Ending School Segregation | Brown v. Board of Education

I wrote a new book all about the Supreme Court. Order your copy here: amzn.to/45Wzhur
Patreon: / iammrbeat
Mr. Beat's band: electricneedleroom.us
Mr. Beat on Twitter: / beatmastermatt
In episode 8 of Supreme Court Briefs, the Court unanimously has major issues with Plessy v. Ferguson, and ends up dramatically changing the future of the Civil Rights Movement by ruling segregation "inherently unequal.”
Check out cool primary sources here:
www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/...
Additional sources used:
www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/...
www.theatlantic.com/education...
www.nps.gov/brvb/index.htm
Reading Through History: The Great Supreme Court Cases
Topeka, KS
1950
Schools were segregated by skin color. Each day, 8-year old Linda Brown and her sister had to walk one mile, crossing several busy railroad tracks along the way, to get to a bus that led them to school across town. Now, an elementary school already existed just four blocks from their home, but this school was for white children only, and Linda Brown and her sister were African American.
Linda’s father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white only elementary school, but the principal of the school wouldn’t allow it. So Brown to the Topeka’s branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, and asked for help. The NAACP had actually already been planning on challenging segregation in public schools. The organization helped 12 other African American parents attempt to enroll their children in whites-only schools in the Topeka school district. A major goal of the NAACP was to bring down the precedent set up by Plessy v. Ferguson, the 1896 Supreme Court decision that said segregated facilities based on skin color was ok, as long as both facilities were the same quality. This became known as the “separate but equal” doctrine.
The NAACP helped Brown and the rest of the parents sue the Board of Education of the city of Topeka after the district continued to refuse to let their children enroll in whites-only schools. The parents claimed their children’s rights, as protected by the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment, were being violated. The NAACP put Oliver Brown at the head of the roster as a legal strategy.
The Board of Education argued that segregation was already a way of life, and segregated schools simply got them ready for the segregation they would encounter as adults. They also claimed that segregated schools were not harmful to black children.
The United States District Court for the District of Kansas heard the case, and ruled in favor of the Board of Education, using the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson as their justification. And yet, weirdly, the three-judge District Court panel argued that segregation hurt African American children. Still, they insisted that whites-only and blacks-only schools in Topeka were of equal quality in terms of facilities, the qualifications of teachers, transportation, and what they were taught.
Brown and the rest of the parents appealed to the Supreme Court. As it turns out, there were parents across the country fighting fiercely against school segregation in public schools as well. In 1952, the Court considered five different cases that all dealt with the issue. Ultimately, the Court just combined all five cases under the name of Brown v. Board of Education. The NAACP had been involved in all five cases, and appointed Thurgood Marshall, a
future Supreme Court justice, to argue the case for Brown.
The Court heard the case in spring of 1953, but remained divided on the issue, and they knew this was a big freaking deal, so they didn’t want to rush it. Chief Justice Fred Vinson was really worried about a close vote that would dramatically change the country, and he, in particular, wanted to postpone the decision. He died in September, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Earl Warren, the former governor of California, as Vinson’s replacement. The Court reheard the case in December 1953, with Warren now leading. For several months, the justices debated and discussed the case.
Warren was able to do what Vinson was not- he brought all the Justices together to agree on a unanimous decision.
That’s right. On May 17th, 1954, the court voted 9-0 in support of Brown. This overturned the now infamous Plessy v. Ferguson decision, saying that segregation of schools based on skin color went against the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The court also argued that segregated schools made African American children feel inferior and damaged their development. Warren gave the opinion of the Court, saying “We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

[@iammrbeat]

My book about everything you need to know about the Supreme Court is now available! Amazon: amzn.to/3Jj3ZnS Bookshop (a collection of indie publishers): bookshop.org/books/the-power-of-and-frustration-with-our-supreme-court-100-supreme-court-cases-you-should-know-about-with-mr-beat/9781684810680 Barnes and Noble: www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-power-of-our-supreme-court-matt-beat/1142323504?ean=9781684810680 Amazon UK: www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=the+power+of+our+supreme+court&crid=3R59T7TQ6WKI3&sprefix=the+power+of+our+supreme+courth%2Caps%2C381&ref=nb_sb_noss Mango: mango.bz/books/the-power-of-our-supreme-court-by-matt-beat-2523-b Target: www.target.com/p/the-power-of-our-supreme-court-by-matt-beat-paperback/-/A-86273023 Walmart: www.walmart.com/ip/The-Power-of-Our-Supreme-Court-How-the-Supreme-Court-Cases-Shape-Democracy-Paperback-9781684810680/688487495 Chapters Indigo: www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/the-power-of-our-supreme/9781684810680-item.html?ikwid=The+Power+of+Our+Supreme+Court&ikwsec=Home&ikwidx=0#algoliaQueryId=eab3e89ad34051a62471614d72966b7e

[@MomotheToothless]

"The South, in particular, resisted." This phrase brought to you by every supreme court decision ever.

[@boygenius538_8]

Dred Scott

[@jigglypuffthejigg4952]

of course we did its unconstitutional

[@edgargalvan9414]

@@jigglypuffthejigg4952 💀

[@UncleMerlin]

Plessy v Ferguson

[@samdrow8268]

@@jigglypuffthejigg4952 that was literally a Supreme Court decision, how come it was unconstitutional?

[@emperorcorning8329]

Rest in Peace Linda Brown. You and your legacy will certainly be remembered ❤🤜🏻🤛🏿

[@melvinmerkelhopper5752]

Yeah, a legacy of failure and treachery.

[@tacoheadmakenzie9311]

@@melvinmerkelhopper5752 You're a dickbag.

[@ranoella]

@@melvinmerkelhopper5752 Go fuck yourself racist asshole.

[@totalhufflepuff203]

@@melvinmerkelhopper5752 somebody’s projecting hard

[@Local_commentor]

The comment section is so spicy

[@bazuka6711]

Eisenhower was an OG for doing that for Little Rock Nine for a whole year!

[@BTScriviner]

Eisenhower -- the last good, moral Republican president.

[@LucasIsHereYT]

@@BTScriviner No president was ever all of those three. EDIT: I don't mean Republican.

[@Doge-zb7ku]

@BL2001 look up what he did in Central America

[@alexking7262]

@@BTScriviner what about Richard Nixon, he was a good, moral Republican president!

[@amandahealey2216]

@@alexking7262 And then Watergate happened

[@jamyjansen5614]

5:48 "RACE MIXING IS COMMUNISM" ... What?????

[@Ugly_German_Truths]

the good old school of "everything i don't like is of the Devil" or Communism or SJW....

[@MitzvosGolem1]

Soviet Union even had various races mixed...lol

[@taintedtaylor2586]

mitzvah golem Lenin Himself was mixed lmao.

[@MitzvosGolem1]

@@taintedtaylor2586 "mixed" ? Judaism is not a "race" or DNA... King David came from convert s. Lenin mother was not Jewish not did he convert therefore he is not a Jew. We have Jews from Russia Europe Middle east Afrika Asia...

[@taintedtaylor2586]

mitzvah golem Never mentioned he was Jewish, but, hey! Nice one! I referred to him being a mix between Russian, Kalmyk, Chuvash and Mordvin.

[@Fahrenheit4051]

"Segregated schools get them ready for the segregation they will encounter as adults." Sounds awfully similar to the logic the high school I went to (and probably plenty of others) used to justify their cookie-cutter curriculum. "Forcing you to do things you're not interested in will get you ready for being forced to do things you don't want to do as an adult."

[@BradyPostma]

Did you manage to build an adult life where you don't have to do things you don't want to? Deliberate injustice as preparation for indeliberate injustice is still a worthless argument, but I think the description of adulthood is depressingly accurate.

[@tomandrews125]

BradyPostma m

[@schutzanzug4518]

that’s how schools work? Emo….

[@capnsteele3365]

@@BradyPostma hey, segregation isnt important now nor was it useful

[@waterhigh]

@@schutzanzug4518 There's a reason why America has a shitty education system

[@raymondluxuryacht86]

Brown 2: Revenge of the Board!

[@CrisisMonday]

😂

[@josestarks8892]

How do you get an entire court to go your way? That's badass!

[@adriannicolini6427]

He was Earl Warren, of course he was a badass!

[@artfimbres576]

Check out Tison Timz V. Indiana decision of 2019 or 2020.. Civil Forfeiture..... 9 to 0 Ruling also...

[@God_of_Destruction_Kakarot]

"Segregation is already the way alive" lol Reminds me when people argue "it's always been this way and should stay this way" It just screams lazy and close minded. That logic applies to very few things. Usually insignificant and inconsequential things but people like to apply it bigger issues. I hear it a lot unfortunately.

[@wandereringshadow8658]

"Its alawys been this way and should stay this way" translates to "Its the way I think it should work" almost 99.999% of the time.

[@flutee6162]

Also known as maintaining the "status quo"

[@Gallalad1]

I know I shouldn't find it as amusing as I do but whenever I think of this decision now all I'm going to think about is that hospital visit "Hey Warren thanks for visiting me" "It's okay buddy how're you holding up?" "Oh okay, doctors say stress related work caused it" "Oh? Well you know how you were planning on voting against Brown?" "I SWEAR TO GOD WARREN!"

[@iammrbeat]

hahaha

[@deosyx6]

ALE represents. (Hi Tom)

[@jmsgridiron5628]

"C'mon man just vote for Brown. Do it or you're not based."

[@malphone7940]

The sad fact that really blows my mind. Quite a significant number of school districts in the South straight up disbanded and shut down their schools rather than integrate. Like they literally said they would rather their children become truanced and not get an education then let them go to school with black kids.

[@major_kukri2430]

That's kinda hilarious, it's like cutting off your nose the spite SOMEONE ELSE'S face.

[@vintis88]

I just want to leave a comment saying a appreciate the series.

[@iammrbeat]

I appreciate you watching :D

[@darreljones8645]

A few notes on this one: 1.) Warren was not the FORMER Governor of California when Ike appointed him Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court. He was the CURRENT Governor of California. 2.) As you might imagine, Robert Jackson ended up dying shortly after the ruling. By the time Brown II was decided, he had been replaced by John Marshall Harlan II. 3.) Linda Brown ended up running for Kansas's Second District in the US House of Representatives in 1996. However, she was beaten in the Republican primary by former distance-running pro Jim Ryun.

[@prachi6873]

Hey! this is pathetic. everyone has the right to education regardless of their colour, class or background. discrimination and inequality just lead to pain. Thanks for the video :)

[@Hopeof7suns]

yes thank God America doesnt do this today.

[@Quinntus79]

@@Hopeof7suns Unfortunately, it still does. Lots of zoning laws keep schools segregated; especially in Northeastern states like New York.

[@waterhigh]

@GeicoLizardTheSlaveOwner Youre definitely a closeted racist

[@4gegtyreeyuyeddffvyt]

Even now there are a lot of racist white people in America.

[@thelastpioneer2824]

BEST SUPREME COURT DECISION EVER!

[@challah4311]

I think this and Obergefell v. Hodges are the best

[@GustavoEPerez-gj7qz]

Roe v. Wade was important too.

[@ranoella]

@@challah4311 Also Roe v. Wade.

[@cameronpace7935]

Rode v wade is not good

[@cameronpace7935]

This one is though

[@Obviary]

Thank God he was named Brown, it makes it easier for schoolchildren all of the world to remember what the case was about on their Civics tests

[@warlordofbritannia]

White v Board of Education would just sound kinda weird...

[@NozMondeval]

I don't think children in all of the world study this case

[@lavaknight3682]

I really like to imagine that when Eisenhower sent in the paratroopers to Little Rock, they actually paradropped down to the school

[@warlordofbritannia]

Band of Brothers should have made one more episode, just for that lmao

[@siamiam]

9-0 is impressive O_O excellent video :)

[@iammrbeat]

Thank you buddy. True that. Props to Warren for getting it to 9-0.

[@Ugly_German_Truths]

There are after all only five possible outcomes in a full panel ... 9-0, 8-1, 7-2, 6-3 and 5-4, then it just turns around... so 9-0 isn't that rare a decision. Opening Arguments did have a rough statistic on it once and i think it was something between 25 and 30% as it's a pretty common case when the law situation isn't all that controversial... Next common split was IMO already the almost complete split 5-4, you know... for the TRULY controversial decisions...

[@amicus2844]

@@Ugly_German_Truths you forgot that some of them could be ill or have a stroke so it is posible to have 8-0 7-1 6-2 5-3 4-4 or even more results if more are unable to perform

[@Xid.]

@@iammrbeat I wouldn’t say it’s all warren or even mostly warren

[@aaronTGP_3756]

Linda Brown would eventually go to my high school (Central High). My media teacher, in his first years, helped a student interview her.

[@adrianswaguilar]

What a great decision! I go to a high school that was founded around 1889 and was formerly whites only. I am Hispanic, and never would have been able to attend, and would have had to go to one one town over! I’m really happy this ended up the way it did, but it scares me how recent it really was

[@L0RDK3Y]

#

[@fayshallcomeup3943]

This was an EXCELLENT video! I learned so much in 6 minutes and 30 sec than I've learned in my lifetime...thanks a bunch!

[@iammrbeat]

+Sandra Foreman Thank you so much! :D

[@donkey757]

school would've taken soo much longer but this took 8 minutes thanks man

[@christopherkopke7593]

R.I.P Brown

[@iammrbeat]

Learn more about Plessy v. Ferguson: kzbin.info/www/bejne/p6nLfHiwgseqaNE

[@k4four615]

No Comments ?

[@dugroz]

The graphic at 5:14 -- the justices sitting on top of the US -- is top notch!

[@de132]

Robert Jackson being very ill and still somehow showing up is a wildly interesting story as an aside. He was gravely ill, dealing with various medical ailments, suffered a heart attack in March 1954, showed up on that day in May 1954 and died in October at only age 61. When Mr. Beat says the media was shocked to see him for that reporters' meeting, he is not fibbing. The media was truly an utterly shocked to see him given how bad his condition was. Fun fact, Jackson is the last Supreme Court justice without a law degree, he was admitted to the bar via internship/apprenticeship which used to be more common.

[@sydhenderson6753]

Jackson's clerk at the time of Brown was one William Rehnquist, who actually prepared a brief against Brown before Jackson changed his mind. This came back to haunt Rehnquist, though he claimed he was only writing to defend Jackson's views at the time, which was kind of an obligation for a clerk.

[@Mickeymc5637]

THANK YOU SO SO MUCH MATE! Have an exam in 2 days and I was absolutely clueless regarding this topic. This video has helped massively! Thanks again❤️

[@shannonbeat]

Great video! It was so much fun visiting the historical site with you even though I had tears in my eyes. Keep up the hard work. What is next?

[@iammrbeat]

Thanks sweetie. Gideon v. Wainwright

[@michaelgreen1515]

Amazing how Warren got everyone on board!

[@reneewray7104]

Great video, big bro! I always found this story fascinating!

[@iammrbeat]

Thank you little sister!

[@reneewray7104]

You're welcome!

[@davestrasburg408]

The Supreme Court ruling was so satisfactory!

[@Valcerv]

"They had paratroopers escory them to school for a entire year" Thats badass as fuck

[@anabulbulashvili8416]

wow thank you so much this really helped with my school project !!!!

[@iammrbeat]

Glad it helped! Thanks for watching :D

[@trinajackson72]

this was awesome information!

[@iammrbeat]

Thanks for watching :D

[@ulysax1979]

I just have one question: Why are you the very best in doing this?????? AWESOME!!!

[@karlscheel3500]

_The ink is black_ _The page is white_ _Together we learn to read and write_ _A child is black_ _A child is white_ _The whole world looks upon the sight_ _A beautiful sight_ _And now a child can_ understand,_ _that this is the law of ALL the land_ _ALL THE LAND! . . ._ :)

[@DaneVogel]

Earl Warren being the GOAT in this case 🙌🙌🙌

[@MicahsIntellectualCorner]

My mother went to this school in the 60s, and we drive past it everytime we visit Topeka. So cool to think about in history terms.

[@mato5849]

Thank you so much!!!!!

[@ivonnebnitz6904]

Thank you Mr. Beat

[@jettforpresident3428]

Great video! You are the best!

[@iammrbeat]

+Jett For President You're pretty awesome yourself.

[@jettforpresident3428]

Thank you.

[@jettforpresident3428]

Just to let you know, Mr Beats, I am 12 years old, and I love learning. I wish to expand my knowledge and I always go to you. You are my fist pick. I love your videos. They are simple, easy to comprehend ( That's especially good for me, since I am 12). They have cool animations. You have many facts and details, but you also try to keep it short as possible. You put music in your videos. They aren't boring. And every time I want to share something informational with someone, like my mother, I share one of your videos. Please, keep going. Keep making these videos.

[@thecrippledpancake9455]

December 9th 1952 = Start the Case May 17, 1954 = Supreme Court decision. May 31, 1955 = put plan in place to persuade school boards to accept new law. Wow that’s fast.

[@Quinntus79]

Still took a few decades for it to go into full effect. My dad went to high school in Oklahoma in the 70s and they just desegregated. Hell, many schools in New York could be considered segregated still.

[@dbonechis]

I'm literally learning about this at school rn

[@officaldungeons]

INB4 the Supreme Court overturns this case because of “lack of precedent”

[@devilangle1334]

You should do a vid of the “Southern Strategy”

[@JoseAFV1907]

You should do Marbury v Madison!! Love the series

[@iammrbeat]

Thanks so much! I actually already did Marbury v. Madison way back in the day, but I am thinking about updating it...kzbin.info/www/bejne/o2K5cqCNrdV_oLc

[@chrisx5628]

thank you so much! so helpful!

[@PuffleFuzz]

This is eerie how I’m getting suggested this video after RvW is overturned.

[@edwardcardozo8325]

Hahahahahahahhahahahhahaha

[@DylanPattyn]

Awesome to find it :)

[@RICKYLOPEZ2001]

Who are the seven people who dislike this video?

[@imanistaplesmkki9509]

And I'm sure you are the eighth dislike 😐

[@salmaestro]

KKK, lol!

[@rensje]

There are a few replies here and there that give me an idea as to who disliked the video

[@ashleyjohnstoncarrasco7535]

Do you have any videos on Mendez v Westminster or Hernandez v Texas? If not, I would love it if you made them! :-)

[@rockstarsharma53]

Rest in peace Linda (1942-2018)

[@TaxEvasionUS]

Gigachad Eisenhower

[@warlordofbritannia]

South: does a racism Former General in the White House: *How many times do we have to teach you to mind your Uncle Sam?*

[@ashtoncollins868]

Chief Justice: Fred Vinson/Earl Warren President During this time: Harry S. Truman/Dwight D. Eisenhower Argued December 9, 1952 Reargued December 8, 1953 Decided May 17, 1954 Case Duration: 524 days Decision: 9-0 in favor of Brown

[@AStoryteller-for-fun]

Remember, this was the first time that Supreme Judge Earl Warren had shown his leadership skills and would later show more of it, creating The Warren Court and helping in civil rignt movement.

[@edgarespino3005]

Could you cover other segregation cases such as Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District and Mendez v. Westminister

[@sugetoosty1685]

Excellent video- my 8 yo could easily understand it!

[@iammrbeat]

Thank you! Good to hear :D

[@smittykins]

Trivia tidbit: the song “Black And White”(most famously performed by Three Dog Night in 1972)was written as a direct response to this case.

[@allasoiko6999]

I am in a interracial relationship so i know thank you loving v virginia

[@NiceViking100]

I love the video and channel! Ik I get hate for saying it but my father was against the decision on Libertarian grounds that he viewed the ruling unconsitutional due to it infringing on the right to freedom of association & exclusion. Which I always found fastinating it is never brought up on this topic.

[@iammrbeat]

Yeah that was also the common against the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Thanks for watching! :)

[@NiceViking100]

Mr. Beat Yes! Thank you for your awesome content!

[@georgewashington673]

Fun fact: the phrase "deliberate speed" was borrowed from the 1890 British poem "The Hound of Heaven" written by Francis Thompson

[@owen______]

Great decision. 9-0 is incredible

[@nxrvana9828]

Watching this for school.

[@wizardish1264]

Person: Race mixing is communism Me: I see no downside

[@warlordofbritannia]

Real communism is when all peoples are shared

[@afunguy5924]

Hey man! Great video, it was educational and I found it funny, made a fun guy like me laugh, huhuhuhehuhuhehuh

[@jayv3874]

Fantastic stuff, its a shame how many channels ya just don't see in recommended thanks to +Political Junkie for the link. keep up the vids new subscriber

[@iammrbeat]

Welcome Jay, and glad you found me! Thanks for the kind words. :D

[@vierco1005]

Start: 0:05

[@jettforpresident3428]

Mr. Beats, I know you already did a video about Marbury v. Madison, but can you redo it?

[@iammrbeat]

+Jett For President That'd be a solid one to redo. I will certainly do it...eventually. :)

[@vampiregamingyt8754]

Earl Warren man. What a chief justice

[@professorlayman523]

Supreme Court was pretty poggers on this one

[@sheldonhaynes4915]

Woah I live in Topeka!

[@JurijFedorov]

Huh, that former black only school looks really good and fancy. I thought it would be some rundown building but this looks better than the school I went to in Denmark.

[@sawderf741]

Could you do a video on school choice and what benifits it could have.

[@nachobroryan8824]

There are no benefits unless you're a private school in need of government welfare.

[@Dani-cu7ip]

Hello, could you please do am updated video on Marbury v Madison? Marbury is the most important case in our history, deserves to be re-done! It would be pretty cool to see a video on Boumediene v. Bush as well? Please and thank you, I truly enjoy watching all of these videos! You are great!!! :)

[@iammrbeat]

+Daniela Mendez Yeah, I definitely plan on redoing Marbury v. Madison. Thanks for watching the series. My Patreon supporters get first dibs on video suggestions, though, so they keep me busy in the mean time.

[@iidkwhatnameuse]

What about Mendez v. Westminster that case had a lot to do in this case 😓😓

[@andrewlankford9634]

Hey Mr. Beat, Does Plessy or the Brown rulings have any relevance to "gender segregation", ie girls and boys bathrooms, locker rooms, etc?

[@Compucles]

Common sense requires a certain amount of leeway there. Obviously, those places need to be segregated, but they can't be entirely equal either, or you'd have to put urinals in the women's bathrooms and restrict the number of women's bathrooms to the same number as men's rooms in all public places. It would also be awkward to have condoms and pads sold in the bathrooms of both genders.

[@MeikaiX]

I love Eisenhower and Earl Warren. 😭

[@catguyisawesome]

I remember learning about this in school!!!!!!!!!!!!! (not this case, but little rock nine)

[@jasondurgalajr5208]

I was born on the 49th anniversary of this decision, so you say its my birthday case!

[@javierdrake1803]

Speaking of Education… Mr.Beat! I have a Supreme Court decision recommendation! San Antonio vs Rodriguez. The 14th Amendment says that everyone is entitled to their rights and are protected equally under the law…however when it comes to education, it is supposedly not a right. Therefore it is constitutional for people of higher wealth, to get better education. I’m probably doing this very badly, but please go do a video on this! It’s an absolutely huge ruling yet no one knows about it!

[@mr.stately9205]

Just remember in states like Florida, Texas, Alabama, and many more this historic speech and the events that precluded it will no longer be taught to school children becasue it could be classified as CRT AKA uncomfortable truths that spark conversation. Imagine an entire generation of American children that will never know about their nations true history all because their parents don't want to deal with the questions they may have about life. We have truly become soft as a country. People ask whats killing our nation? Well, our refusual to learn from the past certainly doesnt help.

[@lizdyson3627]

It's shoking to think this was going on as late a 1950.

[@arturogutierrezdevelasco4634]

5:15 *attorneys general

[@mummyneo7112]

Can you do Senate elections Mr Beat?

[@iammrbeat]

Maybe?

[@averagejoe1793]

I'm from Little Rock and the school is still a school today and a part time museum

[@iammrbeat]

Have yet to visit but it's on my bucket list!

[@lemonmazter7831]

It still baffles me today that separating people on their color was only dealt with 50-60 years ago. A lot of Americans grew up in segregation are still around today.

[@hobosdominecraft1]

Earl Warren assembled the Avengers for this one

[@maxxlawrence3910]

Segregated schools, arguably, still happen as a result of redlining in many cities. Intercity schools can be minority dominant and will always have worse funding, facilities, too few teachers, etc as a direct result of these schools being ineffective many kids go underdeveloped education wise.

[@jonnyminogue]

Chief Justice Earl Warren and the Interstate Highway System are the best legacies of Ike’s presidency

[@coachtaewherbalife8817]

I think you should mention that residential redlining is resulting in more segregated school districts, thus undermining the decision.

[@joezegers]

And that’s when everyone fell in love with Thurgood Marshall.

[@InsaneGreatsword]

That’s some fitting funny music

[@christiantopayung5789]

Make a video about Marbury v Madison

[@brennanchamplin9405]

I know that Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court during the US Supreme Court Case Brown v. Board of Education and Brown v. Board of Education is One of the Best Supreme Court Cases in American History and Brown v. Board of Education is One of the Most Important Supreme Court Cases in American History because it paved and cause integration in public schools and it Ended School Segregation in Public Schools and Earl Warren was an American Lawyer and Earl Warren was the 14th Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court from October 5, 1953 to June 23, 1969 and Earl Warren was Appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and from October 5, 1953 to June 23, 1969 was 15 Years and Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court for 15 Years and Earl Warren had a Job for 15 Years and Earl Warren Retired from his Job as the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court in 1969 and it’s Amazing when someone has a Job for 15 Years as an Adult.

[@ravenpascal8762]

RIP Linda Brown

[@Anonymoususer44569]

Conservatives today: “We gave you civil rights! What more do you want?!?!” Conservatives 70 years ago: “We freed your people! What more do you want?!?!”

[@garrettrye6951]

I just wanna say this; the plural of “Attorney General” is actually “Attorneys General”, not “Attorney Generals”. Thanks! (Maybe I used a semicolon wrong? Anybody remember how to use a semicolon properly? I forget sometimes. Help.)

[@Momo-hh6er]

Lawsuits to reform society can be both a bad and good thing. I hope mostly good.

[@nellguy4828]

at 6:30 that one guy sitting down looks a lot like Jim Halpert or Jon Krasinski

[@rachelmcdonough1506]

“The South resisted”- yet today, sadly, NY schools are actually the most segregated of any state! School segregation is still a huge issue today, even if it’s not legally binding, many schools are super segregated today.

[@mariegerstein145]

did you go to that school?