Iceland Eruption or Not? Geologist Reviews Current Situation and Answers Viewer Questions

[@bottomup12]

Your students are very lucky to have a great teacher like you Shawn!

[@Rocketboy-qg6ts]

This dude is my favourite Geology Professor. Greetings from England 😎

[@CuriousMarc]

I came here for an update, which I got, but it kept getting more and more interesting. I came away with a great geology lesson.

[@Lukes50Eggs]

I am so glad to have found your channel. Netflix needs to give you an Earth process series. It would be a huge hit!

[@davidk7324]

He could do it, but then Shawn's channel would suffer. I'm selfish and protective of his channel and how it supports my fascination with Idaho's and her surrounding states' geology.

[@hedgehog5001]

That is a superb idea .

[@shawnwillsey]

Ha! I’m ready to sign on.

[@Rainman...]

​@@davidk7324do you live in Idaho or have visited?

[@davidk7324]

Born and raised in Idaho and now live in a contiguous state. I've supported Shawn's work for > than a year. Shawn hosted a 2-day S. Idaho field trip for YT viewers in October that was phenomenal. Check out his video from Nov 8, 2023 where he reviews those trips and ruminates about more in 2024. He's exactly the same in person--what you see is what you get. A gifted teacher and writer. If you have interest in Idaho, I strongly recommend "Geology Underfoot In Southern Idaho" and a co-authored, more technical work "Roadside Geology of Idaho."@@Rainman...

[@TheZenBeePgh]

Another great informative update. Thank you for sharing, Shawn. It’s so refreshing to hear how the country is taking care of the people immediately affected by this event with ensuring they maintain their wages, etc., and so quickly, too. I’m praying for the best case scenario for Grindavik. Lava far, far away from the town🤞🏼🤞🏼

[@sallybaldwin1603]

I feel so lucky to have found your channel!! THANK YOU for all the time you are putting into this!!

[@rileybri]

Isn't it amusing when our societies need for instant info and gratification collides with the geologic process that has zero ducks to give what we think.

[@amberpelton5679]

Absolutely! I thought the same thing. 😂

[@Tirani2]

Geologic time is a great lesson in things happen when they happen. It's one of those things I think about, along with the vastness of the universe, when I'm feeling impatient for something to happen already.

[@iahelcathartesaura3887]

YES my same thoughts, throughout this.

[@phila3884]

Just wrote pretty much the same thing before I read yours.

[@ericclayton6287]

And now for your lesson in zen.

[@damonbanks259]

You bring understandable geology to our phones and living rooms, Shawn. 😊Thx! 😎

[@scottmouse1921]

I was stationed not far from there. Met people who were involved in saving the harbor in vestmannaeyjar. I went there to see where the icelandic people and the US Navy pumped water to save the harbor. I hope everyone stays safe. They are good people.

[@mariemccann5895]

Superb objective delivery of detailed factual information.

[@FASDND]

The first major volcanic eruption that i can remember occurred when I was 8 years old. that was Mt. St Helen's. To watch the earth to continue to evolve real time is fascinating. thank you for sharing your knowledge with us.

[@areareare9953]

Me too - same age. My parents were laughing at the scientists and saying the people who lived there "knew better than those clipboard holders". I kept looking at the bulge and thinking...mountains aren't supposed to to that. Then it blew. I remember having nightmares later of how I'd escape with my siblings in a disaster, since I couldn't trust my parents to keep us safe.

[@shawnwillsey]

You can support my educational videos by clicking on the "Thanks" button just above (right of Like button) or by going here: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=EWUSLG3GBS5W8

[@sja45uk]

You won't get chlorine etc produced by flash heating of fresh water

[@collinfraser1218]

I am dealing a elderly friend terminal in palliative care. Can’t help but see parallel to this remarkable situation. A very slow disaster with elements of hope. Such an Amazing exercise in acceptance for unfortunate folks directly affected 🇨🇦 🙏🇮🇸

[@krp9110]

I also love your style!!! Don't change a thing!!! You have a very informative and soothing tone that is so easy to listen to and learn from!

[@ttpersonalaccount]

You do really well explaining things.

[@Qlassyone]

Thank you for your videos. As a geology major 40+ years ago you bring back memories. It is amazing how much I remember and how much new information is available. Keep up the good work. I am enjoying viewing your older videos as well.

[@Emslander]

Shawn is a very good geologist. Anyone looking for instant thrills ought to visit rodeos, not magma movements.

[@kctaz6189]

You're right! Our son did rodeoing for awhile. He had the good sense to, finally, realized it was a tad unhealthy, so he joined the Marine Corps! He is why all my hair is gray!

[@Emslander]

@@kctaz6189 😂

[@jackienaturelover9761]

Thanks Shawn for another update and learning lesson. I really enjoy them and love learning all this. You do such a wonderful job and are a terrific teacher. Looking forward to your next update. Have been watching you for a while now.

[@SharonDennis-u1w]

Sean, thanks so much for showing illustration of all the plates worldwide. I think it gives more context thoroughly enjoying all of your discussion- just calm things down please by next September when I visit Iceland.!!!

[@SharonDennis-u1w]

Shawn. Sorry!

[@jenibylsma9845]

Thank you so much for the update. So nice to have a report not contaminated by sensationalism and hype. It is very much appreciated … 🥰

[@MsINSANE2]

I appreciate your updates because you give us the actual situation and make it understandable. Thank you!

[@deltaleader227]

Thank you for the updates Shawn and for the educational info. Many thoughts and prayers to our Iceland friends.

[@deltalima6703]

Keeping an eye on this. Learning a bunch about geology. The icelanders will be fine, they are tough. 💪

[@PaisleyGodspeed]

I've been looking forward to your presentations for several days now. Thank you for these videos!!!

[@smuet6828]

That was fantastic Dr. Willsey!! Thank you

[@LucyLo085]

I so enjoy watching your updates. It makes me feel like I’m back in school in a very good way. Keep up the amazing work.

[@pookiedust2517]

Thankyou shawn love your updates im learning something new every update its fab

[@Naninspace]

I'm a senior in Montreal Canada. Thank you for your work .. my husband and I crave input .. education about the world around us. You help. Appreciate you. Prayers for the people of Iceland.... European continent... Greenland .... North American continent and the Mid Atlantic ridge in between.

[@amberpelton5679]

I appreciate your videos. They are so helpful and informative. ❤

[@TheIdahogrl]

As a lover of geology, and have an interest in the earth sciences, I'm glad you are doing videos covering this activity in Iceland. I was fascinated when the eruption happened a couple of years ago in Hawaii.

[@maureenok]

Aw thank you for answering my question directly!

[@dianespears6057]

Very good. The Wilson cycle explanation was so helpful. Thank you.

[@JonGretarB]

Btw. Did you see that after the Svartsengi magma shelf opened up into the rift and loaded it’s magma into there, it has now started lifting again but much faster. It’s quite stunning to look at the GPS data at Brunnur. They are now expecting the quakes to start again in Svartsengi as the magma inflow is 10x the speed it was in the beginning.

[@LauraKamoie-q8i]

I really enjoy your explanations and info! Thanks for taking the time!

[@pmgn8444]

Excellent updates and Q&As! Keep up the good work! ON DRILLING INTO THE MAGMA: As you get closer to the magma, the rock gets softer and harder to drill. Water is used to lubricate and cool the drill bit, so getting close to the magma, the water would flash to steam, making drilling much more difficult. If you drill into magma, the metal (steel) drilling equipment will probably soften to the point of uselessness and may also melt. if you did open up a bore hole into magma, you now have 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F) magma coming up and out. Your drill crew would have a bad day and it would mess up your expensive drilling equipment.

[@DavRockSlayer]

Also, I believe it would be like putting a pinhole in a self-sealing tire (i.e. the thick rubbery and very sticky polymer liquid inside the tire seals a puncture that is 5 mm or less in the tire tread). Even if you could drill into the magma, the borehole would likely "seal", as a result of the cooling magma, before you could pull the drillstring out of the hole, or at least before the magma would reach the surface.

[@LeeMcc_KI5YPR]

Not all drill heads are steel. Special materials. I cannot post links, but there is an article from 1982 called Molten Rock Drilling: ABSTRACT. Pretty sure materials have improved substantially in 40 years. 😉

[@shawnwillsey]

Good point.

[@ArgonGo]

Just a Big Ol' Thank-You. I like the Q and A. ROCK it man.

[@scraigdeaton8056]

Thank you for your excellent presentations. I greatly appreciate the effort you put forth and the professionalism. I would really enjoy taking some of your courses if I were 50 years younger. Keep up the great work.

[@rickc4317]

Another excellent post, Shawn. Quite enjoyable.

[@leechild4655]

Much more entertaining to just deal with the facts as we know them rather than wild speculation. Geoscience rocks! 😄

[@maesygwartha]

Hi Shawn, thank you for all that you are doing to disseminate factual information on the current situation in Iceland. Your presentation style helps us all to get a handle on what’s going on. Not since I completed my undergrad Geology degree in 1985 have I had my interest re-ignited so much as I have following your videos. I too have been lucky to have visited Iceland and also the Blue Lagoon. A very worrying time for all local residents. Keep up the fantastic work.

[@maruillescas6608]

The last question, about the Pacific sinking under our big America Continent is so interesting and the animation wow!. Thank-you. (An interested Mexican)

[@hedgehog5001]

Thanks Shawn and Iceland folk stay strong. Much love to you all.

[@solmma]

Thank you for giving me something interesting tô watch on a Sunday afternoon!

[@wheezer324na3]

Love your channel! Thanks for sharing your knowledge

[@maryriley6163]

I enjoy and appreciate your Iceland updates. I’m just about holding my breath for the people of Iceland and wish them all the best, and also to you, Shawn.

[@juliescopel7685]

Hello from Ontario, Canada. My husband and I are really enjoying your updates. We like your style of teaching. You make things interesting and more easily understandable.

[@Zandanga]

This video today was really good. Thanks for your time, Professor. I had never heard of the Wilson Cycle. That is a great animation you showed us and explained and very easy to understand. 👍

[@matthewcraig8926]

Really good explanation and overview here. Thanks

[@debramaxfield2043]

Beautiful tutorial at the end of this. Thank you so much for sharing!

[@beverlymolyneux8194]

Thanks! Really enjoying how you’re teaching this!

[@shawnwillsey]

My pleasure! Thank you.

[@TheBrummybear]

It's a Joy to learn. Thank you.

[@GregCoffin]

Stumbled across your channel while searching for geology and paleontology videos. Great stuff. I'm fascinated with how the planet works, the history of it, etc. I think you're doing great. Keep it up. Hope the people of Iceland tough this out and are able to fully recover.

[@kathymclaughlin3696]

I'm so thankful I stumbled on your site. I am only following you for all the information. I also watched your other videos on your travels and teachings in some beautiful places. Positive thoughts being sent to the community. Kathy from USA

[@eef-cactus]

Thanks for the clear explanations! I liked learning about the beach ball plots and love it when you answer questions

[@Rogue-7.62]

I really look forward to the educational part of all of your videos. I hope your students appreciate you as much as we do here on youtube. 🙂👍

[@AndruJorj]

Congratulations on completing another successful journey around the sun.

[@alistairgraham476]

Very informative content and easy presentation style. Could you cover in your Q&A how the location and depth of quakes are determined and what the accuracy of the results can be assumed to be. Many thanks for making this Icelandic event so educational.

[@stephanieparker1250]

I see you already have chapters set up in the video description so if others are only wanting to see specific info, they can use the chapters perhaps. Personally I love every min of your videos.

[@mi2595bs]

Thanks for the video, gives such a good view into the situation from multiple aspects.

[@DavRockSlayer]

Dave the Rock Slayer again. I am in awe of your ability to present geologic information in a format that attracts & maintains both novice and experienced geologists. I am sure you would have been my favorite professor. You almost make me miss the days of going to class! I plan to listen to as many of your posts as possible. Just a thought: Maybe instead of using the "pinhole in a hot air balloon" analogy for the idea of drilling into the magma body to relieve &/or direct the release of the energy, how about saying it would be like putting a pinhole in a self-sealing tire (i.e. the thick rubbery and very sticky polymer liquid inside the tire seals a puncture that is 5 mm or less in the tire tread). Even if you could drill into the magma, the borehole would likely "seal", as a result of the cooling magma, before you could pull the drillstring out of the hole, or at least before the magma would reach the surface.

[@shawnwillsey]

Very good analogy.

[@DavRockSlayer]

@@shawnwillsey Thanks! I definitely didn't mean to criticize your teaching!! You are amazingly good at it!!

[@wendygerrish4964]

Thankyou Iceland for being such a great geology lab.

[@elizabethbradley7621]

I love just listening to you talk about the Iceland goings on. I watch all your videos and have learned a lot about the situation in Iceland. Thank you very much. From Bakersfield, California.

[@Ceba-pw8hk]

Fantastic video!! Thank You

[@loisstanford8736]

Hi Shawn Lois from Australia here.. if I was in school and I attended one of your lectures about geology .. my grades would be very height .. you inspire me .. I love travelling to all parts of this beautiful planet and always look at the rocks and geology of the county I’m visiting .. recently in Iceland and New Zealand .. keep up you great effort here re What’s happening in Iceland .. and all your little extras about what happened in the earths past history to the planet .. fascinating 😊🙋🏻‍♀️👏

[@KenColangelo]

Great coverage!

[@charlottethien3749]

This channel and your explanations are absolutely interesting . I saw it and let my brother know, who majored in Geology , but have watched you daily ! Now both of us watching , he from Alaska, and me from GA USA ! We both appreciate your work . We are both retired, and are just interested ❣️

[@l-l-amy-l-l]

This is great, very informative!

[@Jillysmom63]

Loved the end part about the Wilson Cycle. I always wondered how that happened. I knew a little but that answered a lot of questions thanks! Ive done a lot of research on Iceland and its volcanos and types so I get the how and whats going on there so the other info you talk about is fsanating to me. I will have to ck out your other videos.

[@swiftyoverfifty]

I have learned so much! At 63, this is so refreshing!

[@nickraynor2434]

QUESTION: Will you be continuing to post more videos of different events around the world after the Icelandic event has finished ? Your videos are insightful and easy to learn from. Thank you.

[@kateclover874]

I like in your first opening slide that you noted the locations of the past 3 eruptions in 23, 22 and 21. I love the maps and diagrams you share and discuss. So much to see and learn from those. I took a 2 week geo field trip around Iceland in July/Aug 23; we saw the 22 eruption site and missed visiting the 23 flows. .But saw and learned so much. Such an amazing place to see geology up-close and personal. Your talks are expodentially expanding my knowledge of Icelandic vulcanism. Big thanks! Question. Can you give us lesson on the1783 Laki eruption and the long term implications it caused around the world.

[@rentechpad]

I think that the many that keep questioning or seemingly overly frustrated that so far no lava is streaming across the landscape from fountaining vents of magma could learn a few things from Hawaii. Given the number of different eruptions, some lasting days, and others years that have happened there Hawaii provides a huge amount of data on everything from how the plumbing systems of volcanos work, where magma comes from, how it moves from the deep to the shallow and back again, the makeup of lava and its age, whether it's been there near the surface since the last eruption, is mainly fresh magma that moved into they system or is a mixture of the older stuff that never erupted and newer magma that was pushed into the system. Hawaii has given us some of the best chances to study rift zones and how they work with or without an active summit camera. And the data Hawaii collects has given us a great deal of information on things that we can measure that may predict an up coming eruption such as ground tilt and deformation, changes in gravity, as well as gas emissions, steam venting, ground temperature and so on. But even in Hawaii, while they know their volcanos well, even they will not say where or when a eruption will occur. They learned long ago that if you do that, because all the signs look just like a previous eruption, and tell people to move away, if the volcano does what it often can do, which is build up close to looking like it will erupt and then something happens where something in the system relieves pressure, if a dike breaks allows the magma to slowly move elsewhere abd nothing happens you have an island full of panic people who next time question any warning they get and just ignore what they hear and make no preparations and then their is loss if life when an eruption does occur. Back in the Kilauea eruption of 2018 what was reported to the island and those that lived there was all the information the USGS had, and what conclusions they drew, worked closely with civil defense, emergency services, and the various government bodies, and even then, when they saw the summit drain and had data that the magma seemed to be powering up the LERZ, people were put on alert that they may have to leave in short notice, so people were prepared but not uprooted even when noticeable cracks opened across roads, unless you were in an area that suddenly only had one usable way out. As the eruption progressed their were more evacuations as lava rolled into some areas of Leilani Estates, and others remained in the same neighborhood throughout the eruption as lava never impacted their area, but they remained on alert while they eruption occurred. There have been eruptions in Hawaii in the rift zones, and many just at the Summit, as we have seen since 2018, and now Kilauea seems to be doing something along the southern rift zone, but whether it's a precursor of and eruption its anyone's guess. And I think that is much the situation in Iceland now. Cracks in the ground or roads don't always go hand in hand with lava appearing, as they can be from ground inflating or deflating rapidly in the area in response to much deeper pressures. It very well could be that while all this that is happening in Iceland is important for the sake if preparation, especially as this is the first signs that the town and the PowerPoint are seemingly on a rift zone, most likely a newly forming one given that this is the newest part of Iceland and obviously still growing. It is anyone's guess if this zone erupts at all or where along it, it will erupt. It think what was no help here at all was the media hyping this 'its gonna erupt' and running on about the damage they will see and the risk to lives and so on, keeping their viewers on the edge of their seats expecting the climax of a disaster movie, and now they are tired if waiting, and no one wants to say "oh, did we fail to mention that we see this all going on and we think it will erupt, it might not".

[@user-wk1mw9nj3i76]

Great stuff, again! Thank you, and keep going, please. It’s impressive how you have captured the interest of a wide range of viewers, from “Geo Newbies” to “The Professionals.” QUESTIONS: WERE THE MANY PENINSULAS OF ICELAND CREATED BY UNIDIRECTIONAL LAVA FLOWS? TWO AREAS IN PARTICULAR: 1. THE PENINSULA TO THE IMMEDIATE EAST OF GRINDAVIK. 2. THE LARGE PENINSULAS OR FJORDS OF NORTHWEST ICELAND, MANY OF WHICH ARE ORIENTED ON A SOUTHEAST TO NORTHWEST AXIS. DOES THAT INDICATE THAT LAVA FLOWS OF THE PAST TRAVELED S.E. TO N.W.? QUESTION #2: WHERE IS THE OLDEST GROUND IN ICELAND? thank you!

[@robertsmith-fj2rx]

Thanks for another great update and Q&A Shawn. Your ability to bring geology to life in a way I can understand as an old guy sees me looking forward to every new video. A QUICK QUESTION: WHEN WE LOOK AT THE MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKES WE OCCASIONALLY SEE ONE COME UP THAT IS A ZERO. WHAT EXACTLY CONSTITUTES A MAGNITUDE ZERO AS IN MY MIND AT LEAST ZERO NORMALLY INDICATES NO ACTIVITY AT ALL. Many thanks again for taking the time out of your day to put these together.

[@ETRuT1]

Thanks, Shawn. Great, as always.

[@adelaferreira4575]

Thank you so much for such illuminating lecture,geology is a fascinating subject that we mainly ignore until these events draw our attention !

[@launderedcotton8070]

This came up as a feed 😮suggestion after Ryan Hall. Thank you for this interesting explanation, very clear!

[@englishrose212]

I wish you were around when I was at school, just brilliant. I'm still learning Shawn 🤗🤩

[@nolasmith7687]

Thank you for a delightfully informative video. Cheers from Oz😎

[@tobibaker5115]

Thank you, I am loving all the geology information along with the knowledgeable and non end of the world theatrics.

[@markfowler9932]

Glad you updated your Office suite!

[@Me-qd8qg]

I’d love a collaboration of you and geology Professor Nick Zentner of Central Washington University! I love both of your minds, and your enthusiasm in the field of geology genuinely engages the interests of all ages instead of the same mundane approach to teaching many professors exhibit. Thank you for taking the time to feed all our brains!

[@jfmezei]

ON WATER TABLE: The Kilauea/Halema'uma'u example was explained well by USGS as it happened: Prior to may 2018, water had a hard time reaching the lava because of solid lava "walls" that impeded its flow and any water that went through would boil off well before reaching the lava. 2018,s earthquakes and collapse of walls around Halema'uma'u opened easer paths for water to flow towards caldera, and once it had coolled enough, it started to accumulate and fill it. On december 20th 2020, Lake Halema'uma'u lost its potential to become a great spa resort with hot baths etc when lava emerged from 3 orifices on the side at higher level than lake level and then flowed down into lake. This resulted in agressive but not explosive boiling off of the water and simiar to lava flowing into ocean from land. There was ash and lots of steam produced, but no "big bang". (not sure if the 3 vents were "directed" away from lake as they rose or if this was totally random). It was overnight, and I don't recall how quickly the whole lake evaporated, but definitely before sunrise. By daytime, it was a lava lake, not a water lake. As the lake grew after 2018, there had been serious concerns about potential for truly explosive eruption, hence all the restrictions for tourists around the crater. But as the laval flowed into the lake as opposed to flowing up to contact water in bottom of lake, the mechanical impacts were far less important. Small pedantic note: salt water is more dangerous than fresh water because of interaction of the salt and iodine in sea water with teh chemicals/gases in the laval which form toxic gases. And because oceans tend to have infinite supply of water, it takes a very long time for lava to fill volume to ruse above water level, so much longer interaction with water. During the 2018 eruption, one tourist was seriously injured in a tour boat on the east coast when a small explosion happened where lava was filling Kapoho Bay and sent hot lava "rocks" at high speed to the boat.

[@tiffanyramsey1857]

I LOVE THIS. Thank you for your time and expertise. Makes me wish I studied geology in university:)

[@ginniserena]

Me too! I collected rocks as a kid. After backpacking in the Grand Canyon I put a huge geological map of it on my wall that I constantly studied. Everywhere I went I picked up rocks and fossils. Yet when I went to college I majored in philosophy. 😅

[@generalputnam2990]

Never too late to take another course through a community college or on-line. 👍🏼

[@ConnyRuneke]

Hello I live in southern Sweden and there we have no active volcanoes, the youngest is about 100 million years old. OUR BEDROCK CONSISTS MOSTLY OF GRANITE AND GNEISS. AS FAR AS I UNDERSTAND, MAGMA CONSISTS OF BASALT, BUT THEN HOW DID GRANITE AND GNEISS FORM AND FROM WHAT? Thanks for an interesting channel / Conny

[@md8dc9]

If you have time for another sidebar, it would be neat to walk through on Google Earth the examples you mentioned (i.e., land formations in Africa). Really enjoying your channel and the pace you are guiding us through in this world of geology!

[@md8dc9]

Another idea that came to mind would be a quick overview of the different types of volcanoes on Earth over Google maps and how they compare to the ones in Iceland. Cheers!

[@davidk7324]

@@md8dc9 Check out his YT channel. A veritable gold mine of geologic information. It can keep a viewer occupied for days.

[@Lee-hw6he]

Great talk, easy to understand.

[@smartjoyfultraveler]

Appreciate your lessons! Thank you!

[@jurban3a]

What? A real person? Thank you, professor.

[@jesselomas8626]

I'm checking on a daily basis. TY

[@jackbelk8527]

It helps (me) to think of lava as like candle wax. It builds up instead of running away and if stopped, soon overflows or diverts around obstructions. Those berms sometimes demonstrate how small we are. Great job with the updates.

[@muzikhed]

Enjoyed that one. Nice explanation.

[@paulsto6516]

Thanks! Good show!

[@shawnwillsey]

Much appreciated.

[@gillianjohnston2168]

Interesting with the triggering. When Kaikoura, NZ went it trigger several faults around it.

[@mayoman9w]

Brilliant update thanks a million. QUESTION - Do differing lava types cause different greenhouse gas emissions, if so what type are we dealing with here and what causes lava in one spot to be different to another? Looking forward to my next geology lesson.🌋

[@johnhinkey5336]

Unless I missed it somewhere, I think it might be instructive to talk about how geologists know how to compute the orientation of the beach balls. Good stuff!

[@boston_octopus]

There was a big section in November 18's video; I don't know if it addressed computation specifically.

[@generalputnam2990]

Seismic data relayed in real time: seismographs everywhere on that landscape. Monitored by scientists world-wide. And the geological stratigraphy pretty well-known, w/the caveat that Iceland's spreading center between 2 continental tectonic plates is constantly producing surprises. There's a YT channel w/live seismograph readings along the hwy & pipes to geothermal plant.

[@folkmaster101]

Nice to see how a good teacher works.

[@marjieestivill]

Loved the Wilson cycle animated graphic!

[@lisaw8741]

A bit of clarity on the question regarding the year 536 AD: there was a terrible eruption that brought about climate change which in turn lead to droughts, famine and social unrest. A historian famously said that 536 AD was "the worst year to be alive". It's thought that either Krakatoa or a volcano in Iceland was the cause.

[@rosethompson5511]

Amazing information!