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India has recorded an increase of 1,540 sq kms in its forest cover, according to the biennial India’s State of Forest Report 2021, published by the Forest Survey of India. This is the increase recorded during 2019 and 2021. The last such report was published in 2019.
The Forest Survey of India defines “forest cover” as all lands of 1 hectare or more with tree patches with canopy density of more than 10 per cent. This covers all lands irrespective of legal ownership and land use. While “recorded forest area” includes only those areas recorded as forests in government records and include the pristine forests.
India’s total forest cover is 7, 13, 789 square kilometres, or 21.71 per cent of the total geographical area of the country. India has set a target of bringing 33 per cent of its geographical area under forest cover.
But a deep dive into the forest gain according to type of forests brings out the fact that India is not adding dense forests, rather it is losing significant areas of natural forests with moderate tree cover. India has more forest cover with tree canopy density in the range of 10 to 40 per cent, referred to as open forest.
The Forest Survey of India has listed four categories of forests and the state of forest survey is based on these. They are: Very Dense Forest (with tree canopy density of 70 per cent or above); Moderately Dense Forest (tree canopy density of 40 per cent or above but less than 70 per cent); Open Forests (tree canopy density of 10 per cent or above but less than 40 per cent); and Scrub (tree canopy density less than 10 per cent).
Open Forest currently has the biggest share in the country’s forest cover with 9.34 per cent of the total forest cover (3, 07, 120 square kilometres). Very Dense Forests (the pristine natural forests) account for just 3.04 per cent (99, 779 sq kms) of the total forest cover. This is the least share among the three major types of forests, very dense, moderately dense and the open forests. Moderately dense forests account for 9.33 per cent (3, 07, 120 square kilometres) of total forest cover.
Under the Very Dense Forest category, in the last two years, India has reported an increase of just 501 square kilometres. Under the Moderately Dense Forests category, there is a loss of 1,582 square kilometres. Open Forests have reported an increase of 2, 612 square kilometres.
To the net increase in forest cover of 1,540 square kilometres, five states - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Karnataka and Jharkhand - have contributed almost entirely. According to India's State of Forest 2021, this increase is also due to plantation and agroforestry.
While 11 states have reported loss in forest cover, some 21 states and UTs have reported loss in moderately dense forest cover.
Currently, Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country while the northeastern states have the highest percentage of forest cover.