Hypersensitivity Type 1 2 3 4, Urticaria Anaphylaxis Immune Complexes I II III IV

www.stomponstep1.com/hypersens...
SKIP AHEAD:
0:26 - Definition of Hypersensitivity
1:12 - Mnemonic for remembering the 4 types
2:58 - Type I (Type 1) HS
6:48 - Anaphylactic Shock
7:45 - Type II (Type 2) HS
8:57 - Type III (Type 3) HS and Immune Complexes
10:29 - Type IV (Type 4) HS
Hypersensitivity is when an otherwise healthy immune system has an undesirable exaggerated response to a foreign substance (or perceived foreign substance) that damages the body’s own cells. These are the same immune processes that are necessary to prevent infection, but they create problems when they are hyperactive or misguided. The way I remember the four different types of hypersensitivity is my ABCD mnemonic.
I = Allergic Anaphylaxis and Atopy
II = antiBody
III = immune Complex
IV = Delayed
* Types I, II and III all can involve antibodies. Therefore, having antibody in the mnemonic for type II may be confusing. However, the “classic” role of antibody involving complement activation, NK cell activation and opsonization are part of Type II which is why I feel that is the simplest way to remember it.
Type I Hypersensitivity is triggered by an innocuous foreign substance (like dust, pollen or animal dander) that would cause no problems in the majority of people. The antigen simultaneously binds more than one membrane bound IgE on a mast cell (or basophil). This process, called Crosslinking, triggers the release of mast cell granules full of histamine. Histamine then goes on to signal the various changes associated with allergies similar to how it functions during acute inflammation. This allergic reaction happens almost instantly and the symptoms can become evident within minutes. This is possible because the mast cells are Pre-Sensitized to the innocuous substance which means they have pre-formed membrane bound IgE that recognizes the particular innocuous antigen. To be pre-sensitized the immune system must have seen the antigen previously, because antibody (IgE) formation takes time. Histamine’s role in Type I Hypersensitivity is why Anti-Histamines (Histamine Antagonists) like Diphenhydramine or Loratidine can control some allergy symptoms.
Type I Hypersensitivity is the process that leads to various different “allergies”. A more mild form would include Allergic Rhinitis (seasonal allergies) that cause things like coughing, sneezing, watery eyes and nasal congestion. Some individuals with these allergies also experience an atopic rash referred to as Urticaria (Hives) or Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema). This red rash is raised and pruritic (itchy). Through a similar mechanism Type I Hypersensitivity can lead to exacerbation of Allergic Asthma by environmental triggers. This type of hypersensitivity is also the mechanism behind more serious conditions like peanut or bee sting allergies that can lead to swelling of the lips/tongue/throat, shortness of breath, stridor, and anaphylactic shock. Anaphylatic shock is a life threatening condition in which systemic histamine directed inflammation causes hypotension via global vasodilation, an increase in vascular permeability and significant fluid movement into the tissue. It is treated with epinephrine, often in the form of an “Epi Pen” when outside of a medical setting. Epinephrine activates Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors to raise blood pressure via vasoconstriction and increased contractility of the heart.
Type II Hypersensitivity is the process by which IgG or IgM binds to a cell to cause injury or death (Antibody Dependent Cytotoxicity). This process has the same mechanism of action as normal humoral immunity except it is targeted at the body’s own cells instead of pathogens. The variable region of the antibody binds to the host cell while the constant portion interacts with NK cells, complement and macrophages. Examples of this reaction can be seen in Rheumatic Fever (body’s own cell look similar to Strep Pyo), Goodpasture Syndrome (Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies) and Hemolytic Disease of Newborns/Erythroblastosis Fetalis (when a Rh- mother has a second Rh+ child and the maternal IgG targets fetal RBCs).
The text for this video is too long for KZbin and exceeds the maximum allowed video description length. To read the rest of it go here www.stomponstep1.com/hypersens...

[@vairaworld]

The best video on KZbin on hypersensitivity! Thank you :D

[@floriida21]

Great video! I like how your videos start with a "big picture" section and then adds more detail. Also really liked the "importance ranking" for boards. Keep up the great work:)

[@cameronclarke6174]

This is the best explanation of hypersensitivity I've seen. Thank you for keeping it short and succinct and fully covering the topic.

[@carlsondm]

Viewed this last year during first year immunology, and I'm returning once again as I prep for Step 1. Thank you so much for this video. I'll check out some of the others over the coming weeks!

[@stomponstep1989]

+Dave Carlson thanks for watching :) I appreciate the feedback

[@anjalinarayan6502]

+Dave Carlson I wish I had watched this during my immuno course!! But I'm using it now for step 1 also. thanks!!

[@jennychoate7145]

Very helpful. I am an FNP student and this helped clear up a topic that I have been struggling with for years as an RN and now as a student again. Thank you!!!!

[@juliasourber6725]

Perfect explanation of hypersensitivity! Exactly what I needed to help me understand it for my Pathophysiology exam tomorrow. I wouldn't change anything. Love the A B C D thing, great way to remember it!

[@PeaceEkakitiePeaceful_living]

I do not like this video; I love it!!! So helpful for my Pathophysiology exam. Thank you for sharing

[@stomponstep1989]

+Peace Ekakitie :)

[@Msmanusie]

Thanks for breaking it down so nicely. I was taking notes. Great video!

[@ramaf1993]

Thanks for taking your time to make these videos. This is my very first video I am checking out, and I already subscribed! Looking forward to see more good work! /medical student

[@stomponstep1989]

+Ramrooum Tous thanks for subscribing! It really helps the channel out

[@rue290]

best i've seen so far. easy to understand, thank you very much :-)

[@stomponstep1989]

+Rue Tendow thanks for watching!

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I love these videos! I'm an M2 & I first found out about these videos through my sister who is actually a D1. It's very convenient for listening on the go.

[@stomponstep1989]

+Jasmine Cherry Thanks! My goal is to eventually convert these videos into a podcast format, but having a podcast costs more money in hosting fees etc. so it will probably be a little while before I get to do that

[@dpb4258]

Your videos are awesome!! I use them to help with pathophysiology for nurse practitioner. thank you for sharing!!

[@ILVEMM]

Great video! Details like contact vs. atopic dermatitis really help with distinguishing the different types of hypersensitivity. Keep it up!

[@cr0scras]

I am taking an online pathology class in university and this helps explain so much of what we're learning! Thank you for taking the time out of your day to do this :) I really appreciate it!

[@stomponstep1989]

+cindycane Thanks for commenting :)

[@tiffanibarnett725]

Thank you for sharing! Really helped with breaking it down and being able to remember the differences

[@talkingfeathers96]

the ABCD thing mnemonic was genius. simplicity is key (y) studying for finals with 300 slides of immunology, this is just what i needed. u literally summed up 24 slides! thanks alot! :D -->subbed

[@stomponstep1989]

+talkingfeathers96 thanks so much for subscribing!

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Hello, i'm a french pharmacy student, and i find your video clear as cristal. It's very simple but it explains the basic knowledge without any difficulty, thank you !

[@stomponstep1989]

+Théophile Germon-Dupont Thanks :) I'm glad I could help

[@shezrose2506]

thank i learned a lot because my wife suffered allergy more than a decade.. thanks a lot very imformative and educational.

[@elisemfin85]

I am a nursing student and this was an excellent resource for my upcoming exam. Thank you!

[@christieamos5863]

Love this video, and the ABCD pnemonic! Thank you!

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This was very helpful! I'm a first semester nursing student taking a pathophysiology course, and this made understanding the material that the book presents much easier. :)

[@stomponstep1989]

+Leah Marvel I'm glad the videos helped and thanks for the feedback!

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your video it so excellent I have some problems to understand the hypersensitivity really thankful

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THANK YOU so much!!! I'm prepping for the Patho course next academic year, trying to get ahead... The info is laid out very clearly and concisely. I will definitely check out other videos on patho you posted and recommend your channel to other students in my group. Cheers!

[@stomponstep1989]

+Olena Bada thanks for spreading the word Olena! It really helps a lot. And congrats on having the willpower to get a jump start on pathology. Even just hearing some of the key ideas a terms once before you start will likely be very helpful. Good luck!

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I studied this topic this morning and found it a bit confusing. This video made things clearer and was a good review for the topic 👍👍 Thanks for sharing 🌷

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quick easy and clear ... loved it

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Great video, great for my tired-head late night studies for micro exam tomorrow

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in nursing school this is so helpful I felt your explanation was so clear!

[@stomponstep1989]

+shana ash thanks :) good luck studying!

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Thanks for the awesome very detailed notes

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Thank you very much for this wonderful explanations! Very clear and to the point.

[@stomponstep1989]

+Olga Rohner thanks for watching!

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[@stomponstep1989]

+Melia A (VeganVolgs) Glad I could help. Thanks for commenting Melia!

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awesome video! i finally get the different stages of hypersensativity thank u!

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+Sandrita Velasquez glad I could help!

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Me-tube Thanks for watching!

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I'm in vet school, and these videos help more than you could imagine

[@stomponstep1989]

+Logan Jarrell Thanks for the comment and good luck with the rest of vet school!

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Really helping me in my Pathophysiology class! Thanks!

[@stomponstep1989]

+Shelby Gray Glad I coul help. Thanks for the comment!

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Thank you so much you clearly explained each hypersensitivity type. Which i have a better understanding on this topic now. :D

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Great video - easily explained but still thorough! :)

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Thank you! This is a perfect review. Saved me hours!

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Dave Carlson Thanks for the feedback!

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I think when you talked about the epipen you meant to say it activates alpha 1 receptors (vasoconstriction of smooth muscles to increase TPR) AND beta 1 receptors to increase contractility of the heart. Cheers great video!

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رحم الله والديك

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