Immunoglobulins Structure and Function /Antibody Structure Types and Function

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Immunoglobulins/Antibody Structure Types and Function
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Antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region
Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival).
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; ] the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins.
Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity.[ This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis.
IgA Found in mucosal areas, such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, and prevents colonization by pathogens.[14] Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk. Some antibodies form complexes that bind to multiple antigen molecules.
IgD Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. ] It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.
IgE Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms
IgG In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus.
IgM Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG
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[@Caly1234]

I like how he says “In the human.” Makes me feel like I’m some different species watching a video about the puny immune system of “The human.” 🤣😂

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I am a veterinary student watching this video. I should know he is mentioning about humans😅

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Seriously 🌚

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[@ChameeraDedduwage]

That was precise, clear, and well-delivered. Thank you.

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I'm studying for my exams and this was so helpful.Thanks a bunch

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Made easily understand it..... Thanks

[@cindyadu-boahen4399]

Thank you so much , I wasted so much data on other videos but I didn’t understand but this is very clear and precise

[@vinay.raj..]

Immunoglobulin and antigen me connection

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Tanq for this video sir

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Thank you sir

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[@limitless57631]

At 5:1 ...... 5 units are linked by disulphide bonds .. Acc to(book) biotechnology by bd singh pg 170 Edit ....m talking abt ig M pentamer . Disulphide bonds ....or j chain. R they similar ?🤔🤔

[@barathvaj3041]

Nah

[@motivation8788]

Thanks bro

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Thank u

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[@ananyadatta9812]

Great help

[@hellohari85]

Simple nd superb Easy way to brush up the subject Thank you looking for more videos

[@college6276]

i dont think igm is the most effective.. it's the first responder, while igG is more effective against pathogens (and ige for allergic rx and reacting against worms)

[@abhilashroy8430]

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[@ketakigupta768]

In the video you said light chains are of to types(Kappa and Lamda) but at 4:38 you said light chain are generally of Kappa and Delta types?

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Dear brother bring some more information video on immunology

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Simple and nice explanation sir

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Thanks yar es information ke liye

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very good! quick and straight to the point information! thank you very much

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Just got 9 shots of immunoglobulin. Bitten by a bat.

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this was so helpfulll ..!!

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Tq sir

[@Dakuna]

A great video expalining clearly and simply

[@greystar5627]

I heard about antibodies they came from Plasma cells

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[@mmmmicheni5141]

Light chains are either kappa, and lambda. You mistakenly said 'kappa and delta' at some point. Thanks for the video nevertheless. Very helpful!

[@MEDSimplified]

+M MMMicheni yes. U r right. I apologize for that mistake

[@MEDSimplified]

+M MMMicheni yes. U r right. I apologize for that mistake

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Loved it

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Simply understanding way... Tnq sir

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Thank you so much ..this is very helpful

[@vincenttieu4416]

Is immunoglobulin synonymous with antibodies?

[@eDentalLectures]

Kind of ...

[@ahanabhattacharyya2030]

Vincent Tieu yup

[@honeybun2445]

same doubt

[@ShahzaibKhan-md1fd]

Yes immunoglobulin= antibody ; immunogen = antigen

[@didimimi3157]

All antibodies are immunoglobulins,but not all immunoglobulins are antibodies

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Wow this video helping in 2024❤

[@zinkalpatel2009]

0.31 sec 5th type Konsa hai 4 types hi aate hai na : 2 heavy chain and 2 light chain

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Thats unbelievable dank you 😂❤

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Very helpful.

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Thank you 🙂

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a nice video indeed

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Can u write little dark , its written so light on board

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Please make a video on virology you are so good

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Do more well done...helpful😃👍

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How u can write only in capital letters😂😂😂

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So helpful

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Nice

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Thanks a lot man

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Kiite sare videos k baad ye vdo. Mekko mila ... Ans thank you sir ..😊

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Thank you for this video

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Very easy explanation sir wow👏👏

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Nice explanation sir, I like ur video as it is short, crisp and have enough content. 🙂

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So nice of you. Glad u found it helpful 🤗

[@dmltlub4179]

Sir aap dmlt ka pura perdikal per video banye plzzz

[@omcreations1451]

Immunoglobins and antibodies are same

[@dmltlub4179]

Sir aap immunoglobin.ka difinion batiye

[@sayanroxx5890]

loved the way you explained , hats off bro

[@christinaeda]

Thanks sir it really helped me!!👏👏👍🙏

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Superb .... thanks lot 🙏 🙏 🙏

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Wow short and simple ,,,, concept based Thankyou for this video 🙏

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very good explanation i was looking for a way to do a clas on this and you helped me a lot

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Mastt sirrr maza aagyi very nice ❤️❤️❤️❤️

[@graceharris3650]

this was very helpful!

[@Max-bn7xg]

Very well done, and I love his pronunciation of immunoglobulin

[@honeybun2445]

Awesome😍

[@lovelysharma3753]

Thanks

[@ChiggenWingz]

Too much emphasis on the naming conventions and writing for me... Need more visual context on what these things are. Not my sort of lessons sorry.

[@hannymarksolan2419]

Total of this is PENNICILLIN

[@sudhapasupureedi3347]

Simple nice explanation ☺️☺️