Insulin and glucagon | Chemical Processes | MCAT | Khan Academy

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[@renasmile]

This video should be seen by every person who is insulin resistant, diabetic, hypoglycemic etc. I wish doctors or the medical support teams would use this to educate people on how our bodies work internally.

[@barbellbilly]

sweet spot made my day. 2:57

[@ii-sn2rj]

Exactly 💯

[@dennisgarber]

82 or 83 is the target of Dr Richard Bernstein who knows better than anyone. I am not in the camp that below 70 is bad for a person who has been eating zero carbs for over 6 months. These people probably can burn carbs in the muscle. For myself, would eat once a day, zero net carbs, lots of animal protein at 9 pm, get up at 5:45am and work hard labor from 8 to 6, then hit gym as hard as possible from 7 to 8:30. No food until 9 pm. When I tested my blood glucose before the gym, I would be around 40. And during the gym workout I actually feel more energetic and stable than when I was in my early 20s and ate a balanced diet and more often throughout the day, including carbs, even when I would eat something before the gym. I had several incidents back then when I nearly fainted because my blood glucose dropped low at the gym. But this does not happen so long as I am ketone adapted. The myth is that you need to eat glucose. In reality, get keto adapted, and the liver will make exactly how much glucose you require-not less or more. It is plausible that high protein intake will require more exercise or gaps between the meals, so it can be fully utilized and not stored or become problematic. But the same is true for carbs, except the constant insulin spikes burn out the beta cells, and cause insulin receptors to become nose blind, including the blood brain barrier. This is where keto therapy could help some or the majority of Alzheimer’s patients. Humans have only been using glucose for the primary fuel for a half of one percent of human evolution, roughly 10,000 years of not being nomads who ran around chasing animals for food and clothing and tent materials. Modern dietology believes in a young earth, and recent split from chimps. 11.5 million years ago is what the DNA says.

[@chickendeener]

Khan academy should be on my degree lol. These videos have been helping me in different classes for YEARS. I am so thankful for their team :')

[@teklevanishvili1206]

YES absolutely I had depression and didnt attend school for almost two years Instead i was watching khan's vids and when it came to external exams i got perfect score in almost everything

[@AelHydrangea]

Degree??? This is high school stuff??

[@AelHydrangea]

Holy shit nevermind apparently it isn't in the US

[@sarahholland5980]

This is incredible. Thank you for breaking down a very dense lecture into something immensely understandable!!!

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@weishen4878]

Very fascinating that fatty acid is used for the brain and heart ! Learned something new as always from you guys, awesome! Keep on the hard work, you guys rock!

[@shutupsebas]

I love you sm. I was reading articles, watching videos, searching up definitions and I didn’t understand it until now

[@sivarajanchamy7092]

Now i understant this portion in my book tnkz

[@PortugueseGirl27]

Thank you for the explanation. Very detailed and emlightening for non academics

[@mommifong]

Thank you a million I had the concept but now with you help I can explain it to a third grader. ❤

[@annac8228]

Khan academy will be the reason I pass my degree

[@MrPridizzle]

Thank goodness for 2x playback speed option...

[@ahewitt3715]

Thank you!! I did not know that was a thing.

[@lindamcneil711]

Correction... The brain uses 120 grams of glucose a day if It readily available . However, if it isn’t, the liver makes enough to use. Additionally, the oxidative priority of using glucose is first, but the brain doesn’t use it as efficiently as the secondary fuel. The secondary fuel, if glucose can be reduced, is ketones. Ketones also form ATP. They supply energy throughout the whole body. You can stay in ketosis during feeding states. Carbohydrates reduction will keep you in a healthy state of ketosis. Ketones can be produced when well fed.

[@liveuser8527]

Why should we trust what you have to say IF you have a Scottish surname?

[@farahr6650]

i could never express how thankful i am for all the effort you guys do and surly as soon as i get any kind of income i'll donate and support yall.. thank you so much from the bottom of my heart

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@curtiscook6437]

I have watched tone of videos and this one by far is the best eplanation for how insulin and glucagon work in the body. Thank you

[@vidakmilacic]

Statement 'Ketone bodies are only used by heart / brain' is FALSE. Ketone bodies are used inside muscle cells, specific in mitochondria to produce ATP. Gluconeogenesis is not driven by fatty acid or amino acids. It is driven by fatty acid and amino acids together. There is another kanacademy video which explains this much better.

[@tkloppel]

I thought the same thing - do you have a link to said video?

[@candycrush7004]

ah! thank you so much for clarifying that! i was dying here. I am on a low carb diet andi was freaking out..

[@lrbolotin1227]

Ketone bodies is the only fuel that the brain can use after all glucose is depleted, different than most organs that can use proteins and fats as well. I guess that´s what the author wanted to say.

[@MrPridizzle]

Oh boo bloody hoo, what are you a SJW keyboard warrior?

[@danscholze]

Do you have the link for the video?

[@yourfuturedocburenbeiya]

Love this! Thank you so much as always, Khan Academy!!

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@charundave]

Very well explained. Very helpful to appreciate need of testing sugar levels. Thanks.

[@beverlyramsahai8503]

Most simple video. Great

[@kiwifruitkl]

I like the guy's handwriting. It's very bubbly and kind of feminine.

[@lailahicks5494]

thats true, nice observation

[@brim3477]

I was looking for this comment lol I was convinced a chick wrote as he talked but I knew a guy that had "beautiful" handwriting lol

[@snowlynx1585]

Um. So?

[@vargvikernes4859]

How do you define genders by that

[@sophialamond1770]

wtf is femine handwriting

[@ruksanakhan4989]

Lecture is way better than wat my teacher explained👏👏👏

[@Omkar3324]

Is this Sal khan teaching? My god can't believe what else can this guy do?

[@obaahemaacandy9082]

Simple, precise and informative 👏

[@haqzahoorul]

Superb presentation 👏👏👏

[@backstreetfan2887]

thank you

[@Zephan256]

Best indeed

[@StewieGriffin]

So weight loss only works if you go on a carb free diet. Without glucose, Insulin will not be released nor will glucagon.

[@VladKhomutov]

Let me grab a bag of cookies to watch with this...

[@joysonclasses]

Good video

[@SHAD0W99V0RTEX]

I like that guy

[@missmelo6724]

You are such a life saver, Thank you.

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@indirac.4010]

Excellent! Easy to follow

[@rubyl6249]

The way Khan explains these 2 processes is MUCH BETTER than my prof... D':

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@paulaOyeah]

I always wondered how this information was presented to non-Type 1 Diabetics! 😁👍 Cool! I learned some things… but I could also elaborate on some things. 😅

[@simplecomplicated8634]

Very informative as always keep it up sal

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@nemonemo6285]

Perfect, thank you

[@skippylippy547]

This is an excellent presentation. Thank you! My understanding of ketone bodies needs help: I thought that Ketogenesis could substitute for the Insulin/Glucose energy pathway? Is it not possible for the body to be "trained" to seek Fat as its primary source of energy instead of glucose by consuming very low carbohydrates, high fat, with moderate protein?

[@Kalziumboy]

Yes you are correct you absolutely can. I don't know where Khanacademy got that from...

[@splendidninja1378]

Yes, exactly this.

[@ruksarsaifi963]

Thanks Mr khan bohot achha explain kiya👍

[@jameshavlin7362]

Excellent video

[@evelynenashleyheylen5268]

great teacher!!!

[@jbfitness3056]

nice, let's eat 250 m&ms per day

[@StewieGriffin]

Judging by your name. Those M&Ms will have no affect on you.

[@lindamcneil711]

One can never out run a bad diet. Sugar is an anti nutrient... and causes cellular level damage to the mitochondria

[@andyrajendra3103]

That's one way to get glycosemia

[@dreadreaper7123]

@@lindamcneil711 did you try to eat it in real AKA home grown food or ure 1 of those who eat corn fed meat and hope that it will magicaly make you tin?

[@xgeneproteinx2889]

great explanation.

[@Melody-vo6gq]

Thank you so much.

[@kumar2ji]

Great stuff

[@breezyandmore]

best

[@NeMoSheMo7]

Thank you very much! so simple yet very informative. Please make new videos.

[@thomasmayor273]

Brilliant

[@live4674]

your're a SAVER

[@SseriousGgamer3]

According to my calculations most people using this information are taking classes .. I didn’t even know there was such a thing lmao Well I’m using this info to loose weight. I’ve been lifting for 5 years and like most natty beginners fell into the “eat big to get big” trap that got me fat. I was always below 20% body fat, and over the 5 years slowly went from 140lbs-16-18bf, to 185lbs-26%bf. So now I didn’t think getting under 10% would be so fucking insanely hard.

[@casualbird2520]

Hows the fitness going? I'm trying to get into fitness

[@safakhurshid7916]

Who asked?

[@willl.ashworth]

When

[@karenCotorritos]

Thanks so much for sharing! This really helped in my examen :)

[@PlushToysChaoticAdventures]

I'm eating eggs, coconut oil, fatty meat and the pounds just keep dropping. I'm eating vegetables too... I've been doing this for about 3 years. Carb consumption made me ill, fat consumption is giving me back my health.

[@racheldsouza8895]

So basically keto diet

[@onkelbebo3139]

Just watch your cholesterol level and you will be fine.

[@udayaai]

if you are sensitive to insulin, then going keto is an effective method to reduce the release of insulin and to release glucagon instead

[@matteocicaloni]

Wrong.

[@peek-ka-boom6017]

At 2:03 What about Keto dieters who eliminate glucose in their blood? At 4:08 Are Keto dieters hypoglycemic?

[@splendidninja1378]

Keto dieters don't eliminate glucose from their blood - they eliminate the insulin spikes that are commonly associated with eating carb-rich foods. You, ideally should always have, 70-110 mg/dL of glucose in your blood. Keto dieters shouldn't be hypoglycemic, unless someone with diabetes who is taking medication is on keto. Then, it is likely they could become hypoglycemic. Yeah this video was wrong about almost everything they said about ketosis.

[@marcst-germain9027]

ive been in ketosis for four months and i've done prolonged fasting and i've never been hypoglycemic

[@tharuligunaratne4228]

TYSMM!!!!

[@thyowen]

you explain things so well it makes me wonder why im paying a university so much money

[@Zabardageegan]

Owen L You pay to move to the left and blame America for stealing all the resources from Africa.

[@phuongnguyencao852]

your voice is legend man

[@TheBurnabypete]

The glycerol back bone of triglyceride will take the gluconeogenesis yes? Betahydroxybuturate can be used by all cells except for hectic and pancreas I think.

[@lifelif2813]

THXXXXXXXX GOD BLESS U ❤

[@desmomotodesmomoto2033]

Question: Low Glucose = Glucagon + Nor-Epinephrine + Cortisol|= Ketosis So people on ketogenic diet are secreting stress hormones 24/7 ? Is this OK?

[@KM-gw3ox]

You literally saved my day

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@davidcooper177]

AN EXCELLENT EXPLANATION! FOR THE FIRST TIME I UNDERSTAND FULLY AND COMPLETELY GLUCOSE, KETON, INSULIN, GLUCAGON AND HOW THEY WORK IN TANDEM.

[@Pfsif]

The diabetic levels use to be a lot higher, like 149. It explains the "explosion" of diabetes.

[@dennisgarber]

Definitely keto should be the standard for Alzheimer’s, first experiment. However, I suspect enough exogenous ketone supplements would be expensive unless government got involved in subsidies for ketone makers in the way they do corn growers. Ironically corn depletes B vitamins and could lead to brain damage, as constant glucose spiking.

[@-astrangerontheinternet6687]

Ketones are made by the body for free. Carbohydrates are subsidized by the govt. rather than having them spend more- why not just end the payments for the crops that become the processed foodstuffs that poison the people?

[@sarrazin5]

The BEST ever explanation without any fussy ridiculous stereotypes we are sick of them! Many thanks.

[@donraquel]

🥰

[@harshavardhanreddy100]

hyperglycemia can also produce skin manifestations.

[@ivanchu7121]

There are other substances beside amino acids which form pyruvate (i.e. glycerol) through gluconeogenesis. Why is the TCA or Krebs cycle not included as alternative to ketogenesis?

[@ayandejiadebayo-ep4jh]

Words aren’t enough for me to show how I grateful I am for helping me to get rid of my type 2 Diabetes Dr Igudia.

[@saumyabharat5900]

So, does the Keto diet have a negative affect on the brain?

[@BlancoRaceEngineering]

IS IT NORMAL???? My 10 y/o son blood results: A1C 5,2 Fasting blood Glucose 72. Fasting blood insulin 1,69. Is it bad that the insulin is too low??? But looks sufficient because the A1C is 5.2 and the fasting blood sugar is only 72. Also he’s not really underweight, but he’s on the lean side. Also he gets easily tired 😓 when playing soccer ⚽️. Hope to hear from you guys. I don’t know who to consult with. Regular doctor don’t understand metabolism. Thank you very much.

[@JacobHoman]

11:00 not sure this is correct. "ketone bodies provide energy to be used only by heart/brain". Anyone?

[@JacobHoman]

Found the answer: "Ketone bodies cannot be used as fuel by the liver, because the liver lacks the enzyme β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase, also called thiophorase."

[@ptfirstrehab]

What about BHB in the muscle? BHB decreases after exercise. Your thoughts?

[@skippylippy547]

@@JacobHoman The Liver is the organ that creates the Ketone Bodies from Fatty Acids. Ketone bodies are readily transported into tissues outside the liver and converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle and is oxidized in the mitochondria for energy. Thus, the Liver, in the presence of low glucose, can produce an alternative source of energy for the body by using fatty acids with ketones. This has always been the pathway used during Fasting periods. It's a normal function of our bodies.

[@willl.ashworth]

Jacob Homan mhmm that does seem incorrect

[@thicc5118]

Jacob Homan because according to the encyclopaedia of tongue

[@k-Gonzo]

How does the body just convert simple sugars to lipids and nucleic acids like that? Is glucose a direct precursor in their synthesis, or is it just a cofactor?

[@leesway]

#youcanlearnanything is so cute. I love it. Thanks for the video

[@hexational3028]

what’s the name of this guy

[@danielmichielin4342]

glycolisis isn't an irreversible process and it doesn't produce atp. It produces piruvate which then could be transformed back to glucose in a process called gluconegenesis. ATP is produces in the citric acid cycle which is irreversible.

[@Ice-916]

how is lipogenesis irreversible? wouldn't lipolysis be the reverse of lipogenesis?

[@farahali5754]

هي الاكاديميه اللي عرفتها من خلال الفيديوهات وبحثت عنها عن النت وتواصلت معهم كانت رسوم الدفع 480 قرب 500ريال كانت مناسبه ليا درست فيها الديناميكا الحراريه ما فهمت شيء واعتذرت من الدكتور شاب صغير وكان مشغول اصلا وليس ذوي خبره اتعرفت على دكتوره نوماجو واتخصصت بالصيدله

[@fidel8659]

the video is not clear well

[@stickystar101]

This video makes a very strong case for low carb diets. If protein can make glucose and ketones can provide energy to the brain, then you technically do not need carbohydrates. Thanks a lot!

[@komaljadhav8404]

Yes u r right.. technically we don't need carbs.

[@xxtravisxxify]

We need carbs if we need quick reaction of fullfilling our energy needs. Like if you go to gym and do some muscle work you may need carbs in order to get this work done, otherwise it would take a long time to feed your muscles therefore you can't lift weights in a small amount of time. If you take carbs too much that's bad either because they will become fat. So the answer to you is, yes you need carbs, especially if you are working your muscles (including walking), but depends on how extreme that thingy is. If you don't workout or even move at all, you will still need some carbs but definently the less amount. Otherwise it'll take a long time to wait protein and fat fulfill your body's energy requirement. Think like this it's a PSU on computers.

[@matteocicaloni]

Why would you want to eat less carbs though. You can do it but it's a bad idea.

[@AhmedEkri]

They say that glycolysis is irreversible which is wrong, isn't it? Liver and Kidneys can reverse glycolysis because they have Glucose-6-Phosphatase in their ER while other cells don't. So it is reversible in these cells, but not in other cells, because of the absence of this enzyme which can convert Glucose-6-Phosphate into pure Glucose (Reversing first step of glycolysis/glycogenesis).

[@rynabuns]

+Ahmed Alekri (Ahmed Ali) Yes, that's the last step of gluconeogenesis.

[@AhmedEkri]

Ryan Lau Yes

[@lrbolotin1227]

Glycolysis is irreversible in the sense that you can´t reverse it just by repeating the same steps backwards. Also there are at least 2 or 3 steps that you can't reverse easily besides the Glucose-6-phosphatase step.

[@MrSaltogpepper]

The reversible reaction of glycolysis is gluconeogenesis. The processes that converts ADP to ATP og ATP to ADP are irreversible in glycolysis, therefore the body use different enzyme that makes those steps reversible. Glycolysis is not reversible in total, but the almost alike reversible reaction is called glyconeogenesis.

[@Robert-xn3dc]

I am getting a hyperglycemic rush just from watching this video

[@9-volt247]

Insulin...causes storage?! Wow!

[@9-volt247]

IF YOU DON'T HAVE ENOUGH INSULIN IN YOUR BODY, YOU MAY HAVE DIABETES!

[@9-volt247]

Well, I know that!

[@9-volt247]

EVEN WORSE! IF YOU EAT WAY TOO MUCH SUGAR ALONG WITH NO INSULIN FOR A YEAR, YOU COULD HAVE DIABETES EVEN WORSE!! 😈😈😈

[@9-volt247]

Eek! I better stay away from sugar, _period! 😰😰😰_

[@ratnadeep221192]

I have a question to ask here. some amino acids like Arginine, Leucine, Glutamine etc increases insulin where they are ot contain any carbs. so will the released insulin work to lead gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis?

[@Athenas_Realm_System]

Ratnadeep Paithankar no, Insulin works to reduce blood glucose level, if insulin is high then gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis is decreased, instead glycogenesis and fatty acid synthesis is more likely to occur. Glucagon is the hormone that increases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis as it is trying to increase blood glucose.

[@rosemaryjoseph5296]

Really understood thanks.

[@kritishachakma2918]

What is insulin genetic name?

[@elalburquerque]

oh that’s why I eat so many M&M jajajjaa 😅

[@h.k.4453]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/a57CdGeQhbOSmKs

[@yvanliew5852]

Isn't amino acid the last resort instead of ketone bodies? Anyone please correct me thanks.

[@CN2Bubble]

OMG thank you so much!

[@gavinr5576]

The information about ketone bodies is out-dated. Suggesting they are a last-ditch fuel is jumping to an assumption that is not historically correct. In recent human history carbohydrate consumption has been almost ubiquitous, but there is ample evidence of cultures that survived and thrived with little-to-no carbohydrate in their diet. Before the advent of agriculture ketosis was likely the most common metabolic state that humans would have been in, given that carbohydrates were much more scarce and selectively bred agricultural crops with higher concentrations of starch/sugars did not yet exist. Ketosis is not a state of starvation, simply a different metabolic pathway that favours the utilization of fatty acids as fuel and gluconeogenesis in the liver to provide whatever glucose might be required for glucose-obligate organs. Implying that this alternate metabolic is associated soley with starvation and "last-ditch metabolism" is misleading at best. Ketogenic diets are highly effective for the remittance of Type 2 Diabetes and have been shown to have favourable effects in healthy individuals and even high-level athletes. Demonizing ketosis by suggesting it is an unfavourable metabolic state has caused a great deal of unnecessary suffering due to the lack of education in the medical profession about the benefits (and relative safety) of a ketogenic state, please do not continue to perpetuate this damaging status quo. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31231311/

[@sleepn_on_me2473]

Doesnt blood get more acidic when ketones are in the blood?

[@howikissedinsulingoodbye2875]

Such a great informations

[@barryfennell9723]

Restricting carbohydrates you can maintain ketone bodies presence and eat. The processed carbohydrates are a fairly recent phenomena.

[@fofymalik1468]

Omg thnx

[@JHilak]

First of all: main source of glucose is starch and not M&Ms! Secondly: first effect of insuline is facilitating the UPTAKE of glucose by fat en musclecells, only after that glycolysis can start!

[@curiousberry5352]

Glucagon sounds like a demon

[@mayankuever]

Question :does glucagon secretion increases the fatty acid synthesis and urea syntheses ?

[@johndoh1000]

This video helped me understand ketosis so that I can now explain ketosis in a more scientific way than "you're starved of sugar so your body uses your fat stores instead"

[@shashikantsingh1248]

Hindhi m

[@supremoluminary]

I feel like this guy is down talking to audience with a smug tone and superficial understanding of the fundamentals of blood sugar.

[@aaronphillips402]

And thus the keto diet was born. (epic super hero music plays in the background)

[@stylewithgen]

I thought that glycolysis was reversible in some cells? Via gluconeogenesis. Is this correct?

[@HimalShrestha]

Gluconeogensis is not the exact reversal of glycolysis. There are some irreversible steps in Glycolysis that needs to be bypassed, for gluconeogenesis to occur.

[@kingsleyorizu3742]

Genesse Arriaga some of the steps in glycolysis is irreversible which is step1, 3 and 10

[@ricklowery6745]

how do you feel about the keto diet

[@dro2896]

Rick Lowery fucking garbage. Ketone bodies have acidic properties and when released into the blood due to accumulation of these mechanisms can lead to ketoacidosis

[@MikeCola]

Glucagon is one of the fat and sugar releasing hormones. It works the opposite of insulin. Look at it like this, insulin is the storage hormone and glucagon is the releasing hormone. If you want to burn fat (lipolysis) you want your insulin to be low and glucagon to be high. How to increase fat burning hormone? - long walks on an empty stomach when insulin levels are low - fasting - low carb diet (low sugar) - eating an optimal amount of protein - short High Intensity Training (HIT)

[@liveuser8527]

Coca cola