worth anything, why steal-buy it? Powered to you on learning about your land and keeping it for generational wealth.

[@misterhardy2020]

@@INGEN_Dahnie-el-aha-haFACTz💯💯

[@3737raider]

The truth should never be controversial. The paper genocide of Natives is well known in certain circles.

[@tyronleung5276]

Yet you have individuals claiming americans indians were dick policed and had Drapetomania Dysaethesia or spouting off five civilized tribes deflections to evade from paying reparations restitution and sovereignty to Black Americans .

[@marthadavis3018]

The background of this whole conversation is the fact that a genocide was taking place against all Native American people because they wanted our land and used all sorts of fraud and manipulative tactics to achieve that goal.

[@MANI-ee7vr]

✅

[@prettynikki73]

When you say “Natives” are you speaking of the Eurasian people who are also identified as “Indigenous”? Or are you speaking of the actual Indigenous who are have been re-identified many times, who are now called “African-Americans”? Because there is a difference between “Indigenous” and “Native”., and there is ample information even within papers in Congress (treaties, artwork, journals from “discoverers”, etc) that prove those who have been re-identified many times in this country are the true Indigenous. I do believe there were some African people enslaved and brought here to America (who mixed with the Indigenous., but there’s also ample information that shows many Indigenous people were sent from the Americas to Africa, the Caribbean , and South America. As a Black woman (who is mixed with 30% non Black), my maternal Great Grandparents always told us we were Indigenous Cherokee. But, I’ve learned more recently that she might’ve been also Lumbee. And my Great Grandfather was born in Laurinburg Scotland, North Carolina would go to his tribal meetings when I would stay with them in North Carolina for the summer. And my Great Grandmother was born in Robeson, North Carolina. My mother’s father’s side were originally from South Carolina., and his mother was half Irish and half “Black”… but I was told her mother was actually an Indigenous Indian. They definitely tried to hide some Black Americans being Indigenous.

[@scaringclaring5240]

@@prettynikki73 Africans are NOT indigenous to the Americas.

[@jeffgray4075]

One must recognize that the racial classification system was primarily about holding up the notion of white purity. These classifications most broadly were meant to identify who was not white, with little regard for how any individual might personally identify. Excellent breakdown, and always, excellent content.

[@KingKatura]

Thats not the case see my comment. ITs never had anything to do with purity as "whites" are not pure & have been known to be Mongloid since old times a thing they are proud of.

[@worldpeace4231]

Not really..they used the one drop 💧 rule to put them selves on the Dawes Rolls..so they can steal the land by saying they 1/32 Indian (black)

[@clementmckenzie7041]

Addendum, the racial classification system was broadly meant to identify who was not white and so not entitled to full citizenship rights and subject to legal and customary bars to opportunity and social advancement. In its earliest form as codified by the pre-revolutionary war Virginia house legislature when they created the one-drop rule under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson. It was meant to decide who was black and so not entitled to freedom from bondage, or self-determination. Free Virginia mulattos at that time were required to move across the state line into Maryland within six months or lose their freedom. Non Mulatto freed blacks had to be out of the state in three unless granted the right to stay by the legislature. If you were granted the right to stay it was under the sponsorship of a free white man of good reputation. These classifications were as much about control of black and brown people as they were about white purity

[@sr2291]

​@clementmckenzie7041 Are you claiming that Thomas Jefferson created the concept of the one-drop rule?

[@tonymetro4707]

The theft of the land is more like it. The creation of a fictitious identity for inclusion in the new system as they could not be nationals/owners. Coding of a new matrix.

[@PrincessLopez]

I recently came across your video in my feed and I'm grateful I did. I have found, in my own family tree, Mulatto being used in the place of Indian heritage then later in life reclassed as Black or Negro. I am still in the process of putting together my family tree. The reclassing and surname spelling variations have been challenging.

[@Darksister0922]

Yes this is my story too on both sides of my family. My paternal line from Louisiana and maternal line from South Carolina. Paternal grandmother said they have Indian in them they were considered High Yellow. No one ever claimed Indian on my maternal line but I think the were GG

[@ckone360]

My family. kzbin.info/www/bejne/sIfVhGmZaaubb9ksi=XVz1DTk2IKdnWALF

[@jenniferbourgeau49]

Mulattoes came from Europe. Get it right. They were helping white people murder natives

[@HomeofIvyLynn]

Same here.

[@agborie]

Race is a construct. It is not real. Always remember that. And in a eurocentric society it is always about distinguish what is and is not White! Nothing else matters to them. Keep searching for the truth no matter what you find.✊🏾

[@jonperusquia9386]

This is what the common term "PAPER GENOCIDE" means

[@lisascott1422]

Exactly!

[@Based_Gigachad_001]

What does "paper genocide" mean?

[@LilliLamour]

I have so many ancestors who were labeled mulatto. I'm so happy you're stating all is true. I tell people this all of the time.

[@saylorgirl799]

SAME!

[@cristobalvalladares973]

I'm a black Carib from Honduras. I arrived in the US as a young boy. Succeeding generations are mixed with everything. I tell them not to choose. You are all those things. I try to keep the Carib language alive with them. But love all that you are and don't let anyone tell you to choose. Ran into your channel. Interesting work, thank you!

[@redmango379]

Your peoples came from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent

[@cristobalvalladares973]

@@redmango379 aye garifuna nuguya -yes I'm garifuna. The next generations are boricua, Chinese, Italian, German and African American mixed. I may, in the end be the last speaker of a pre Colombian language, spoken by mixed negros cimarrones and Carib indians

[@cristobalvalladares973]

@@redmango379 yes I'm a Garifuna. Succeeding generations are now Boricua, Chinese, Italian, German and African American mixed. My generation maybe be the last to speak a pre Colombian language. Spoken by negros cimarrones mixed with native Carib Indians. I'm taking them to Belize this year for a cultural trip.

[@Sonofjake]

You Caribbean people and Honduras are Israelites.... learn the truth....

[@juanacastillo1772]

​@@Sonofjakeplease stop with the Israelite BS💩🙄🤣😂

[@remills1714]

Great knowledge that you're sharing. Not Pro-Black, Pro-White, or Pro- indigenous. You just give facts concerning the people's of this country and all the pride that should accompany them.

[@nytn]

I appreciate that. At the end of the day this is our shared American story.

[@aevans-jl9ym]

What are you talking about? The term 'Maulatto' is a Spanish racial slur for someone who was classified as part 'Mule' ie not solely a white European pure breed stallion. By your appearance, you have a non-European admixture

[@jedheart8059]

I agree.The big deal needs to be one a non issue after it's all unpacked so we all understand why it became a deal we had to unpack.

[@karrtaviues4]

This is the basis for all of American history. The erasure by the pen, not just by the sword. Great video

[@bayyinahzhaxx7620]

I'm a descendant of Robeson County Lumbee. I was told we were Cherokee, but apparently we're linked to Lumbee. I've been trying to untangle this web for over two decades.

[@vanessareedhawaiinani]

I also have in my lineage as well

[@vanessareedhawaiinani]

Lumbee are mixed with white black etc

[@richardwilliamswilliams]

Growing up in Charlotte a neighbor was an Oxendine. Alot of people thought they were Cherokee.

[@bayyinahzhaxx7620]

@@vanessareedhawaiinani They became mixed with these things over time. The Cherokee are also mixed. It's just part of being American.

[@titanbuck7]

I c no reason why it couldn't be Cherokee and Lumbee. There is some question in my mind what happens when a new individual was genetically Cherokee went to live with the Lumbee through getting married.

[@MISTERALSTON]

Through genealogical research, this happened on both my maternal and paternal side of my family. Thank you for covering this. You don't know how much these conversations need to be had. I also have Chavis in my genealogy. Sending love from NC.

[@jonperusquia9386]

I too am a descendant of Bartholomew Chavis connections to North Carolina and Virginia

[@nytn]

Chavez fam! They have a wild story. I hope to keep learning it

[@jonperusquia9386]

@@nytn you will find many derivatives of Chavis spelling as well I found (Chaveous)

[@elizabethfairley6460]

Conversations need to be had, but in too many cases after conversations have been had about many wrongs, no action is taken to undo the damages. It's frustrating that the people responsible for causing all those damages to this day are unwilling to move a muscle to try and correct them. They just expect us to move on and go forward with life as nothing happened.

[@nytn]

I think about this too and wonder how to untangle it all. We are all so mixed at this point. For instance, people are discussing reparations $ for people who had enslaved ancestors. I have enslaved ancestors, (I dont want the $) but also people like me should not be excluded because of how we look, if we share the same ancestry. I have seen a lot of comments about how to exclude the "White" people from that, even if back in 1800s, everyones ancestors were enslaved. Im not sure what should be done.

[@HiNinqi]

Paper genocide has happened a lot in many of our families here in the US. If you're indigenous you'll see all of these terms shuffled around at some point on your ancestors and even your parents paperwork. My father was even victim to having his race shuffled around and it was denied being fixed on paper despite the aunties all rallying to remove "colored" from his paperwork for example.

[@gew2027]

The Plecker ACT of Virginia reclassified Indians as Colored.We come.from light to dark

[@gew2027]

Emblem of the Americas 1798 the real Indians from South America to Alaska..Mulatto is the light skinned brothers

[@ckone360]

Same as my family. Our surname is Tann shortened from Kikotan Indians. Early research they were listed as mulattoes then negro kzbin.info/www/bejne/sIfVhGmZaaubb9ksi=XVz1DTk2IKdnWALF

[@jenniferbourgeau49]

Your nation is the greatest at falsifying documents.

[@jenniferbourgeau49]

​@@gew2027mulattoes enslaved natives

[@suspectsikka1198]

Ive been combing through your channel recently, as a way to understand terms within my own family. Thank you for sharing what you have learned. 💜💚💛

[@nytn]

Wonderful!

[@9thGenerationCajun]

I'am glad to find someone with a connection to louisiana that is as fascinated by this topic as I'am. I find myself wanting to ask people about their heritage when I see certain people, But these days people are to quick to being offended. Keep going I feel like you're creating a tribe it's pretty amazing to see some of the comments

[@samparkerSAM]

Same here from New Orleans, these videos are excellent. My family is very similar with old New Orleans spanish roots; and a old English family that migrated from Boston and New Jersey. My Grandmother leaned on her English roots for distinction and D.A.R status in the 1930s.

[@SheSoIndigo]

I got my first email today. Thank you for making sure we don’t lose all your content encase KZbin wants to be ridiculous ❤😌

[@nytn]

You are so welcome. I have a really great feeling about this beautiful community who want to reconnect.

[@gazoontight]

The mental gymnastics that people undertook in bygone days. It sounds like “mulatto” was used as a catch-all for anyone of mixed ancestry and that over time it became default white-black. Native ancestry was gradually submerged into the black-white dichotomy. “Indians” were not taxed and could not vote; for a long time they weren’t even citizens. Was it better to be Indian or mulatto? That’s an interesting question. Each had a different set of disadvantages with which to deal. I wonder if part of the motivation to classify people as mulatto was to subject them to taxation. It is ironic that in the “land of the free” there were people who had to carry papers to verify ancestry. Not too long after that time this country went to war against countries where, “your papers, please” was a common question. Great video as usual. Please continue the research.

[@pietrycranberry6621]

No,the offspring from a Native person and a European doesn't look the same as an African person mixed with European so using mulatto as a catch- all makes unless both groups produce the same looking offspring.

[@jessecortez9449]

I'd say taxation and finance in general plays a major role. Far more than we would like to consider since it's such an abstraction compared to physical qualities. I think one of the biggest cornerstones for this in (relatively) recent history are the Organic Act of 1871 and the 14th Amendment. Race labels are probably secondary to these two.

[@MsPeabody1231]

​​@@pietrycranberry6621My child is black and white. As a toddler she got confused by many people as being the sibling of a toddler who is native American and white. Both kids have southern European heritage in their mix which is probably why lots of people presumed they were siblings. Oh and the Southern European seems to come from both parents in both children.

[@pietrycranberry6621]

@@MsPeabody1231 You are missing the point, most Hispanics people you see in the U.S are Mestizo/a with some having pretty High native ancestry. On average, assuming you live next to or have been around enough Hispanics, how often have you thought some of these folks look part African and European?

[@nayah9423]

⁠More Asians slaves were brought to America than Africans . African Americans aren’t African!!!

[@michaelbriggsbfn1130]

Thank you for addressing this topic. I recently commented on one your videos about my ancestors from Eastern Kentucky; further back Tennessee. I told you about my ancestors on my great grandmother's side(Mosley) listed as Mulatto on the 1860 census along with the other people(Moores) of the same county as Mulatto. My great great great grandfather married a woman of the Moore family (Polly Moore). My great grandmother and my grandmother always told us we were from Cherokee people. I believe them. Thanks again for sharing your research. I did find a newspaper article of my 3X great aunt Mahala Mosely being Cherokee.

[@wiseeyes3990]

My Dad was from Pennington Gap VA.,last name Moore,i remember a picture he had of his grandmother and she full blood native indian,and was dressed in attire proving so.My Dads family all had black hair ,dark eyes,ruddy skin,all with the exception of two who haid red hair.

[@spikeoramathon]

it just seems absurd that these people sought to classify others to determine what rights and freedoms they could access. It's maddening that this sort of thinking about "racial purity" has persisted even to today. Wouldn't it be a beautiful world where we could respect everyone as just *HUMAN*, and then celebrate our ancestors without having to put our lineages into boxes?

[@Danielle-zq7kb]

I want that world to live in!

[@leonphillips7132]

No. It is about holding power by disempowering others. This is also done by pitting various groups against each other. The greatest potential ally of blue-collar White people are African-Americans. But racism was created to keep both groups from challenging those in power. It serves the same purpose today. It would make sense for “Brown” people to ally themselves with African Americans. It happens on a small scale, but those same people from Mexico, South America, and India (They refer to themselves as brown, too, sometimes.) have their own negative attitude toward Black (Darker-skinned people) in their own homelands. The popularity of skin lightening cremes throughout Asia (and some parts of Africa and the Caribbean) is indicative of the grip that racism has on people’s minds worldwide. And anyone of White (European) descent who has escaped the grip of indoctrination of superiority is exceptional. We are all exposed to the same propaganda. We need a paradigm shift. Soon. Our world hangs in the balance.

[@kimfleury]

​@@leonphillips7132I was born in the 1960s and have never been indoctrinated with any idea of "white superiority," except for the politicians in Germany who started WWII, and those guys weren't exactly portrayed in a good light. Differences between cultures were acknowledged, and opinions about those differences were recognized, all while holding respect for the various cultures. If anything, opinions of superiority were handed on from families, not schools, and those opinions were discouraged through the use of reason by the teachers. My own family includes 19th Century German immigrants, and after the two World Wars, they were really aghast at the idea of anyone thinking they were superior because of who they were born as.

[@spikeoramathon]

@@leonphillips7132 That's a very good point. and I agree; we need to change how we think!

[@StirUpYourPurpose]

This sure is truly a time of the Wild Wild West. Here you are in your native and ancestral land, and you have to prove your heritage to some foreign interlopers.

[@EmpressTink]

❤💯

[@afuacooper369]

This is true. I work on Black history in Canada and US, and many people identified as mulattos were in fact half Indigenous, etc. But they lost that identity and heritage during slavery.

[@EyeOfTheWatcher]

I also think part of the problem was certain indigenous tribes was not recognized as being as their own tribe based on stereotypes of what an indigenous person was suppose to look like.

[@Chitimacha1025]

Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act was legislated and enacted coinciding with the federal Indian Citizenship Act (1924) that for the first time conferred indigenous people with US citizenship. I opine the categorizations were not merely to determine tax status as they claimed, but to insidiously contribute to the erasure of “Indianness,” which in contemporary times decreases segments of the population conscious enough (or possessing documented proof) to bring forth suit in federal court over land. Your content is always so thoughtful and appreciated😙

[@kimfleury]

You might be interested in reading the works of John Collier, who was the head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs back then. He opposed the unilateral designation of Native Americans as US citizens without negotiating a treaty with the individual tribes and bands. The Native Americans didn't have any say in the designation. And there had already been Natives Americans who had not affiliated or remained connected to any tribe, because they didn't want to live on (shrinking) reservations being dependent on the US government. They wanted to enjoy the benefits of technological advancements and be free to make choices in the wider world, especially but not only the US. And in my part of the country, I think they were recognized citizens with the right to vote. I've got cousins whose grandparents and great-grandparents belonged to one of the Native American bands here, and they were free to sell their treaty land grants (divided by family, so each member of the family was free to do with his portion what he wished), and they were free to buy property elsewhere. I knew the families, and they weren't hesitant to answer questions at family gatherings.

[@dinkster1729]

@@kimfleuryThe same is true in Canada. There are lots of non-status Indians whose ancestors were never enumerated as Natives by the federal government in the 1870 (?)'s. They were just forgotten. There are also Métis or métis who are sure of their native DNA, but this is not recognized if they don't come from a native community. There is a large group of Métis or non-status Indians in Newfoundland who had their status recognized and then, taken away by the Canadian government. Then, we have all the pretend "Indians" including Buffy Ste-Marie coming out of the woodwork. The situation is pretty crazy.

[@craigr6842]

You are on the right track. That's why you are being censored. Who is a slave? It's not how we imagined it to be. Slave was being used as a synonym for negro, it didn't necessarily mean that that negro was in chains. I have plenty of sources for this.

[@marlansmith8781]

The terms black, white, African American… are erasing peoples history. It’s a generalization. Stop labeling people. We all have unique family ancestry.

[@marlansmith8781]

I should preface and say that people’s identity is their own. You have to start with the individuals writing these terms and understand the objective in their language or terminology. They are trying to generalize these peoples to translate for someone. They aren’t a part of these groups.

[@myquestionsare...4075]

Just found your channel, I'm so glad you're covering this! I'm from the Neutral Strip, I'll have to email you when I get time. Great show!

[@jobrien8974]

Thank you for getting to the real atrocity that occurred in the U.S. indigenous Americans that have been reclassified as mulatto, colored, Black and now African Americans. 🤯

[@bewaresilentjaguar8860]

A simple DNA test will show what you are. There are still full blooded indigenous Americans that have no African ancestry. Stop contributing to real indigenous Americans.Just because to have 5% Native American doesn’t give you the right to appropriate. What’s peoples obsession with Native Americans. One ancestors doesn’t qualify

[@johnnyearp52]

That is worse than genocide and slavery?

[@Based_Gigachad_001]

Native Americans don't have dark skin nor do they have round eyes.

[@jobrien8974]

@@Based_Gigachad_001 I’m speaking about indigenous Americans. Indigenous Americans and Native Americans come in all shades. From the rare albino to the darkest of brown.

[@ian_ford]

Interesting. I traced family from Halifax County when doing my research a few years ago. On a macro-level, as to why all of this happened (racial purity/identification/pedigree), the roots go back to the 15th century: _A Pope (Innocent VIII), an edict, a ship, and a portrait of Jesus._ But, that’s another story for another time. This is fascinating research. I’ll have to do some more digging.

[@agborie]

Your work is incredible and really documents the moving targets of race and ethnicity. ❤👏🏾📚🎓

[@skssuccess75]

Great video and topic. Growing up I was lead to believe that millions of american indigenous people died of disease or the gun. This brings up the question of did they really die or were they misclassified?

[@Misty168]

I’ve been thinking about this as well smh

[@ijustneedmyself]

Probably a mix of both as it tends to be with most things!

[@dinkster1729]

Sir John A. Macdonald said that people were either White or Indian. He didn't recognize Métis. He didn't recognize that you could be both. If you lived as a White, you were White. If you lived as a Native, you were Native. What would he do with Grey Owl?

[@akeemthegreat1700]

We were reclassified

[@juanacastillo1772]

Well DNA can answer that question

[@kareem.10]

Danielle, thank you for your research and taking the time to inform those who aren't familiar with this history. And thank you for sharing your journey. This history becomes personified in you as we learn the direct impact it's had on your family history and identity.

[@nytn]

And I have a lot to learn..I know that. I appreciate you all!

[@kareem.10]

@@nytn I've been studying history since the 90s and feel like I've only scratched the surface. Each discovery generates more questions.

[@giovannibey7836]

Thank you for your time and effort in this work ✊️

[@doylecole]

If Education, Employment, SSI Benefits and other benefits and privileges were doled out by strict racial definitions mandatory genetic testing would be required to determine eligibility. Beware those who demand reparations for Black Americans as opposed to reparations based on lineage for descendants of slaves. We have to move beyond these racial and rascist definitions, classifications. Your research is ESSENTIAL to bring justice to ALL of our people.

[@user-gm8dz1hh8g]

I’m glad your talking about this. My mothers side is black native. Out of Tennessee and Arkansas. It took years to match my family story with the records.

[@kimweidner7351]

What is disturbing about hearing this is the fact that Native Americans wouldn’t be able to inherit their tribal benefits if they are being classified as mulatto. This is so disturbing and disgusting on so many levels. Aside from the fact that Native Americans did have children with Africans - which means that even if the Black / Native American offspring wouldn’t be able to inherit just because they are partially black. This is so upsetting I can’t even express it.

[@gelsilicawalker3835]

So very informative, again thank you.. Keep up the great work.

[@Questrescue]

You’re doing great work 👍🏾thank you.

[@vanessareedhawaiinani]

Many people of the LUMBEE most of them do not identify as having African blood they will ignore that part not all of them, but majority of them

[@waskyhenry6306]

"majority not identifying as having African blood". Wow 😮, that's deep.

[@EmpressTink]

They look African too

[@stevencorrea8032]

​@@EmpressTinkwhat do an Aboriginal Australian look like or a Torrey straight Islander?

[@EmpressTink]

@@stevencorrea8032 African 🙏🏾

[@stevencorrea8032]

​@@EmpressTinkwhere is Kyrie Irving from or NBA player Patty Mills?

[@jerometurner8759]

Your videos are the best! Please keep going!

[@amyoconnell1812]

This video has me wanting to trace my roots! My family is from Robeson NC and there’s a rumor of being “native”. I have watched your videos for a while and found them so interesting but this one really hit home! PS we love bulldogs here too. Love your channel ❤

[@abaachi13]

I've seen the letter "M" in some places, and I've seen the term Mulatto in places as well. I'm glad that we can discuss this. Everyone deserves to know who they really are, and where they're really from.

[@kcn7826]

My great grandfather from Campti tried to get Native American recognition with others and his son, he was denied over 100 years ago, they went to Oklahoma and Chicago

[@icmanagement5287]

Thank you. Your work is appreciated.

[@realdeal139]

Omg! The hair looks amazing!! 😍

[@amb7412]

Wow, by robbing these people of their proper classifications their rights and privileges were stripped away. The "M" classification had to have done immeasurable damaged. This country to need to make things right, because even back then African Americans should never have been disenfranchised. We've got to hold of the mirror and fixing these things, to become the nation that we were meant to be to all. Thank for sharing this well researched part of history that we know so little about.

[@Sun.of.WaKhan]

Hello, The so called Negros, Blacks, African Americans ARE the Indians. They reclassified us from Indians to Negros to hide our identity and therefore claim to this land and all the broken treaties that were made to our ancestors. Black people are indigenous to America, and were here by the tens of millions long before any ships of any kind arrived here. And by the grace of God Almighty and His Son Jesus Christ., we are still here, because before they arrived here and called us Indians...we were called Israel. Yashael

[@richardwilliamswilliams]

North Carolina kept census records since colonial times. However the State falsely has changed birth records race records to suit the recorder's ideas.

[@dinkster1729]

That happened in New Brunswick, too. The census taker changed my family name in the last available census to Gagnier from Goneau because the Anglos in my family pronounce the name as if it was Gagné , but spell it Goneau. It's nice to be over Frenchified, isn't it? People complain about anglo census takers changing French-Canadian family names to English ones, but I have a bone to pick with those Francophone census takers in northern New Brunswick who change our name to a more common French-Canadian one.

[@marg716]

👏👏👏🎉 Thank you for sharing this.

[@jchow5966]

I appreciate your dedication to history!!!!!!!

[@jamesfox2857]

THANK YOU !!!

[@ijustneedmyself]

I've heard my entire life that my mother's side of the family has Seminole ancestry, but we have no proof. She did a DNA test and got back less than 1% Native American. In my genealogy research, I've found the earliest ancestors (in this country) listed as mulatto. Could it be that we actually have Seminole in our lineage? Were they actually enslaved people who ran away and took up with the Seminoles or were they enslaved by them? There are so many questions that I guess will never be answered. I was having a conversation with a neighbor and she told me how far back she could research her ancestry and I mentioned only being able to go back so far. I'm not positive it registered for her why she could and I couldn't.

[@chahtadomwindham7397]

The Seminole never owned slaves. Teachers of history would like you to believe this, but it's not true. Seminole people were a majority formerly enslaved Indians and some Africans.

[@bettyraynor-davis9]

I am one who thinks you should Believe your family oral tradition and your DNA. The records have been doctored.

[@jhoward5722]

Dna dont work

[@shaffy856]

DNA ancestry does not test foe North American Indigenous in the United States. If you look Under Tested communities on Ancestry you will see nothing under the United States. They are only testing South America and Mexico

[@thirdeffect]

Othellos Children in the New World by José Pimienta Bey PhD is a good read that mentions Seminole Moors/Maroons of Negro Fort in Florida and addresses some of that history. ❤

[@blancaj2165]

Wow, this channel just came across my recommended right after I just found my GreatgreatG'ma was labeled as Mulatto and Greatgreatpapa was Creek on the federal census . My family has always said we never came from Africa and to stop saying we're African American. We're a family of the rainbow colors, some are very dark and others are very light but we all have thick long hair that's more red to sandy color. This video really helped me to understand more of who we are. Thanks for making this video ❤

[@juanacastillo1772]

Take a DNA test

[@jamespresident6577]

You're a beacon of light to the human family of the planet earth❤ Keep lighting the path up

[@juslostone]

I always found it interesting that the origin of the word mulatto comes from Arabic, Muladi and it meant someone who wasn't born a Muslim but converted to Islam. And this word came popularized in Spain during the rule of the Black Moors. It's funny how definitions change. And now European's want to say that mulatto etymology comes from a mule. But that is far from the truth. And a final note, there's a lot of denial of African ancestry based on the rules at play here.

[@aevans-jl9ym]

What are you talking about? Just Google this disgusting racial slur. It's Spanish for being part 'Mule' instead of solely being descended from Stallions

[@juslostone]

@@aevans-jl9ym sorry I read actual books and don't depend on Google like a mindless twit. If you want to Google I gave you everything you need to do so. A lot of the race laws and codes in America began in Spain so don't look to them for your enlightenment, look to their past

[@aevans-jl9ym]

@@juslostone What are you talking about you lumen proletariat peasant? Stop making shit up 'Muldadi' "comes from Arabic" meaning wasn't born a Muslim but converted to it BS

[@dinkster1729]

@@juslostone Could your books be wrong or could the folk etymology be why the term has persisted in English to the present day? s?

[@dirkdillary4925]

Its hard to have this conversation without pointing to that at this sametime frame 1860s through 1930s over 60 million people of European or Caucasian or White heritage (army's of people) were arriving in the country! These people came into a new country and reclassified the people who were already here! Who was Walter Plecker actually?? This country was invaded fully! This is why to this day, they arr still shuffling people atound the country and importing millions into this country! As a person who lives and growed up in the South i can remember when everybody knew everybody! Even when you brought a girl or boy home to date your people would ask them WHO are their people? This was done to make sure you weren't dating your family or the wrong families! Now there are people here from everywhere and nobody know nobody!

[@ktmac7610]

I remember that also. In my small town we knew everybody. I remember riding home with my aunt and she saw a lady she knew coming up to a red light. My aunt knew to stop and let this lady go because she didn’t stop for traffic lights, everybody in town just got out of her way. I don’t think she thought she was better than, I think she was just way too old to drive. I also remember being able to recognize the sound of everyone’s vehicle in my neighborhood when they came home.

[@dirkdillary4925]

@@ktmac7610 Yep, them was the good ole days! Now it so many people here from everywhere! Small town vibes are disappearing rapidly!

[@ktmac7610]

@@dirkdillary4925 I moved to a village! lol only a blinking light here. Don’t know everybody by name but still has the vibe.

[@EssentiallyCamada]

Our percentage of the population keeps declining as they import more allies. We should not be at the bottom of the hierarchy. This is our land. I know it's a pipe dream but if Million upon millions of us showed up at a place and demanded action. We would vet it but no we wont ever. We cannot wait on these people to do the right thing they need to be strong armed. They have no right to do anything that they are doing. This can be done instantly but they'll take 2, 3, 5 or 10 generations to think about it. These people, Anglos have no honor.

[@PrincesSarah70]

I guess being born and raised in Louisiana is the reason I can identify with some things you’ve shared thus far. This video peeled back some layers of what I found out about my maternal third great grandfather’s first wife who was Choctaw. There are actual court records regarding this because the freedom of her children with him was trying to be established because she was not a slave as well as their Native status being granted. It’s so ironic that you did this video because I talked with my cousin who lives in Dallas, TX Monday night and we were sharing information that we had found with one another. She told me it is because of who the slave owner was that there’s well documented records. In my gallery on Ancestry there’s a typed document of an interview given by his great grandson talking about the family of General William Lang who was originally from Chesterfield, SC but eventually moved to Jackson, MS. There’s a lot of records and it’s like a puzzle trying to put the pieces together and it does get overwhelming but I’m going to stick with it.

[@vm1776]

I watch all of your videos when they come accross my feed. I have Italian ancestry, I'm pretty sure that I don't have African or Native ancestry given how far back I've traced and not seen any, but you never know what surprises you find when you get another generation back. You're sharing American history and understanding experiences of the past that have created seperations between people that have continued into the present.

[@nytn]

That's awesome! I really love having you here.

[@michellekendrick236]

Many of us Black Americans don't identify as African Americans. Although we are a mixture of many nationalities, we know our ancestors are native to this land. This video is confirmation. I have Goins in my family. You will find the streets named after them off Nolensville Road in Nashville 37211. Thanks for sharing!

[@nytn]

I HAVE TO FIND THESE. Do you have any links for the history or info on those? I might have to do an in-person vid.

[@michellekendrick236]

I personally don’t have the information but I can speak with my uncle who still lives in the area. You can google the street info.

[@nytn]

I just did. I am floored. I'll have to look into this, thanks

[@mferreira1073]

The whole Franklin and Nashville area geography are informed by the Natchez trace a Native American road that goes to Louisiana. The original route went right through downtown Franklin and downtown Nashville. You can see bits of both roads on maps in the cities, although in rural areas it was turned into a national parkway.

[@nytn]

I’ve been in Nashville for a long time, but not born here. I gotta do some reading

[@leenam.4578]

My father's family very likely got caught up in Plecker's reclassification system.

[@TruHeru]

My grandfather’s passing and a letter he sent my mother about our lineage opened up a whole new world for me. Long story short, I ended up driving from Los Angeles to rural East Texas and uncovered that we STILL have nearly 200 acres of land, deeds, oil/mineral rights and come to find out, after a lifetime of only identifying as “black”, I find my ancestors were indigenous to many areas around the gulf and were reclassified as negros/mulatos which detached us from our heritage. It gets DEEP! 🪶

[@staceyshine247]

It is amazing that you find your African ancestor. Great job!

[@blackout4203]

This happened to one of my Great-Grandmothers; listed on the U.S. Census as "mulatto" despite being an original Dawes Enrollee with a documented blood quantum.

[@richardwilliamswilliams]

Good morning from Copperhill Tn.

[@nytn]

good morning! We are snowing again in Nashville :D

[@ezrakh]

Literally the history of some of my family especially the branches from Florida, Virginia and South Carolina. Thanks for this! Nice synths also!

[@sonyas.1124]

Thank you for info.🏫

[@michaelmcclosky1142]

U are Wonderfully well spoken. Peace

[@antonevelone1439]

Not at all surprised to hear what you had to dig through to find the conclusions about Native American lineages of origins. Thank you, it was greatly appreciated. The word Mulatto I've heard of this expression back in the 80s and did not quite understand and comprehend its meaning at that time. It was done to erase the identity of origin, so the descendants could not trace their legal rights to the lands, and properties of their origins...

[@deboverstreet8487]

Appreciate your work and presentation on all these subjects.At this point nothing f directly relating to me, but fascinating and historic. Thanks

[@CuseSouthSide]

I truly enjoy viewing your videos; You indeed do some great research and know how to express your findings fluently! You remind me of when I was in college studying ecology and my professor would captivate my mind with information that was new to me..

[@nytn]

Wow, thank you!. That's an absolutely huge compliment.

[@DRIFT3RW6LF]

NEVER LET SOMEONE ELSE TELL YOU WHO YOU ARE. ESPECIALLY THE COLONIZER.

[@donnadaniels4693]

My father family Piscataway, but they denied federal recognition because they were listed as mulatto even though they are in the history books, and because they mix with blacks, too, and white, some native, some white look black, but they started off as native the Piscataway from the east part of the United States going

If you mixed with black you are not native anymore

[@jamilljones2264]

Is his family from Charles county, maryland ???

[@carolwoodward6141]

I admire and enjoy your personal and documentary approach to studying racism. You are both passionate and dispassionate.

[@rosemaryrowlands6705]

Signed up! Hello from the UK!

[@nytn]

Hello! I’m obsessed with Cornwall and I hope to find some family ties there one day 😅😅😅no luck so far

[@bettyraynor-davis9]

Have you read President Jackson's Indian Removal Act? He was responsible for what has become known as the Trail of Tears due to the removal of Native People from the reservations originally allocated to them by the Federal Government. Indian Woods of Bertie County NC was one such reservation where the Tuscarora had been removed to and later removed from.

[@ctjones522]

I love your videos, and i support what you do. I was wondering if you could please do a video on Dona Drake. I would like to get your opinion on her life. Thx.

[@coreylevine8095]

Dona is Black woman but pretended to be a Hispanic woman in order to be a Star in Hollywood if she out as Black Hollywood won't want her in their movies

[@Akhem-Sekhu]

Not only do I agree. I Liked, subscribed and shared. I’ve been saying this for over 30 years

[@nytn]

Thank you!

[@lulumoon6942]

Please consider covering the tribes who refused federal enrollment out of understandable mistrust and defiance, but affecting descendents. 🙏🪶

[@Micah_Perez.Praise_Yah]

You truly bring things to light. I appreciate your hard work. YAH Bless.

[@tiredoftrolls2629]

My husband's Syrian (Lebanese) family were listed in the 1920 census as Mulatto. The same year, my Syrian (Lebanese) grandfather was listed as white and his cousin was listed as Japanese (still not sure what that was about)

[@nytn]

My family has been listed as”Yellow”! Lol

[@tiredoftrolls2629]

@@nytn white people tying themselves into knots trying to make sure other people aren't getting white benefits. Haha.

[@dinkster1729]

@@nytn Probably the term for people who are seen as "high yellow" as in the song "The Yellow Rose of Texas", right? It doesn't mean "oriental". It means fairly light complexion for someone who is more or less Black.

[@Aggresivecherokee]

This topic is VERY nuanced. You have to speak on these Classifications in regards to specific dates. You left out quite a few Classifications, understandably so from the length of this video. There were actual specific distinctions of your standing depending on if you were mixed with, Native American, European, or Negro. Depending on the mix changes your status. They were not considered the same. So Mulatto wasn't a catchall. There was also talks of making each group a Race inanof itself. Also to say everyone dodged being called a Negro isn't true. After The Indian War, Andrew Jackson made it illegal to be an Indian in the U.S.. This is why with the exception of very few, like The Seminoles, Indians went to Reservations. So all Indians who could pass for Black would change their identity to Negro.So as to not run afoul of the Law. There is so much more I'd like to explain, but this will do for now.

[@alisa6259]

AWESOME

[@livelonglegacy]

that's the point, people thought they have no African DNA but end up finding out more now about DNA than before

[@ladyangi100]

Thank you so much, Lola, for exposing these trues. Many like myself and my family have been denied our rights because of not allowing us to claim our tribe instead have been told and till being told we are a color. This is, as you mentioned, not the classification of dogs or any animal. I am a woman 66 years old, not a race. My family is from Halifax County. I know my great-grandmother was Cherokee Indian. people need to identify with their nations and tribes this give freedom and dignity and more purposes. Please continue. Don't be silenced!❤❤👍🏽

[@KoolT]

Our family had dna tests and discovered w are percent north African, Scottish. DANISH and Sicilian's ❤❤❤❤ were just all people. 😂

[@kareem.10]

In my humble opinion,: Q. In the identity policies of the time, why were Spanish, Portuguese, and Moor used in conjunction with mulatto, colored, and Indian? A. The Moors controlled Spain, Portugal, Sicily, parts of southern Italy, parts of southern France, and other Mediterranean islands from 711AD - 1492 AD. Old history books prior to the early 20th century say that the Moors were Black. Modern ones deny this. The usage of the word Moor except for in the last 2-3 generations was used as "Black". This is especially true in European books, treaties, and other historical sources. Princess Michael of Kent wasn't expressing racism as the world media stated when she wore a Moorish brooch to Prince Harry's marriage to Meghan Markle. She was acknowledging that Moorish blood was already admixtured into royal lines as elite Black and White families intermarried during and after the Moorish occupation of Iberia. So, many of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Moors who came to this land in the early Discovery period were ethnically and racially ambiguous.

[@EssentiallyCamada]

I agree about the brooch. It was something that I hope did not cause her too much distress. You would really, really have to know your European history as well as the history of the so called royals and even then... These news people are dim bulbs.

[@EssentiallyCamada]

The old books are the way to go. The Anglos are such pathological liars especially when they want to steal something. For example, the middle east I'd not a real place. For 5000 years Egypt was in Africa until Anglos decided that they needed to steal it because Egyptians couldn't be of Africa because they were so advanced. Palestine was in Africa for 3000 years until Anglos decided to give it the other Anglos pretending to be the Semetic people. It's quite crazy that they will not admit that the Jews are African since Hebrew is a n Afroasiatic language and the Holy land is in Africa. Anglos like to change reality to suit whatever agenda they have going on. They even go so far as to only have fair skin people on tv. There could be 1 fair skin people in the whole country and that's who Anglos will always use to represent that nation. Which is what happened with the Native Americans. They are not the Aboriginal people. I guess they were here perhaps or perhaps not. The Anglos just use them as the face of the Indigenous people. People need to be asking where they came from. Indigenous people are not pale skin. Then they make up these bullshit rules. You're Indian because you are in that community blah, blah, blah. It's the same as saying when you convert to a religion then suddenly you are Semetic. Anglos make up all these rules to support other white people that's one way to tell that they are white and the other way is when they get money just handed to them. You're either white or have been an ally.

[@henrysmifth536]

Sis you're teaching history that most Americans don't know about thank you for all your hard work 👍👍💪🏽💪🏽

[@nytn]

I appreciate that. I am constantly surprised by how NOT HARD it is to find these primary sources, and yet, they're mostly ignored.😬

[@ljcaver2833]

Your natural hair is beautiful! Your research is awesome. Thank you for what you are doing.

[@nytn]

Thank you so much!

[@user-jf9zz2jl5q]

I don't think any of your videos are controversial. The are filled with historical documents and information. The more videos of yours that I watch, the more memories are brought up about my own family. I faintly remember my aunt talking about Chavis relatives along with Goins. They're from Louisiana, some live in Monroe. I'll have to look into it but I think we're related. My 91 year old aunt should know and if she doesn't my 96 year old aunt will. TTYL cousin!

[@maryellen2825]

I have Goins, Newman, McSwain, Proctor, Perkins, Bass and Chavez DNA matches. All names known to be melugeons.

[@johnnyearp52]

My grandfather had an ancestor named Newman.

[@jamilljones2264]

I have newman, Perkins and proctor surnames in my family tree as well. Do you have family from north carolina and maryland???

[@maryellen2825]

Yes, I have family from New England, Maryland, The Carolina's, the Virgina's, Tennessee and all over the USA.

[@cjsport1254]

I think there are a lot of people walking around thinking that they are African American but actually they are descended from indigenous Americans. It gets complex.

[@devinfair7769]

This really hit home for me

[@CuseSouthSide]

It puzzles me how African Americans are labeled Negroes, but European Americans aren't labeled Blanco/Blanca..

[@johnnyearp52]

The Spanish and Portuguese were involved in the slave trade. That is why.

[@jaypaladin-havesmartswilll5508]

Thank you for the preamble to this video. Genealogy origin in the USA is still a sore and problematic area of discussion for ADOS (American Descendants of Slavery). ADOS origins and their following generations in early US are so diverse. The pressure cooker of race superiority and inferiority distorts history, written and oral. That history hides pain and creates uneasiness of our race/ethnic pride and shame. It took me awhile to comprehend where this channel is going and what the host is trying to discover. Her journey and our journey if I chose to go along, will expose a mix of all my emotions for sure.

[@tyronleung5276]

FBA and Ados is not a ethnicity that's a misnomer cause all black was a insult to negro americans prior to the 1960s and some negroes weren't slaves some were free and were never subjugated as a slave who owned slaves and there were negroes who bought their freedom and became slavers and the only way reparations can work is if you do your genealogy and prove you're ancestors were slaves from africa or of an american indian tribe who was enslaved .

[@user-ze3ic8os1n]

Bless you,!!! You talk about issues that Americans want to ignore or hush up

[@saylorgirl799]

You’re talking about my paternal ancestors. The Epps family from Halifax Co on both sides of the VA/NC state line. They also intermarried with Shepherds, Martins and Coleman’s. We are a melungeon family with both African and Plains Indian in our ancestry. Many of my father’s ancestors were classified as “mulatto” on the censuses of the late 1800’s/early 1900’s including my grandfather, whom I was raised to know as a “white man,” and that we were a white/Caucasian family with Native American ancestry (we were told that it was a Cherokee gg-grandmother). I was able to identify my gg-grandmother who was ACTUALLY a Plains Indian. Her name on the census and on Ancestry was Eliza Trickey! Clearly she had an Anglicized name, but I found your reading of that old description of American Indians… “clever, cunning, crafty…” etc. VERY INTERESTING! It makes me wonder if Eliza Trickey’s anglicized name was GIVEN to her, perhaps by a person of Euro-ancestry who held these beliefs about Native American people. 🤔 Fascinating stuff!

[@nytn]

How awesome!

[@jamesstephens9702]

Thanks for sharing the information in this video. I was able to read about the Native Americans history in Virginia and their reclassification as Colored or Mulattoes .The subsequent fight to be reclassified as Native Americans.

[@sr2291]

I have seen Hawaiians in the Census of Hawaii listed as Black.

[@SalomeBMedia]

Thank you my great grandfather and my grandfather were from Georgia and they had funny looking features.I have a friend of my family.when she seen my children she said yeah they look like your family which made me understand we stood out .I had this experience on my job a couple years back.A Chinese lady asked my was i sure i was from Africa.i had a Jamaican guy tell me that i wasn't black.I was indian because my hair was straight.i have had multiple people ask my where did i get my good hair

[@rodneyoneal8428]

You are doing a great job i love it so please keep it up thank you so much my sister.🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯💯😘😘😘😘😘😘😘❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

[@JulianaAndersson]

This family research vitally is starting to sound like a solid thesis potential... this is amazing!

[@Hawkguyy]

A similar thing happened in Brazil. There was an erasure of the mestizo culture of indigenous origin. We have the Pardo classification, which is an umbrella term for any mixed, multiethnic individual, no matter their phenotype or ethnicity. But over time, the term Pardo became politically associated with non-white people of sub-Saharan African origin. And this influences the lives of certain people, as here there are quotas for universities where a number of vacancies are reserved for Indigenous, Black and Brown people. As many people have associated Pardo with only Sub-Saharan African ancestry, many non-white people from other ethnic origins do not get access at university. Summarizing Brazil into just Whites and Blacks is erasing many ethnicities that exist.

[@JamesBrooks-hj3dz]

Who's responsible for that I wonder? Europeans are really problematic on this earth.Smh

[@id2ii]

It is STILL happening in Brazil, all the while they still kill and rape native americans along with taking their land. it's sick .

[@everythingiseverything6328]

ARE YOU A GARIFUNA RESPECTFULLY ?, IF NOT WHAT IS YOUR OPINION ON THEM ?

[@VTRAQUEVNVMPLVSVLTRA]

​@@everythingiseverything6328 There are no garifunas in Brazil. The garifunas live in Honduras and Nicaragua mostly.

[@sr2291]

Thank you for your comment. I am doing genealogical research on Madeira Island, and the pardo classification was used there as well. Apparently, it means someone of mixed White, Indigenous, and / or North African (and other?) descent who apparently have non-white skin (Pardo means grey, black, dark ,cloudy, dull in Portuguese) so their ethnicities become lost in the classification. It is not Mulatto which I am assuming is a mix of African and White.

[@juniorchavesopicassodeyahu988]

Hands down, we are American Aboriginal ppl. Well, Danielle you are looking so beautiful. I love your hair. Imagine Dua wearing curly hair, she would look beautiful

[@beaujac311]

Who are American aboriginal people?

[@DJCole34]

@@beaujac311African Americans with my phenotype.

[@beaujac311]

@@DJCole34 Africans were brought to this country, they were not native to here.

[@hpsunshine1442]

YES!!! KEEP GOING! DON'T STOP!!!!!

[@sandrachestnut6449]

Good video