The Strange History of Money in America

[@townsends]

One of our reproduction coin sets www.townsends.us/products/british-coin-co514-p-213

[@FacesintheStone]

23:34 eventually as you keep following the trail, you will find that we destroyed the group of people who were living here before we were, and they knew much more about the land than we ever knew, and maybe will ever know. They call it the New World. They lived in prehistoric time far longer than the rest of what we know as the world at that time. there’s a complicated multifaced style of Art* that was produced by the ancient Americans, we call them rocks. Until you learn it, you will never question why every single stone is carry sized. Every single pocket sized stone looks like a bird. ❤

[@Nannaof10]

This education is so valuable it should be taught in schools, especially with this type of medium. You're such a good teacher, Jon!

[@SteveAdmienn]

I agree!

[@jameshollandjr9326]

Definitely using this video in my US History & Economics classes!

[@CommodoreFan64]

I 1000% Agree!! All I learned in school back in the 90's was all the colonies had different money it was confusing, so eventually after the American Revolutionary war it was banned, and the new US Gov. started printing it's own paper money.

[@cumorahwatson1967]

👏👍

[@oregonbassboss98]

Well said and an excellent thought.

[@MrRideabighorse]

It was cool to see the Nutmeg Tavern look like an operating tavern.

[@TextileGeorge]

Yeah! i love seeing the lighting of the candles in a realistic daily setting too.

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

It feels like a movie. Perfectly staged.

[@GazB85]

Round the back is the Allspice brothel.

[@doctoruttley]

I would love a whole town living in the 1700’s. I would use my vacation times to go visit for a week or two at a time. No phone, no no tech. What a nice break that would be. Trade in silver and gold. Taverns, restaurants, shops and shows. 🥰

[@robertoaguiar6230]

I was thinking that myself. I'm gonna cut that part of the video and make a 'tavern ambience 1 hour video loop' if that's ok

[@WalcomS7]

Your production values just astound me sometimes. Excellent video. Maybe my favorite so far, and it wasn't even a cooking one!

[@townsends]

Thank you so much! We appreciate that.

[@benbrothers6968]

Seconded, this is one of their best ever videos.

[@cumorahwatson1967]

I totally agree!👍👍👍

[@oregonbassboss98]

I have to agree, this is one of the best videos I have seen here which says something as all Jon's videos are top notch.

[@pal9462]

True

[@TheGameGetterKuzuri]

Watching this channel reminds me of how the specials on PBS use to be. Talking about money is cool, complex and possibly boring, but you've hit that nice middle point where you get high end education and entertainment. Kinda like putting carrots and broccoli in cheesey rice for a kid that "doesn't like" vegetables. 😂 Keep up the hard work!

[@bensharp575]

Yeah PBS is all politics anymore.

[@theodorekorehonen]

@@bensharp575 No it isn't.

[@dakotac9547]

Nice analogy

[@dakotac9547]

@@bensharp575 Are you ben shaparo

[@RainRikks]

That’s a good example with cheesy rice lmao

[@draskang]

Awww! the use of the tavern in an actual scene is awesome!

[@erikhutchinson4185]

I didn’t know I was in for a college lecture on the fiat dollar but I’m so glad I did

[@graceface418]

The value of coins: Depends on many factors Seeing Hatless John: Priceless

[@tipsyXtwo]

His nutmeg jar broke and he’s currently using the hat to store it

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

What kind of gentleman would be out and about without wearing a hat?

[@ccaffie1231]

@@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721 a gentleman with lovely hair, of course

[@TwoTonTaft]

Worth 1 (one) hatless John NFT?

[@amadeusamwater]

Note: Prior to the Gold Rush, the most common coin west of the Mississippi was the Mexican silver dollar, the 8 reale piece. The USA did not mint silver dollars from 1805 to 1835 because of a silver shortage. The Mexican coins came up from Santa Fe in barrels, so were very common. Most of the people going West in the 1840s would have used the Mexican coin.

[@WideAwakeHuman]

Didn't know... Pretty cool

[@cumorahwatson1967]

Interesting! Thank you for sharing.

[@clancywoodard310]

in the years after the Texas Revolution the Mexican peso was still the common currency of the Republic of Texas now they did have a paper currency that was printed in the Republic but half the time that paper currency wasn't worth the paper it was printed on

[@bensharp575]

Very interesting. Had not heard that before. Was it by weight of silver in the coin or accepted at face value?

[@amadeusamwater]

@@bensharp575 Appears to have been accepted as if it were the same as the American dollar.

[@addy5572]

The music, the cinematography, the history... simply beautiful.

[@bigboiadventures8476]

My children and I absolutely love this channel. No matter how bad things get or crappy day that I have I can just go back and pick a video and watch for an hour or two learn something new about our history and just enjoy a wholesome KZbin channel. John and crew are the kind of folks I'd love to be around.

[@cumorahwatson1967]

Yes they really are👍👏 Every video is wholesome and most uplifting! Thank you Job and everyone involved. ( No nutmeg coin, anywhere insight! 😂)

[@incognitonegress3453]

Yes. Keep politics outta it! N I'm a black woman...times wasnt so peachy 4 my kind.

[@jaji8549]

The Tavern scene made me miss even more my re-enacting family and experiences these past couple years. Also, BONUS JOSH SIGHTING! :-)

[@JeffDeWitt]

This was spectacularly good, I don't think anyone else could tell this story in such an understandable and approachable way. If there were Emmy awards for KZbins this should win one. Well done, very well done.

[@intothecalm420]

Pretty sure there is an award for online creators. Can't think of the name though. I just don't care enough to know. Regardless this channel is awesome.

[@briankesterson4365]

John - A video that I will use in my American history class this year! Thank you so much!

[@drenee65]

Jon - the "consummate storyteller". Thank you Jon...very, very enjoyable video

[@olyvoyl9382]

This certainly is one of your best and most thought provoking videos. Thank you for all your research and study on this and so many other subjects. I am a big fan of The Hoover Boys, a group of metal detectorist on the east coast. They turn up all kinds of coins of the variety you speak of. It is fun to see their excitement when rare coins are found. I recommend their vlogs to everyone interested in this subject. And I am sure they would find your video on the subject interesting too.

[@bleirdo_dude]

Don't forget Aquachigger, and Quarter Hoarder.

[@unzipme5891]

BUY BITCOIN!!!!

[@griffin5226]

I really like these longer format deep dive videos. it allows nuance to be retained. I feel like in short videos of niche topics it becomes too distilled resulting in the idea "that everyone only used pieces of 8 and nothing else" for example.

[@moseshorowitz4345]

So glad to see this video. As a native of Massachusetts I found myself nodding in agreement as much as I was surprised. Middle schools should show this in class.

[@AllDayBikes]

I'm realizing later in my life that I really enjoy learning, hording knowledge about almost anything and everything and categorically storing it in my brain shelf. This is no exception. This was awesome!

[@myrlstone8904]

Excellent presentation. The quality of Townsend’s videos continues to climb. Congratulations to the team.

[@Backwardsmule]

Very impressive video, KZbin doesn't deserve your content.

[@Dexterity_Jones]

What a fascinating article , the production value is insane... I've been here since mushroom ketchup and it's been an amazing ride. Thanks Townsends et al.

[@morpheusgreene2704]

i gotta say, that scene in the tavern at around 7:30 was shot incredibly well, good camera work!

[@SutherlandYo]

The production value is beautiful as always. The close-up shots of the detailing in the coins is a joy to watch. Got a glass of home brewed mead & a 35 minute Townsends video. Good times!

[@Nannaof10]

Well put into words! I agree 👍 💯

[@bigboiadventures8476]

I love the music y'all use in the videos!!

[@jadenephrite]

Regarding 16:51, in addition to clipping or filing bits of precious metal from silver coins, another insidious method for profiteering was known as sweating. Sweating utilized a corrosive acid to partially the dissolve the surface of silver coins and then to spend the degraded coins at face value. The adulterated coins would resemble slightly worn coins as though by normal contact abrasion from circulation. The silver dissolved in acid would be recovered by chemical precipitation and be melted down as bullion.

[@Periapsis_]

I loved those Nutmeg Tavern scenes, it felt so immersive and real with the candlelight, background noise, extras, etc. you really created a great atmosphere there! 👏👏👏

[@susanrivard3959]

I learned some things I did not know before...Thank you Townsends for your usual fantastic content. Greetings from Ontario Canada

[@juangutauskas1380]

Wow, i was going trough your old videos and the difference in production is astonishing. Channels like yours inspire me to produce my own things.

[@townsends]

Thank you for the kinds words. We hope we've encouraged you to give it a try!

[@Kelli.Hicks.5]

We take money so easily for granted, that it's easy to forget that it has such a complex history.

[@janinewetzler5037]

The fact that none of our 'paper' money is backed by a gold standard is complicating it the further away we get from when it was. Bit coin and other virtual 'coins' are adding to this modern complexity!!

[@klosnj11]

It will have a complicated future as well, I assure you.

[@moors710]

Very good explanation of money. Historically people have experimented with money and ledger systems. In the Mediterranean world much of the development of writing came from the use of ledger systems to track trade. At least in the Mediterranean, money came first next ledgers and third writing.

[@olddawgdreaming5715]

Thanks for sharing with us Jon. 🙏🏻🙏🏻👍👍👏🏻👏🏻👋👋

[@brandonhamilton833]

I love how wholesome and educational this channel is. I've been a sub for awhile and i'm so happy this is growing the way it is. Please keep the videos coming!

[@bt6616]

This was so fascinating! My favorite type of history is daily history, understanding how life was different in the past, and this is exactly the type of video I'd love to see more of in the future! Not that your cooking videos aren't also fantastic, but this really scratched an itch I didn't know I had!

[@merpius]

The old expression "2 bits" = 25 cents because of the Spanish Dollar/piece of eight; two eighths is a quarter.

[@NathanDudani]

Makes sense, 12.5*2

[@theoestep]

Shave and a haircut, five bits!

[@NathanDudani]

@@theoestep lol

[@EnigmaticLucas]

Even “1 bit” was used for 12½¢ occasionally since ½¢ coins existed at the time

[@bensharp575]

@@theoestep" Shave and a haircut, 6 bits. "

[@julias8277]

I thoroughly enjoy all of your videos. I keep thinking to myself, 'Townsends is creatively teaching us the skills we need for the times coming ahead.' Whether it's intentional or not, I am definitely learning. Thank you

[@jacksonrodriguez2703]

Hello Julia

[@julias8277]

@@jacksonrodriguez2703 Hello

[@jacksonrodriguez2703]

@@julias8277 Hi Julia How are you doing today?

[@breecekong5821]

One of the best videos you guys have made in some time now

[@townsends]

Thank you so much!

[@GlenHallstrom]

Thank you sir for this fascinating and educational video. Not only did I learn some wonderful history of money in this country, it's helped me with my RPG group. I am a Game Master for a small group and I'm getting ready to start a new Dungeons and Dragons campaign. Money and commerce will now factor significantly in the campaign world. Bravo!

[@andyedwards9222]

What a fascinating video, very interesting especially the introduction of paper money. Brilliant.

[@janinewetzler5037]

But, sure, blame Canada for that paper mess, lol.

[@wtk6069]

How about a companion piece about the role of barter on the frontier. That tradition lasted a long time even after money was widely available. I remember my grandma paying to have corn meal ground by giving the guy a portion. He still operated on a barter system, and this as in the 1970s!

[@dalevaughn9446]

Still do it in U.S.A.

[@allhumansarejusthuman.5776]

I still barter! An metalworker with knowledge and experience in remodeling I cam barter quite a lot! 😅. I usually live life high on the hog without a penny to my name

[@fabulous_finn7810]

I use Magic The Gathering cards for my barters lol

[@nothanks9503]

@@fabulous_finn7810what’s the going rate for a black lotus these days

[@oxanalim8819]

the music in this one was excellent. Thank you JRP!

[@anthalamo1]

This blew my mind. Utterly amazing production, terrific presentation, and fantastic information.

[@dk439911]

This is a wayyyy more interesting topic than I would have thought. Thank you for putting this together. Outstanding work, as usual :)

[@DefcampMelderonTV]

Outstanding video! Amazing music as well! Great job to all involved! Thank you all very much!

[@nananamoomoo8664]

Nananana moomoo and the oracle are impressed by the production quality- he senses technical upgrades in the wind. Was this a sliding camera mount? The oracle wonders...

[@townsends]

Your senses have not betrayed you

[@dalevaughn9446]

Please, lnquireing mind's would like to know!!!.

[@DSesignD]

Excellent production and sharing of history. Thank you!

[@Rakiyel]

This was an amazing video. Very well put together. I know not everyone likes the longer videos but I definitely do. Thanks for the great video!

[@makeitso3424]

Good show old boy!!! This made my night John, Keep up the good work!!!

[@ThirdEngr]

This was simply an amazing video. Hats off to you! ;)

[@videolabguy]

Thanks! This bit of history is priceless!

[@lyra2112]

fascinating! Great camera work in this one I especially loved the close ups of the various coins. Loving the longer episodes. So much info here I will watch it again. Well done!

[@jacksonrodriguez2703]

Hi

[@superman55566]

You have outdone yourself in this video. BRAVO. Seriously, well done!!!

[@BD-lq4id]

Thank you. This content is amazing. It really helped me understand what is going on with money in america today, by getting historic context. Especially once we got to the part about printing inflationary paper money that people were forced to use when they didn't have the real money.

[@oregonbassboss98]

Outstanding presentation on money in America. Very thorough and informative. One of your best, Jon.

[@FcBow]

I never cease to be amazed by the constant flow of quality content from Townsends. Good work, lads!

[@gracebrothers8672]

John I absolutely love your videos!! Keep up the great work!! God bless you and your family 🙏🏼

[@coffeepot3123]

I remember a time where i was pretty low on virtual currency, but i had a big pile of coins. I would count it up in separate batches and wrap them in thin transparent film and write the value on the top. So when it came time to pay for groceries it went quick and easy and also saved the cashier time. Made me appreciate the value of physical currency again.

[@whatthefrerejacques]

Bravo! Photography, script, music, editing. This is excellent work.

[@brianadixon8995]

To heck with history classes, I'm having my kid watch you.

[@kimfleury]

I approve. (I'm a teacher).

[@fugithegreat]

No joke, as a teacher I turn to Townsends (and other quality KZbin videos) very often for quality educational content.

[@rattrap8819]

This is a treasure trove for sure! Also, ya might wanna check out the Junius Maltby channel.

[@doctoruttley]

Schools are becoming obsolete with the advent and success of KZbin. Do 2 hours of “school” (KZbin videos) per days, then play for the young and apprenticeships for the older kids. Don’t worry teachers…Kids still have to be guided to the right videos. 🤷🏻‍♂️🪙🪙

[@jjpetunia3981]

Very interesting information presented in such an excellent easy to listen to way. Wonderful music and filming. Loved the tavern scenes. Great touch!

[@alphacharlietango969]

One of your best videos!

[@eatenvegan1565]

So excited that you made this video! I can't wait to show this to the kids I've been watching over summer. We have been learning about money and this video will be perfect to go along with our lessons. Thanks!

[@Sean-nh6cv]

This is like some seriously top-tier content. Absolutely love the camera work and all of the info presented! You guys are awesome! 👍

[@sparkcommunications2499]

One of the finest channels on KZbin. The research and production levels are simply superb!

[@BlutoLo]

Love the theatrical reenactment in the tavern! You guys should do more of those scenes!!!

[@townsends]

Special thanks to Hillary and Rick Wagner for their original music contribution to this video ➧ jimsredpants.bandcamp.com/ Special thanks to Caleb Lewis for his original music contribution to this video

[@John-un3lj]

It was a superb choice to this setting.

[@Pygar2]

Maybe Friday you can explain "not worth a continental dollar"?

[@jamieboylan641]

Thank you for all your work on this channel! I homeschool my 5 children and I use your channel for educational tv time. This video was great for two of my boys (ages 12 and 6) who collect old and rare coins. They loved this video.

[@jloomis7]

Thanks for this long, informative format! I assumed it was a livestream upload and was pleased to see it was a full-blown production.

[@kimfleury]

Top notch production, from videography to editing, to professional narration, to music selections. Not necessarily in that order, but I'd be hard-pressed to try to rank the list.

[@charlesdeens8927]

Brilliant episode. Thanks for such an informative explanation of money throughout history. I enjoyed every minute of this production

[@Janadu]

I love your videos. So informative! But also very ASMR, especially when I'm stressed out.

[@BarnesRanch]

Just LOVE the episode! What you did with the limitations of the relatively small setting of your nutmeg tavern: amazing!

[@collinshungry]

Never thought I would see Bitcoin being mentioned on this channel, but I'm not mad about it!

[@CommodoreFan64]

Me either, but If it gets people interested in history then I'm all for it.

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

Weird as it feels, it's that kind of connection that makes history what it is.

[@littleredpony6868]

It’s an extension of what makes humans humans. We need a system to deal with who gets what. We’re constantly experimenting with how to make economic transactions equitable and fair for everyone involved. Barter, currency and money are just different ways of dealing with each other.

[@zombieSlayer-kn2rk]

You never know what you got till it's gone. When there is no more money (as we know). That will be the end of privacy for everyone except the elites. They will tell you what you have and what you don't have. Thanks Bitcoin. If you don't like it they will just shut your account down till you can act right. People need to wake up. Oh yeah I am mad about it.

[@castiron2932]

@@zombieSlayer-kn2rk privacy coins. Monero and pirate chain

[@knightartorias1825]

I love these longer form documentary-style videos you produce, keep them up!

[@goatkidmom]

'Little Bub' later called the Justin Morgan horse after his owner, and founder of the Morgan horse breed, was thrown in with another horse as a part of a trade when schoolmaster Justin Morgan tried to collect on money owed him and the farmer didn't have any coinage with which to pay.

[@siyacer]

Figure

[@The_Marine708]

Omg, Townsends, the production quality is amazing! This is by far my favorite video in the channel, from the topic, the b roll, everything! I LOVED THIS, thank you! Please keep it up! 😄

[@dbmail545]

This was great. I never knew the relationship between farthings, pennies and shillings.

[@BankgeekOutdoors]

Very well done. Editing, music, scenes of the active nutmeg tavern, were all impressive

[@michaelmaranda1505]

Excellent! Thank you so much for this work. I enjoyed it immensely.

[@hotcoldman9793]

I love that the invention of paper money was supposedly a one time thing

[@MrBottlecapBill]

Once the elites found out people would give them real stuff for fake paper money they couldn't stop using it to enrich themselves lol. So they did it again and again and again and still do it today. Even the coins are worthless now.

[@k1e1n1t1o]

This may be my favorite Townsend vid ever.

[@makebelievetonight]

holy cow, what a beautiful video!!

[@benw9949]

Guys, the production quality all through this is fantastic. This is easily television documentary quality, as far as I can tell. Everyone involved with this clearly brought their best game to it. More like this, please. I know you probably don't have time to do a series for a streaming service or cable channel, but wow, you could do KZbin episodes for sure. The work and writing and filling quality that went into this, wow, thank you all so much! More of this, please. -- Your recent fishing / cooking / preservation episode also was excellent, this level of quality craftsmanship. Congratulations to the whole team! Be proud of your work, you all have outdone some of the pro docu stuff on those "used to be about history and learning and discovery" sorts of cable TV channels. (ahem)

[@corsa701]

And i thought, german coinage of that time period was a nightmare! Very interesting to see it "over there". Thanks a lot!

[@matthewspires1969]

Your channel is absolutely magical! Thank you John!

[@karenblohm3279]

When you had this subject on a Friday live show, I loved the fact that you recognized my question as to what a half bit was. In the show Oklahoma, they are bidding at a picnic and going another two bits to outbid. 1800 something. I have no idea the exact time period the show is set in. I have pesos that my dad saved from when he used to go for work for KC. They weren't worth much then.

[@joanhoffman3702]

The show takes place in 1907, the year Oklahoma was granted statehood. This news is mentioned right before the ending song “Oklahoma”: “A brand new state, gonna be great!” Statehood gave more benefits than being a territory. Keep asking questions, that’s how you find things out! 🙂

[@karenblohm3279]

@@joanhoffman3702 I should have known that. I was in the show. Forgot the lyrics.

[@litmaiden]

I'm two minutes in and the cinematography is outstanding. So gorgeous to watch. What a great topic, too! Can't wait to finish this.

[@jansenart0]

12:13 - Because of the global popularity of this coin, this is why stock market values were measured in eighths right up until the 1990s.

[@RealitySurvival]

Outstanding! Thanks.

[@kimfleury]

High school history was long ago for me, but I distinctly recall the lesson on the varying currency and how it was a problem in Massachusetts. The reason I remember it is because I totally didn't get it 😆 I've been teaching for a long time since then, but thankfully never had to teach that lesson. However, this was a beautifully thorough lesson, so I think I could teach it now if I had to. Or better yet, I'd just play this video (and hope there wouldn't be fussiness about the tavern scene and mention of tobacco - that can be iffy). Huzzah! Well done, good sirs! Well done!

[@EnigmaticLucas]

The only thing I learned about it in high school in Kentucky was that every state had its own currency during the Articles of Confederation era and that made interstate commerce a nightmare

[@CreightonDevers]

I think this has been your best type of video yet. Not that the others were bad at all, the style and pace and content of this one just pulled me in and I really enjoyed it.

[@finnmacky7106]

I love this channel. After years of watching I just click the like button and then start the show!

[@mrdaym]

The topic is interesting enough but the way you present it makes it even more exciting. You're a great teacher.

[@code4dragon256]

Learning from ppl like this in this fashion is how grade school should be. Not a waste of time going from class to class for the “teacher” to hand out homework so you can teach yourself at home

[@jeffholmes6623]

A wonderful episode! Very educational and informative. I am going to start adding your videos to our homeschooling curriculum.

[@ZombieWolfe]

imagine a coin pouch filled with those gold coins, ooo yes

[@Low_commotion]

That gold coin looked so appealing, I instantly wanted one (or at least a reproduction using some jewelry gold).

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

I want one of those gold coins just so I can toss it around in my hand and look cool.

[@nothanks9503]

🤔 thievery

[@claytonmccoy8849]

Everything about this video is really cool and well done, but I love the bits you filmed where John buys the drink from Ryan, with the chatter in the background. Really brought the tavern to life in a way I haven't seen before.

[@archeantyl9452]

Mr Townsends, the History Teacher we all wish we had back in grade school 👊🏽👍🏽👏🏽 *And yes, especially with the nutmeg memes*

[@Jenn1883]

My 8 year old son is starting a coin collection and is really getting into it. This video was perfect for him and we both loved it! He has already made a list of coins he wants to add to his collection! Thank you! I love all your videos and have changed many of the ways I do things to a much simpler and often better way!

[@-oiiio-3993]

The Coinage Act of 1792 established, among other things, a unique quasi - decimal system of United States coinage based on the Spanish Dollar, which enjoyed full legal tender status through 1857. The U.S. Dollar was divided decimally as Cent (.01), Dime (0.10) Dollar (1.0) and Eagle (10.). As the Spanish Dollar was divided into eight Reales, or 'bits', the U.S. Mint would include Half Dollar, Quarter Dollar, and Half Cent coins to accommodate ready exchange (One Real = twelve and a half cents). A Half Dime was also included, as were Half and Quarter Eagle. The coins originally specified and minted were: Gold - Eagle (10.), Half Eagle (05.) Quarter Eagle (2.5) Silver - Dollar Subsidiary Silver - Half Dollar (.50), Quarter Dollar (.25), Dime (.10) Half Dime (.05) Copper - Cent (.01), Half Cent (.005). There was no provision for 'paper money' (currency).

[@Itsjustcardboard83]

You could sit through 8 semesters of high school history and not learn this much.

[@jayecurry1369]

Were it not for my strict history teacher who required us to outline the history text and draw graphs and charts, I would never have learned much history. Yet, much of this material was new to me. I pity today's youth that don't study history.

[@Kid.Poker33]

@@jayecurry1369 wat

[@chrism1518]

I believe History teachers are the most passionate about their work. My two favorite teachers from high school were my World History and American History teachers, they loved teaching us about the past.

[@urielseptim910]

The real difference is willingness.

[@SynchronizorVideos]

@@chrism1518 Yeah, I had some great history teachers back in my school days, and learned a lot from them. I was also actually interested in learning stuff at school, so that helped.

[@hotwelder21]

Townsends i have to tell you, you helped a lot of people get through the Pandemic including myself. Its heartening to know that early colonial North America had hard times and even worse times than ours and still came out ahead. So thank you very much. I always look forward to your videos.

[@FilthyVA]

One day American history lessons is just going to be students watching Townsends.

[@elihernandez330]

Until Townsend's go purple hair.

[@jpotter2086]

Thanks for covering another new old topic! A favorite of mine and my father's!