JWST vs Apollo Landing Sites, TRAPPIST-1 Atmospheres, Chinese Space Program | Q&A 248

[@erasmix]

This is perhaps the nicest thing I’ve heard you say “You could have problems with a country’s government, but you would have no problem with the people. You would love to spend time with the people, and they would be warm and caring…” 💚✌🏽

[@Bobsry16]

I agree!

[@joebloggs396]

But some people can be brainwashed, like in India.

[@everettputerbaugh3996]

A number of SR-71 pilots were impressed that the navigation module determined where it was by the time they had taxied to take-off position -- this in the 1960s. It used an IR telescope to locate stars and compare them to internal maps, had to be programmed in the shop in the hanger, and is the size of a washing machine. [Aircrews came to call it R2 because it was craned into position behind the cockpit.]

[@Jimjef]

As a spy plane, I believe that included the high-resolution camera.

[@Bob-b7x6v]

Stellar navigation module.

[@Bob-b7x6v]

The Heliosphere is a hard radiation artifact to scrub from telescope imagery.

[@realzachfluke1]

Very cool stuff

[@michaelcarlin6049]

What an exciting time to be alive! Yep. That sums it up. Thanks again Fraser!

[@t.a.r.s4982]

Hope you won't stop your channel, it's always getting better. Thx for the work

[@officialgood-boy8946]

Question: Is it possible that the universal expansion we observe is due to time in empty space flowing faster relative to time in galaxies? The thinking behind this is that time in those empty zones would be getting ahead of time in mass rich zones and this would manifest in our 3d space as expansion assuming that advance ahead in time translates into more space between these points.

[@music100vid]

What an interesting concept. I hope someone explores and elaborates on that idea.

[@subcitizen2012]

Above my pay, but the math is all there to be done. A capable cosmologist or someone with a similar background in physics could probably figure this out on a napkin pretty quickly.

[@jouniko]

Thanks for starting universetoday and this channel.

[@mrln247]

Mars Guy is doing a great job of regular updates on the mars rover's, with Geology and wit.

[@dropshot1967]

I have been following the channel of the supreme space cat for a long time. I never paid much attention to her subscriber count and I am shocked it is so low. She should have 1 or 2 orders of magnitude more subscribers.

[@AEFisch]

We grow in deserts and indoor long term with proper nutrients. We also have pumice and diatomaceous so why not a machine that processes regelith into a safe substance?

[@jonathanedwardgibson]

Lunar Reconnaissance images are not available to public. We get a handful of select scenes. Tiresome.

[@frasercain]

Are you joking? You can access almost 540 terabytes of data from the main camera system here: www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1359 lroc.sese.asu.edu/data

[@lurkst3r]

I read "Trappist-1 Atmospheres" in the headline and was like "ooooh, exciting!" ... click baited and not even mad! 😂

[@MrSimonw58]

The click bait is can jwst see the moon ... through its sun shield ?

[@lurkst3r]

I had a wee giggle at that question tbh coz theres a reason JWST is not looking at the moon ... to avoid the sun, otherwise that sun shield aint doin its job! 🤓

[@davehoward22]

It's a bit far away

[@zapfanzapfan]

A couple of KZbin suggestions: ParallaxNick, astronomy. Clara Nellist, particle physicist at CERN. Caltech Astro, public lectures in astronomy. RASC Toronto, amateur astronomy and public lectures.

[@steveleach6641]

Aetiren Considering that Mars has minimal/zero magnetosphere. Wouldn’t any terraforming created atmosphere be stripped away by the solar wind?

[@frasercain]

Yes, but it would take millions of years. If you could do it in the first place, you can keep it topped up.

[@music100vid]

I dismissed it out of hand because of that but, Fraser's comment gives me pause. Still, a Herculaneum task to install a complete atmosphere. And, there is still the problem of radiation for anyone on the surface. You'd have to install a magnetosphere too. So, again, not worth thinking about in the short term. And again, we need to be thinking about ways of preserving and keeping our Earth habitable above all else. What we learn in in astronomy and the impetus to technology it spurs will help us in that.

[@Demane69]

Putting a 1 atmospheric pressure atmosphere around the moon would add considerable weight to it's mass. Being 1/6th the gravity would also mean 1 atm of pressure on the surface would require a thickness around the Moon far deeper than on Earth. This would likely bleed off easily (relatively speaking) creating a orbital tail that the Moon and Earth would pass through creating interesting affects (maybe visual?). The added weight could affect the orbit. I wonder if a dry atmosphere is enough for human purposes, as the Earth's atmosphere has considerable amounts of water in it, something often ignored when people speak of it.

[@frasercain]

The orbit of the Moon depends on the mass of the Earth, not the mass of the Earth. So that wouldn't be an issue.

[@Demane69]

​@@frasercain There would be no barycentre shift? No affect on Earth's tides? Nothing at all? I can't currently visualize this as nothing. Technically, these are 2 orbiting bodies, affecting each other if ignoring definitional differences of whether or not the barycentre resides inside or outside of the radius of a planetary body. This is also not an isolated oribit, as the Sun affects both bodies both independently and as a whole.

[@MyCodingDiary]

Great video! Very informative and well explained.

[@matthewring8301]

I’m excited for the new telescope I ordered today! It’s a pretty standard refractor, but it is connected to a phone app that will track the telescope position so that you can manually locate the object you’re looking for. Also added a solar filter for the eclipse. First telescope since I was a kid, now I’ve got a teenager that loves space.😁

[@stuartreed37]

Do we have any idea if dark energy could be the gravity of matter outside the known universe, such as other universes?

[@PeterKnagge]

Spoiler alert: Interdimensional weapon from another extraterrestrial species

[@music100vid]

CHELEB Great answer. Thanks for rounding up all the possibilities we can think of all in one answer. Makes it easier to lay that question aside and think about other things.

[@codyross5364]

Been a fan since '21. I never comment... but my dude, I appreciate you so much. While all the exoplanet excitement still kinda bugs me, I'm still just so indebted to you. This channel is such an amazing bridge for myself and 4 other people in my life that I've turned onto you - namely my niece and nephew and two of my bandmates who discuss you, coolworlds, john michael gotier, and pbs spacetime together every couple weeks or so. All of us have academic and science backgrounds but none of us have any formal astronomy training. Just can't appreciate you enough Frasier.

[@IARRCSim]

Anton Petrov is a great space science educator and youtuber. He is worth recommending. Anton Petrov, Fraser Cain, Curious Droid, and Sabine Hossenfelder are some of my favourite people for science, physics, and space-related news.

[@freddan6fly]

I prefer Don Lincoln and Matt O'Dowd over Sabine every day of the week, because in some areas, Sabine shows some conspiracy thinking.

[@goiterlanternbase]

@@freddan6flyThen you have to watch Anton🤣👍 Sabine is at least a professional, not just a gifted moron. If i look for space facts, i go with Dr. Becky. Boring but at least based.

[@joebloggs396]

@@freddan6fly Also she brings politics into videos. Good mentions there too, and I do like channels without adverts. I won't watch KZbin adverts as the company does allow bigoted channels.

[@dannypope1860]

Dude… if your parties involve “hey let’s look at Jupiter from my telescope”…. I don’t even need an insult. It’s too easy.

[@dannypope1860]

The word starts with a G, and ends with a AY.

[@frasercain]

If I said Uranus, you might have a point.

[@Strakin]

I think you dont take into account that there will be a acceleration in space exploration when rockets like the star ship are available. We have around 100 starts with the merlin now in a year. Imagine this with starship. It would be way cheaper to do many of the things you listed, like asteroid mining.

[@Strakin]

And not to forget the knowledge explosion with AI in the very near future.

[@TriuraniumOctoxide]

Maybe too late, but my submission for a small YT channel that deserves a shout out: Anthony Francis-Jones. It's for a younger generation, but this Cambridge Science major, whose now a teacher, has been pumping out great vids for a long time - all with massive enthusiasm, lots of topics covered often with practical experiments, and is a fantastic channel to recommend to your young friends embarking on an interest in all things science. Would love you to give his channel a much needed bump!

[@seditt5146]

Cheleb: I feel the industry that starts space colonization the most is going to end up being a thing we don't even expect right now. Some discovery is going to be made that creates a product that can only be made in space like special metal alloys etc. In space the metals will mix in ways we cant do here and the results might produce properties we can only dream of like magnetic or gravitational shielding etc. Stuff that cannot be created here. That will end up being so valuable it will kickstart our space exploration into high gear.

[@MaxBrix]

The question should be - is any of the dark matter dust, gas, brown dwarfs, rogue planets, plasma, neutrinos, black holes or any other undetected baryons? Or it could be - If we can detect everything why are we still finding stuff? I think many people have a problem with the suggestion that we know what information we do not have.

[@PorchPotatoMike]

Since Jupiter is a gas giant, if you were to blow the atmosphere off, would anything at all remain? I heard the core is metallic hydrogen, but would that sublimate back to a gas as the pressure lessens?

[@vls3771]

Most say they are not sure if Jupiter has a core at all we don't know but best guess is metallic hydrogen ...your correct in saying the pressure turns the hydrogen to liquid metallic how much gas and cloud is removed before the liquid turns back to gas,? it would have to happen slowly ...it's a tricky question .

[@gravelpit5680]

best space news! love Fraser

[@javaman4584]

That Jupiter mission with the ion engine was so under-powered that it was going to take three years just to escape Earth's orbit. Maybe that's why it was canceled. We need space nuclear reactors that produce tens or hundreds of megawatts, not kilowatts. For reference, a diesel-electric locomotive produces around 1.5 to 3 megawatts. The reactor designed for the Jupiter probe produced about as much power as a Honda Civic.

[@bimmjim]

@Fraser Cain :: Thank you very much for NOT putting music on your videos. 🥸🙋‍♂👍

[@jasonmoss6319]

Just heard the regilith issues, may I suggest mulch/ rock glue... so prior to landing probably on one of the orbits, while over the site spray down the area with glue , let it set up so the regilith stays in place, then they could use the same type glue to make walkways so then dust isn't an issue... Seems like the right thing to do, you know what's in the glue so it's not like uts gonna contaminate every thing... I think that's how they are gonna have to it, that way you only have basically one space suit that gets dirty, only use that one suit to spray the paths , I'm not sure how hot the surface gets in the sun light but obviously the glue could be just water , assuming the water would freeze on contact... yep that's how I would do it spray the area's lock down the dust .

[@AndersWelander]

Maggie Lieu is great. ❤️ I'm wearing a Space mog t-shirt with the text "Everything sucks". I have lots of them. They show a cat being sucked into a black hole. Because every thing sucks and black holes suck a lot.

[@Atheist7]

8:28-8:30 "Fight regolith with regolith."

[@disinclinedto-state9485]

Hey, Fraser. What law(s) of physics is responsible for type 1a supernovas always being the same luminosity? Presumably the star-pair involved in any such event is never *precisely* the same as any other star-pair, so where does the uniformity come from?

[@frasercain]

It comes from the fact that they come from white dwarf stars which have exactly 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. When a white dwarf is feeding on a companion and reaches that point it collapses.

[@KarelGut-rs8mq]

It's the electromagnetic force. The strength of the force is overcome by gravity when the mass reaches 1.4 solarmasses (discovered by Chandrasekar). Stars are black body radiators so mass is the only factor that influence the brightness of a star, that is what makes Type 1A supernovas so useful, they are all of equal brightness when they blow.

[@ryanabrams5980]

Hey Fraser so how much bigger does a galaxy have to b in order to be seen 13 billion light years away when it's imaged it looks like it the same size as a galaxy 1 billion light years away

[@AmethystValkyrie1317]

Can the mini solar sails that are going to be deployed used as relay stations for faster communication with satellites & telescopes in space?

[@MusikCassette]

Re Cheleb exactly right. the point of asteroid mining is to supply infrastructure in space. But that is not just space exploration. that includes commercial satellites. One big game changer would be - In space second stage reusage. If you could refuel a second stage with fuel, that you do not get from earth, that would be a way higher value, than bringing it back down for the next launch.

[@cassyswan9112]

It's not a KZbin channel but the exocast podcast on Spotify is excellent

[@unheilbargut]

Wouldn‘t it be possible to work with electric/static charges to get rid of the lunar regolith? If they put a charge into their suits and the lunar dust gets charged and before you enter the airlock, you flip the charge and send the dust flying. This could be even more effectiv if there was a magnetic shower in front of the entrance, where an apparatus doesn‘t shower the astronaut with water but withan electric field that attracts the charged soil particles. So there is a pushing force from the suit and a pulling force from the „shower“. In my doofus head this makes sense.

[@cacogenicist]

Isaac Arthur would be great interview -- it's been a while, yes? There are few people more conversant in topics like space settlement, space megastructures, the Fermi Paradox, etc, than Isaac.

[@EllyTaliesinBingle]

The way you address skepticism or paranoia about science is so much nicer and imo more effective than someone like Professor Dave.

[@oldrichzapletal7987]

It is interesting that when they asked a scientist who was building JWST, what ability it will have, he said (if there was a bumblebee on the moon, we would see it).

[@Yattayatta]

What is next after Satellites, it's production, what the wieners completely missed is that you can produce different things in microgravity compared to a heavy gravity well like earth. For example a fiber cable produced in 0g has no faults, it's a perfect light transmitter, that is impossible to produce here on earth. The same goes for growing organs, producing medicine and many other things, in fact if you look into the experiments on many of these commercial launches they are already micro gravity production experiments.

[@JamesSwafford-hf9bo]

The solution to material on the moon is the areas on the moon needs bound into a solid. Rockets could land and take off and habitations won't have near as much to keep out.

[@JamesSwafford-hf9bo]

Rover with a 3d printer circling out like paving a parking lot but using what is there already to print with.

[@billruss6704]

Talking about first time seeing a rocket launch, I sometimes forget how lucky I am to be able to watch them from my back yard. Even more so now Space X is doing launches every week or so.

[@leonmusk1040]

Belos The neutrino detectors are awesome this will be the next big field in astronomy for certain

[@bobologic6849]

Aeturner, having a telescope of my own that is easy to use, brings astronomy directly to me, almost like door dash

[@TechNed]

I think the announcement from CNSA that international astronauts will eventually be able to spend mission time on the Tiangong space station is quite generous, considering the politics of the ISS.

[@mythman3mythman346]

The photons we observe as light from the earliest universe started their travel 378 000 years after the big bang. At the end of the inflation, when space became transparent.

[@paulwilson1529]

frasers knowledge is just incredible

[@simfromzim]

Thank you for all you do, Fraser and team 🫶🏾

[@douglaswilkinson5700]

Both Betelgeuse & Proxima Centauri are spectral type M. To the human eye Betelgeuse looks reddish & Proxima looks white. Why?

[@ashleyobrien4937]

What comes next after satellites in space economy ? it's the billion dollar crystal ball gazing question. If only we could discover something up there that had astounding usage/value down here.. Perhaps that is not going to ever happen until we have some other type of industry already up there. It's a tough one. Much equipment will need to be invented, miniaturized etc. in order for a self sustaining outpost, which might mean using lava tunnels as a ready made habitat that can provide large volumes of space to set up various equipment, machine shops etc. Ultimately, it may be that there is no real financial reason to do this, other than human desire, curiosity, and as a safeguard against global catastrophe, which should really never be overlooked....

[@ReggieArford]

Recommended: Anton Petrov, Dr. Becky

[@antoniskarpanos]

Hey Fraser, I got a question: were should i sent my scientific discovery to be checked/promoted/be known to other scientists?

[@rogerdudra178]

Greetings from the BIG SKY.

[@simian_essence]

I agree with Fraser about what comes next for the space economy beyond Earth orbiting satellites, with one exception: tourism. The key will be mature Starship, ~10 - 20 years from now. It's what I'd call the "medium term".

[@NunoPereira.]

Due to the strong winds on Mars what's the chance that the regolith samples that Perseverance is leaving on the ground, will be blown far away or covered with dust, thus not recoverable by the Mars sample return mission?

[@Demane69]

The power of the wind is depended on the thickness of the atmosphere and speed, and Mars atmospheric pressure is over 100 times less than Earth's. Far more time would likely need to pass to see levels of wind impact we see here on Earth. The degree of wind erosion and levels of dust covering surfaces should far less over periods of time than on Earth. The winds shown on the Martian movie that blew equipment and people away is for dramatic effect, and would be barely noticeable in reality.

[@nirbhay_raghav]

Small correction: OSIRIS-REX collected about 120 something grams of material as opposed to 250g what yoh said. It was supposed to collect 60g and its great! Just completed the video. The idea that moon can sustain an Earth aize atmosphere for thaaaat long is amazing. Is it viable by redirecting comets to the moon? How many comets would it take? That is without significantly affecting the moon's orbit!! Idk just speculating.

[@DevAngelo]

'Fly world to world and get off' Ok Cpt Kirk 😂

[@frasercain]

That's a violation of the Prime Directive.

[@Goatcha_M]

There is something a lot more visceral about looking at something through a scope, rather than just looking at pictures, even though the pictures are more useful.

[@ernieblue5307]

I’ve always wondered why such a colossal 33 ft. wide x 360 ft. high, 6,500,00 lb. Saturn V booster was needed to lift the 3 Apollo astronauts with lunar modules beyond earth’s gravity, but only a tiny, roughly 2 ft. x 6 ft. engine was needed to lift 2 of the astronauts with the Lunar Module ascent stage beyond the moon’s 1/6 gravity. Can you explain why there is such a huge difference?

[@AnakinSkywalker-mm3gi]

Love you Fraser, but there is nothing nuanced about the Chinese government's oppression of the indigenous Uighur people of western China. They are under 24/7 surveillance and their children are systemically forced into "re-education facilities" which are essentially concentration camps. If people there speak up or act suspicious, it could be the last thing they do. And while I feel for the Chinese astronomers, they are directly linked to and a part of the Chinese government. People's lives and freedom take precedence over space projects. And this is nothing against Chinese culture. Just the CCP government.

[@joshchase6454]

12:54 celestron has a number of models of computerized telescopes with eyepieces. They aren’t cheap, but they definitely exist

[@christopherbrummet4997]

Re: VULCAN - If the Moon Landing sites are all on the Close Side of the Moon, wouldn't that mean James Webb is perpetually facing the Dark Side of the Moon anyway, and would never be able to image them even if it could somehow safely turn towards the Moon, Earth and Sun? I mean, the whole 'ruining your multi-billion dollar telescope in a few seconds' thing is a pretty good reason too, but I thought the number one reason would be "Moon's in the way." :D

[@musicman2001]

I want to feel seeing it with my eyes for real. If I just want pictures can see that on line why spend all that money for a telescope. As always great stuff and info Fraser! Thanks'

[@OlliGarch]

Yea that telescope sounded great until I heard that part about it. Maybe they will find a way to put an eyepiece on it and also make the price cheaper do hobbyist like myself could afford one.

[@aurtisanminer2827]

1:40. When someone asks how fast I can run I’m going to use this number.

[@music100vid]

SCIENCE COMMUNICTOR Shawn Willsey, geology professor seems to have the same concerns and philosophy as you do about science communication. With his recent coverage of the Iceland and Hawaiian volcanos his subscription level is almost 100K, which is outside the parameters you are looking for but, it would be cool to have him in on a Collab with you on science communication. He did a Collab with another geologist (I will look at that and see how well that fellow is aligned with you all's ideas) Maybe a 4 way Collab would work.... or get pretty lively and crazy! 🤪

[@mhult5873]

Andoria Thank you Fraser for another, as always, great video and thank you for all your videos 🙂

[@Rorschach1024]

Dealing with lunar regolith would be to put a combination tumbler/composter partially outside the airlock. You load the tumbler with regolith from outside the airlock, seal the tumbler. Close the airlock and do your dust purge cycle in the "mudroom" get out of your suit, and seal the mudroom airlock door, step into the second airlock chamber and do a second air blast dust purge, then enter the base. Meanwhile all the sewage and food waste gets piped to the rock tumbler/composter. After a few weeks, you go back to the mudroom, while wearing a dust mask and gloves, you scoop out the resulting organic compost and use that for plants.

[@stefanandersson7519]

Andoria And, speaking of relative velocities, here's a question for you: What would life be like in a galaxy that's traveling at 99% the speed of light? I mean both in terms of daily life, but also space travel? Thanks 😊

[@BabyMakR]

Cheleb. What if you combine space mining with space manufacture?

[@AshtonCoolman]

I'm moving at over 1.4 MILLION MPH?! That's pretty cool! I wonder if being perfectly stationary in the universe would break physics somehow.

[@jpaulc441]

What's also mindblowing is that gravity gets weaker over distance but doesn't reach zero, so your body's gravity is influencing some distant planet lightyears away - it's just too small to be measured.

[@oberonpanopticon]

There’s no such thing as stationary You wouldn’t be incorrect to point at any given thing and go “That there is stationary, everything else is just moving around it”

[@glassramen]

I assume the best solution to the lunar regolith, namely the dust that is a hazard when sticking to your suit, would be a wash wherever an airlock would be. Say you went out for some reason and came back to the habitat. They could have a shower system that would just filter out and recycle what little water it would take to wash most if not all the dust off your suit. A similar thing could be done for any you need to bring in as you said with just wetting it. It wouldn't be too difficult. Another solution would be to vent air into the room to knock it off the suits while a vent in the floor beneath a grate would suck the air out with enough force to, while probably not getting the heavy bits, pull away the pieces small enough to become airborne. I think there's a number of ways it can be tackled that would make it much easier to deal with.

[@musicbro8225]

RISA: I'm intrigued by China's idea of making bricks. They will send that lander with the brick molds and microwave (?) kiln up nearly 2 years before the manned mission, so I would guess there would be a big pile of bricks waiting for them when they got there, to build habitat, foundations, Walking paths, a swimming pool? The surface around a habitat could be fused with a scanning laser? The Moon would make a cheaper starting point for exploration of planets and asteroids etc. There could be a couple of reusable ships that can be refueled from the moon then sent out many times with the same equipment on board to a different planets or moons, then returned to our moon-base?

[@subcitizen2012]

Draw up an estimate of the cost for that on earth, then multiply it on by a million to have it on the moon. That's the problem. The engineering part is easy. Getting someone with money or governments to pay for it to be on the moon is the hard part. Figure the first part out and the second part is pie.

[@glassramen]

@@subcitizen2012 Oh I'm well aware of that, it's just that if there's already going to be a habitat put on the moon then the cost is already going to be huge, and the reduction of maintenance cost and the health and safety of the personnel would probably far outweigh the upfront cost of it.

[@ashleyobrien4937]

One thing that always bugged me about Ingenuity's design was the clearly non aerodynamic shaped cube under the propeller assembly-like it's clear that every advantage should be taken due to the low pressure minimal lift etc, why not make the cube tear shaped for better airflow over it's surface ? seems odd to me.

[@Rorschach1024]

Atmosphere is so thin that it would not matter very much. And the additional weight would have just made things even harder.

[@frrapp2366]

evidently the air is so thin is doesnt affect the performance very much but would be interesting to see the wind tunnel /vac chamber tests! i have wondered about a dirigible with rotatable props , know they developed a couple of balloon type systems that were either lost or never developed beyond concept

[@Jedward108]

Thanks!

[@revmsj]

Hooray! Fraser and I won last week!👍🏾

[@frasercain]

We did it!

[@buzzcrushtrendkill]

Intuitive Machines just landed a craft on the Moon. The first U.S. built spacecraft to land on the Moon since 1972 and a first by a private company. Am I the only who finds this exciting?

[@frasercain]

We held off recording Space Bites this week until it had landed.

[@faolitaruna]

Cheleb: Orbit is more like a place than a product. The next logical place to put something is a Lagrange point.

[@lafelong]

How does an observation of the current acceleration of expansion of the universe definitively rule out or disprove a future slowdown and/or contraction?

[@MichielHollanders]

Blue dot dweller seems to be a nice starting youtube channel. Dr David Kipping once mentioned her.

[@chrisclark6154]

The sharpcap polar align routine takes me about 5 minutes max and gives me polar alignment good enough for long exposure photos.

[@frasercain]

Was it always the case? Did you never have an evening when you first got a telescope and had a difficult time aligning it?

[@chrisclark6154]

Way, way back in the mists of time but we've had built in polar alignment scopes for over 40 years now. A little practice and familiarity with your equipment makes it straightforward. Modern equipment and software does make it ridiculously quick and easy though :) @@frasercain

[@nerufer]

@Fraser a question popped up when listening to OSIRIS-REx question; as a person that does sampling, I know it's of absolute importance to have a homogeneous sample to make conclusions. So are asteroids considered a homogeneous mass?

[@frasercain]

This will probably be one of their questions. The Hayabusa 2 folks all kinds of interesting material in their samples, like amino acids. So I doubt each sample will be the same.

[@archmage_of_the_aether]

Sir, my question: I saw a list of the recipients of the Bennu samples; on this list, the sample going to India, was going to the Science and Spirituality Research Institute (Ahmedabad, Gujarat), an institution dedicated to marrying the scientific and the spiritual methodologies to advance science (and spirituality, I suppose). That's great, but I am curious, why are they getting one of 38 samples? Were they donors? I could imagine more illustrious institutions in india, including the ISRO, and great universities.

[@Rorschach1024]

Arret, you can actually use a once through coolant (like a NERVA type engine) that then uses an ion engine as an "Afterburner" for the exhaust to give it just a little bit more velocity.

[@lafelong]

Question: How do astronomers account for younger galaxies/stars whose light has not reached us yet and are therefore unobservable?

[@saeedafyouni619]

Belos Sid Vicious question was the best, Fraser's answer is awesome, Thank you for the great content @frasercain, Anton and team Awesome as always

[@Atheist7]

9:00-9:13 Inventor here. I've already done that.

[@bigjermboktown6976]

As far as the planet named why don't they just name it Nibiru since that was supposedly the original name of planet x anyways.

[@meesalikeu]

fraser did you see, well of cours you did, but kuiper belt quaoar has rings? and the ring is way further out than thought possible -- can you discuss next time ? gracias -

[@douglasstrother6584]

LRO captures images of 50-year-old parking tickets at Apollo sites. "Parking Violation", M. the Martian, Sherrif.

[@angelespiricueta2661]

Try this one : Explain how they were able to speak to NASA control with no lag? With the communication system of the period! You can’t!

[@billybaloney7769]

Do we know, or have any clues, if the 'universe' is moving, or traveling through the realm outside the universe, aside from presumably growing? Similar or comparable to a growing galaxy, whizzing through the space within the universe!!!

[@leonmusk1040]

Lyar they have also seen quite a lot of new stuff from passed the zone of avoidance with neutrino maps

[@billruss6704]

I think that the fun of looking through a telescope is LOOKING through the telescope.

[@jasonsinn9237]

Hey Fraser, in your opinion, what have been the most important astronomical discoveries, missions, and studies made over the last decade?

[@olorin4317]

You could probably sell a few “Astronomers won’t shut up” t-shirts.

[@blablabla3452]

Question, from a photons perspective (if there was such a thing) is travel instant? And what about photons coming our way from galaxies that move away from us faster than the speed of light. Will those photos never arrive?

[@dadsongamer2653]

Could you use magnets to reflect away any space radiation

[@akossule6680]

Velocity = distance/Time The clock is variable

[@chrishankey3396]

Interesting. If surface water is confirmed from Benu, I would posit that perhaps the Asteroid belt was a planet, that was broken up by the transit of Jupiter during the formation of the solar system, and when it was pulled back by Saturn the remnants remained in the orbital inclination., Thoughts?

[@inexister7371]

For dusty lunar regolith problem... what's stopping us from simply laying out an irrigation system akin to garden variety water drip lines? Make a large grid around any inhabitable base and start moisturizing the moon! (Assuming we can create or bring enough water.) Then maybe add a plow rover that drives over and churns this stuff until it's lovely to the touch between our toes?

[@jondoc7525]

You would be mixing ice which is extra hard at those temps . We prolly can smooth it out somehow .o heard electrostatic crap