Kugelblitz Black Holes

Black Holes can swallow anything, even light, and small black holes made from light itself may offer us abundant clean energy and a pathway to the stars.
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Credits:
Kugelblitz Black Holes
Episode 440; March 28, 2024
Produced, Written & Narrated by: Isaac Arthur
Graphics:
Jeremy Jozwik
Ken York YD Visual
Music Courtesy of: Epidemic Sound epidemicsound.com/creator

[@harbl99]

So to generate Kugelblitz Black Holes we need access to a vast quantity of degenerate matter contained in one location. ... Hmm ... "Hey 4chan, we got a job for you..."

[@robertmiller9735]

Wrong kind of degeneracy, sadly🙁

[@higgsbonbon]

Meanwhile the archists are using the Sharty as their black hole seeds. The final form of coalposting.

[@robertmiller9735]

@@higgsbonbon Uh... [googles] (artists drawing buildings in famous art forms) using ("I don't care what anybody thinks" social meme) to create black holes. Which is (really lazy and uncreative). Now I KNOW I'm a time traveler! 😃

[@higgsbonbon]

@@robertmiller9735 wow, literally nothing you just said was correct, I'm impressed.

[@robertmiller9735]

@@higgsbonbon 😆Well, I did try, unlike many another gray-beard. Just you wait 'till 2060, young person [shakes finger]. So... what did you say?

[@robynsnest8668]

Wow, never hit one of the new videos so quickly. This is the power generation of Romulan Starships.

[@Roguescienceguy]

Jolan'tru! My fellow Trekkie😉

[@pusmaster]

Did you know the Romulan heart itself is grey?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

I'm not sure if that was their first appearance as a power source in scifi for a spaceship, but TNG was the first time I heard of it. I tihnk it caught my imagination even way back then. :)

[@robynsnest8668]

@@isaacarthurSFIA It would be interesting to see how many real life PhDs were started because of a childhood love of where "No man has gone before."

[@edstoutenburg3990]

There was a Jp Manga series totled '2001'nights where Earth develops a micro Black hole drive. It was a pretty good at staying grounded i real science . ​@@isaacarthurSFIA

[@iainballas]

In a sci-fi RP that was of fairly grand scope, the party and I managed to destroy a massive enemy space station using a Kugelblitz. We actually all ended up learning more astrophysics than we wanted to (no regrets) during that game. We ended up using several (hundred thousand) ultraviolet or Microwave (can't remember which) emmiters about a light-month out from the target, in a giant sphere, pointed at the center. The idea was that it would be undetectable until the last second, and when all the energy converged in a single place, for an instant... it would create a black hole right around the enemy station. Of course, FTL ruins EVERYTHING, so a few FTL sensors managed to warn the Enforcers of our plan, and they managed to soak up enough light that it was just a spectacular light show. But we got 'em later with the old 'freeze yourself until everyone forgets you exist while building a superweapon in dark space between the galaxies' trick.

[@Fenhum]

that sounds so fun what the heck

[@CookieCutVids]

You need to make content. I'd watch the shit out of that🤣🤣

[@iainballas]

@@CookieCutVids my face, voice, and personality are barely tolerated by my friend and family, not sure they'd do well on youtube XD

[@djt08031996]

​@@iainballaswow. And all I've done with it in comparable RPs is use one as the antispark of a cybertronian whose armor is made of neutronium

[@alexandretorres5087]

Kugelblitz Black Holes! Love them. Ultimate battery. Probably impossible to exist. Why they are so underappreciated in science fiction?

[@ze_kangz932]

Because authors (for the most part) ain't scientists

[@OmenDCUO]

It was used for Umbrella Academy Season 3

[@MrAWG9]

Seriously, how do you not have a million subscribers yet? Proof that life is not fair.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Bit of a niche show, I'm still shocked we got to even 100,000 subs :)

[@garethdavies2595]

Quality not quantity

[@getsideways7257]

Just look into what kinds of shows are those 10M+ channels, and I believe you'll find your answer :)

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

@@getsideways7257 Well the largest category of them are mostly music channels, so...

[@getsideways7257]

@@ArawnOfAnnwn And how is that any better than just watching stupid stuff on YT?

[@AndyJP]

In Harry Potterverse: "Magic so dull is indistinguishable from muggle technology."

[@brokeneyes6615]

… is this where Gene Roddenberry got the idea for the Romulans power generation?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Not sure, but probably, black hole conversation was very popular in the late 80s and early 90s and hawking radiation was already a pretty accepted theory by then.

[@shadowhenge7118]

Imagine yelling "Emergency power!" Snd everyone just spits at the engine. The romulans are more human than the humans.

[@partciudgam8478]

​@@shadowhenge7118emergency power! That's what the redshirts are for!... But actually it would be backwards, you take matter off to get that extra oomph, you put matter to slow the engine (crazy, and I love that!)

[@cannonfodder4376]

Saw this twice on Nebula, and I still will need to wafch it again. Big numbers just go right over my head, unfortunately. Informative as always, Isaac.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thanks!

[@SkylerLinux]

Hawking Radiation is best described with Strings and Waves, a Black Hole's event horizon pinches the Quantum waves; allowing only certain wave-lengths. The waves travel in different directions, normally cancelling out, however when the Event Horizon forms that disrupts the cancellation effect. Which is why Positive always leaves and Negative goes in.

[@trumpetpunk42]

14:15 this all sounds like voodoo pseudoscience to me, similar to string theory. Yet it seems to have near universal acceptance. So apparently I'm missing something - Is this actually testable?

[@leafykille]

I liked the warped and hot metal analogy best, but I'm a builder and work with metal rather more than most people, it's probably best to have several different ones for different people. It seems to me that any black hole with a lifetime measured in days isn't so much a power source or battery, as it is a time bomb. You can't feed it and it will go bang before very long in a very energetic way.

[@olivergrabowski4278]

I like the bending metal analogy best too. It seems to make the most sense.

[@StacheMan26]

I'm not sure if it's the best analogy, but I quite like the sound of "cutting into the true vacuum with a honking big laser", it speaks to me and I may have to steal it.

[@atashgallagher5139]

We managed to make something even more cumbersome than the gold standard if we start using these things as currency.

[@Ozymandius_corn_maze]

They're not as unwieldy as black holes, but you should check out rai stones

[@trumpetpunk42]

In what way(s) is gold cumbersome?

[@almcdonald8676]

I come out of your vids with my soul singing then Dave Kipping drags me back down to earth with a bump with his mathematical analysis of the tiny trickle of stupidly high energy output from these constructions

[@paxdriver]

9:20 I love how you presented ceres the same way they did scene transitions in the expanse. Totally wicked cinematic tribute imho

[@atashgallagher5139]

Apple would probably still find a way to fack up the battery life on one of these. "Oh new kugelblitz model just dropped" old one stops recharging.

[@cheradenine1980]

OGs Grabbing a drink and a snack for this one …

[@Joat2]

At 17:30 it occurred to me that if your spaceship engine could fold space behind you, pretty sharply, you could direct hawking radiation out your tail pipe for infinite thrust. Or in front of you with your acme ray gun blaster pistol.

[@tiffanynajberg5177]

Bozons sound like one of those weird sailor ranks that no one knows exactly what they do.

[@jackvos8047]

Bosuns are in charge of keeping the vessel in shipshape.

[@tiffanynajberg5177]

@@jackvos8047 Is that a high rank? I really dont know much about boats lol

[@jackvos8047]

@@tiffanynajberg5177 it's above the regular crew but below the command crew

I'm going to start saving black holes for my descendants, great financial advice!

[@ccvcharger]

Two concepts that I like here, using a laser so powerful that it cuts through spacetime, and the idea of spaceships using blackholes as batteries and pulling up to these lasers like they’re charging ports.

[@isaacchang8887]

I absolutely LOVE your videos Isaac! This channel is such a comfort and joy to me! I thought I’d mention that this was the first video where I noticed a distinct absence of your iconic “wascally wabit” speech impediment! You’ve been improving ever since this channel has started but for whatever reason your voice seems so polished in this one! I’m so happy for you, keep up the amazing work!!

[@nolimetangere2364]

Don’t ever stop. Your format is amazing. I love how you are able to draw me into a subject.

[@cyberherbalist]

Many years ago, I came up independently with the idea of using a blackhole as the energy source of a spaceship. I say "independently" because i didn't read about it elsewhere at the time. Hooray for me, right? 😂 Well, anyway, the purpose of my "invention" was for a science fiction novel I never wrote -- beyond a few snippets. I'd still like to write that novel, but the procrastination is currently at 40 years.

[@Just.A.T-Rex]

If not now when?

[@JariDawnchild]

I've had one kicking for...how long now? I lost count, probably ~30yrs? Maybe a few less?

[@tommyboii3066]

Your content has gotten so good over the last two years I love it so much!

[@sixtenwidlund4258]

I’m now a proud Nebula subscriber supporting SFIA directly!!

[@atashgallagher5139]

So those are what the energy credits in Stellaris are

[@DanielGenis5000]

This is wonderful; black holes are fascinating, and in your treatment I know that I will have my mind blown!

[@CaidicusProductions]

I so appreciate all the knowledge you share with us, Isaac. Thank you for everything you do.

[@jayboydakid8299]

I’m a big sci-fi person, always was. I appreciate your shows Issac, you given us a lot of knowledge over the years!!I got a question on this episode- black holes- without sounding to confusing- my question is - Hubble introduce to us that the universe is expanding right? A black hole is described as a massive dark hole which stretches lights years across , and nothing escapes once objects or light enters it right? They just confirmed there’s one at the center of our Milky Way. So is our galaxy getting smaller? I always found that confusing but than again it’s simple math isn’t it?

[@bbbl67]

One possibility is that Planck Mass black holes, the smallest black holes you can get, cannot evaporate due to Hawking radiation, because it takes so much energy to evaporate such black holes that the energy itself would create another black hole of the same size. These would make them the most stable black holes in the universe, even more stable than hypermassive black holes. These could also be what we call dark matter particles.

[@gabrielwolffe]

I was playing around with this concept recently, though for a battery that stores energy as light instead of an electrochemical potential. There is (sort of) a way to create a perfect mirror for many wavelengths of light (if my understanding of the physics is correct) and that is "Total Internal Reflection." If light traveling from a dense and transparent medium to a less dense one hits the interface between them at a certain angle, it reflects back into the dense medium and remains there; e.g. for light going from glass to air, that angle is about 45 degrees. In theory you could make a glass disk and dump as much light as you wanted into them for energy storage, even to the point of them turning into kugelblitz black holes. In practice though the glass tends to occasionally absorb some of that light (because no material is 100% transparent) and reemit it as heat, and in proportion to how much energy is stored in it; the more energy stored, the hotter it gets. I'm just having a hard time nailing down whether or not it could store that light for long enough to be a practical energy storage medium; does it turn into heat almost immediately, or does it linger as light long enough to be pulled out again hours or even days later? I'm not sure, and the numbers I've looked up to try and calculate this give me wildly different answers.

[@ObeyNoLies]

I have thought for a long time that singularities are the energy source of the distant future and aliens. A singularity allows you to 'burn' all baryonic matter, not just fusion fuel, and has a higher rate of mass to energy conversion. With the power of singularities civilizations could exist for astronomical periods of time and utilize resources much more efficiently.

[@DeclanMBrennan]

I thought the bozon was the *quantum of comedy* from Bozo the Clown?

[@MrRolnicek]

Much like a clown, you can fit a lot of them into a small car.

[@ericmarch9857]

😂😂😂

[@robertmiller9735]

Brought to mind are Fred Pohl's Gateway series, that features a kugelblitz made from massed energy beings, and Charles Sheffield's Proteus series, in which Oort Cloud colonies are powered by (naturally occurring) mini holes. Until someone figures out how to talk to them...

[@paulblase3955]

The Heechee made their kugelblitz by moving stars. They were fleeing the energy beings. 😅😅One question is: can you have a black hole that does not have a singularity in it?

[@robertmiller9735]

@@paulblase3955 I thought it was the Galactic core black hole the Heechee moved stars into, but if they made it that way, it wouldn't be a kugelblitz. And the kugelblitz was definitely where the energy beings were, Albert the Einstein simulation had a freak out about it.

[@aclearlight]

Lovely work and great science review!

[@marcelgrabowski5939]

What I have to say, another amazing episode about technologies with numbers that have delightful amount of zeroes.

[@davidbolton8282]

Things have been a little slow at work. Listening to Isaac's videos helps keep my mind from wondering off and getting lost. Thank you.

[@cameronhunt5967]

I like the description of a koogleblitz as bending a sheet and using the energy that radiates out as the sheet relaxes. It emphasizes that black holes aren’t perpetual motion machines and the image of rolling more matter into the depression to store more energy is intuitive

[@cameronhunt5967]

It is not though I think the best explanation for someone interested in the more accurate physics. It’s a good intuition builder though I think

[@ASlickNamedPimpback]

last time I was this early, i was typing text to speech in moonbase alpha

[@JBlandie]

Been waiting for this for like 5 years!

[@sid2112]

Dang good timing!

[@paxdriver]

I love Thursdays thanks you Isaac Arthur. Not since Friends was still on the air have I look forward to new episodes on Thursdays lol

[@Kargoneth]

Turing Tumble. Interesting idea.

[@MardrukZeiss]

Good explanation.

[@immortaljanus]

Kugelblitz! Sehr schön, Ja!

[@PHOBOS1708]

when Isaac starts to throw the million billion trillion you know, it's black hole time 🕳️

[@trumpetpunk42]

That "Turing Tumble" ad at the end - Shut up and take my money! Looks like the coolest thing since "Computer Engineering for Babies"

[@abiku2923]

I've been waiting 9 years for this video

[@williambarnes5023]

So to explain virtual particles and why we always get the "positive" one, it helps to understand that probabilities in quantum mechanics are squared. Squaring a negative number gets you a positive one. Taking the square root of a negative number gets you an imaginary one. The direction that a black hole curves space in is imaginary, going in the direction 𝒾 compared to our normal space. The different energies follow different paths as a result of the forces acting on them. The odds of you observing the negative particle are-- negative. So you see either -1 negative particles, or 1 positive particles. Which is the positive one. And the black hole sees either 𝒾² positive particles, or -𝒾² negative ones. Which is the always negative one.

[@FelizTheLifeguardMinion3]

I’ve been a HUGE ISAAC ARTHUR SUPPORTER for a long time. I would like a phone call from ISAAC sometime. This channel should have a contest for the chance to talk on the phone or via video chat. This is my demand! 😂❤🎉

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Easiest way to make that happen is to volunteer as one of our forum moderators or editing team :)

[@thorin1045]

for the what is more understandable: the best is the most rue, that it is a requirement of the bending space time itself (as long as the current math is true, but probably any better version will have this effect still, just like the newtonian math stays in place after we boosted it with relativity or quantum fun.) and so the hawking radiation is part of any energy gradient when present, just insignificant even in most black holes, let alone anything more normal.

[@jakoblevantinus9113]

I like all of the metaphors for Hawking radiation. Different neuropsychologies will appreciate different ones, and so they are all useful.

[@nirorbach8046]

I think about a physical obstacle to produce high energy photons for the proposed production of a black hole: above ~1MeV a photon may be splited to an electron-positron pair...

[@AmantePatata]

Hi Isaac, in this episode you talked about using black holes to power ships. But how would one actually move a black hole? Could shooting it with lasers add Velocity, or would a gravity well be needed?

[@John-ir2zf]

'Moving' a black hole could be accomplished. But the more direct method would be to create the singularity right where it is needed in the case of kugelblitz black holes. The larger black holes can be moved with electromagnetism since all black holes are presumed to be Kerr black holes, spinning and with a charge. Using gravity could be a method as well, but it would essentially require you to create another black hole near the one you wanted to move, and the created black hole would need a descent percentage of the other black holes mass in order to pull the original one. I see the better method as using large plates charged with the repulsive charge (opposite the black hole) to push the black holes charge field away from the plates.

[@AmantePatata]

@@John-ir2zf True, electromagnetism was not on my mind. I was thinking along the lines of creating a sort of gravitywell 'carpet' out of micro blackholes that feeds back into the main blackhole, moving it along the created slope in space. Additionally, could placing the blackhole in front of the spaceship act as a sort of alcubierre drive? Not in the ftl sense, but wouldnt the warping of spacetime help in achieving higher speed?

[@John-ir2zf]

@AmantePatata in the sense of the ship falling down the slope of the curve spacetime, yes. But you still have the issue of needing to push the black hole ahead of yourself to keep the curvature moving forward. I believe you would encounter the effect of, net zero movement, as the ship tries to fall down the slope of curvature, the repulsion to push the black hole ahead (and move the curvature so you continue to fall) would equal out. The pushing of the black hole would push you back up the curvature. There 'may' be work arounds though (i say 'may', but this patent is spoken of in present case terminology, NOT hypothetical terminology). The US gov has a patent on a device that allows extraordinary things. If you have a good understanding of physics, search this patent number, US10144532B2 You'll be astounded, truly !!!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

As John mentioned, the default notion is to make it a charged and rotating one and drag it that way, for a spaceship drive, if it is feedable you could also prod it with a matter beam. I tend to be fairly dubious on making this work for a fast accelerating spaceship though

[@John-ir2zf]

@isaacarthurSFIA hello Issac. KZbin doesn't seem to like any comment I post that asks people to search this patent number, US10,144, 532, B2 (minus the commas and spaces so that youtube doesn't hide or remove this comment, like every other time I post it) If you have a minute, or several days to digest the information, look it up. The implications are astounding and this patent, held by the US gov, isn't spoken of in hypothetical terminology. The language is present case. You have the physics understanding to see the profound implications of this device....

[@dariustiapula]

We become Romulans.

[@comentedonakeyboard]

And call ourselves Rihansu😂

[@dard1515]

I like to compare the curvature of spacetime to the curvature of a road. The sharper a turn is, the more force you feel.

[@peacepoet1947]

Glass covered solar panels have a huge problem being on Earth. They are subject to damage by hailstones. The sooner, the better for building solar farms above the clouds. I'm not sure how sun storms will affect solar panels that are above the clouds. Objects that move in those areas would also be a problem unless artificial intelligence could analyze data from approaching matter, that can damage the solar farm could fire a lazer to change the direction of approaching space debris.

[@johnsmith-vn9cs]

personnally, the illustration that worked best for me what the bent spacetime "metal" heating up.

[@wagon9082]

Good video

[@damenwhelan3236]

The space between the 2 particles is so distorted that upon emergence they part inatead of annihilate

[@williambarnes5023]

3:24 "There are some black holes that are less dense than thin air in the universe at large." Such as for example, the universe at large.

[@Zetverse]

This intro, damn😮

[@TiagoTiagoT]

I kinda like the explanation that Hawking radiation is the result of particle-wave duallity, and the sharpness of the sudden cut of continuity of the event horizon and/or the tight curvature of space density surrounding the blackhole, produces harmonics, kind like how if you try to make a square-wave sound, if you zoom in close enough to the edge of the square wave-form you see a bunch of ringing even if originally the source did produce a mathematically perfect vertical edge surrounded by flatness. Though my understanding is not complete, as this doesn't explain the part where it makes the blackhole lose mass; and it just remains a given due to how thermodynamics forbids the total energy/mass of the universe changing so it needs to be balanced by removing mass from the blackhole. Maybe it turns out the black hole doesn't lose mass from it's own perspective, and it's symmetrical if you consider all perspectives...

[@codybergman5991]

2 questions: how do you transfer power from a black hole to usable energy? If you used a warp drive that would produce Hawking Radiation and fry those within the warp bubble could you apply the same energy transfer mechanisms to the outside of the ship to harvest that as an energy source?

[@jockeb2651]

Arthursday!

[@calebkirschbaum8158]

What would happen if you were to create say a 10x10x10 grid of 1Mton or less black holes? Would the hawking radiation be able to be absorbed more from other black holes, causing the system as a whole to gain mass? There is much more space in the volume for particles to appear, than on the outside. And you could likely put larger black holes on the outside anyways for less hawking radiation. Could that work, or am I missing a few too many parts?

[@Yezpahr]

So this begs the question ... If light escapes from it, then it can't really feed on the light either right? It would pass right through. Or is it guaranteed?

[@ryandoesstuffapparently1540]

Would a micro black hole be a plausible explanation for certain types of Fast Gamma-ray Bursts?

[@DominoPheonix]

kugelblitz is a great word

[@vinniepeterss]

love it❤

[@Deletirium]

One issue I've never heard an explanation for in these usages, is how would one tether the micro black hole to the spaceship, so that it doesn't just zip between the ship's atoms when engines engage? Would a ultra-uniform sphere arrangement of particle guns "feeding" it work from radiation pressure? Is it even possible in any way to exert pressure on a black hole, at any size?

[@jhwheuer]

Right, this makes me think of Hyperion and The Big Mistake.

[@peterburgess9735]

I like the second explanation of hawking radiation "leaking" from the extreme warping of space time... but would it definitely radiate as photons? Why not tiny gravitational waves instead?

[@Mr.Nichan]

27:53 That chart says all astrophysical black holes are LESS dense than neutron stars? How is that possible? Why aren't all neutron stars black holes, then?

[@Soulwrite7]

Always wondered why no one else questioned that only the negative side of the virtual partical fell in! (or at least with a negative bias). Until now, I thought it may have had some similar reason relating to there being more matter than antimatter. Though I did see a video asserting that a moon-sized mass of anti-matter would grow, not shrink a black hole; raising questions as well. Are there any recommendations you could make on a video that explains this radiation phenomenon, why the math demands it, and where the particles/photons actually come from?

[@dwightpries8330]

Dumb question… would the mass of a black hole power source grossly affect a ship’s ability to maneuver, accelerate and stop? Would thrust output always be chasing inertia and never catching it?

[@doomslayer7719]

Oddly enough, punching a hole with a laser into the quantum foam to unleash the true vacuum out into reality. At least that was the idea that best translated how a black hole normally curves space-time to get the energy we want out. Are black holes natural Zero-Point Energy emitters, filters, or some other variation of the take on being a ZPM access "device?" Along with the rest of the various natural ways to get something truly dense to do the same thing.

[@Andrew-lo5sc]

Some times light or a photon just "seems" to simply indicate a new direction had been created in expansion. One that didn't exist at the moment the Universe underwent reionization.

[@taft58]

Would not the wavelength be limited to plank length so would that still allow the creation of a black hole?

[@hyrumhanson3390]

Sweet this is gonna be lit

[@Myxinidae]

Mistake at about 4:30 : not everything made out of fermions is a fermion.

[@rubikfan1]

6:50 so what happens first. Foton becoming a blackhole or wavelengte hitting planc length?

[@Electric_Bagpipes]

My biggest question and concern is how to move micro-blackholes around usably. You couldn’t bring one planet-side, and what happens when you hit the throttle? Do you have an laser or something set up in the opposite direction the engine is facing that can somehow impart the same amount of motion on you multi-gigaton nugget of doom that your advanced fusion or maybe even photon drives can impart the ship? Ok, say we can do that. Say we can do that without massive thermal losses in the laser completely negating any power generation coming from the black hole passively. What if someone rams your ship from the side? I don’t think a pusher beam of that kind of power can suddenly be slewed 90* while still maintaining focous on something atomic in scale, or even say a 6 beam setup from all sides managing to ramp up power that quickly. Theres just so many issue with direct pushers, and thats assuming they actually do work. For all we know, even newton doesn’t work on event horizons. Perhaps the inertial energy doesn’t get imparted, and just gets absorbed as mass energy. At this point the only thing we have evidence of that can move a black hole from outside influence is gravity itself. If you ask me my money is on dark matter particle beams ;)

[@logex621]

Greetings!

[@Raye938]

Thanks for clarifying the energy dissipation of black holes, but I've got a question on that. in the analogy of the fabric of space time releasing the energy, how is the energy reduced in the black hole itself from this process?

[@Shin_Lona]

I think a better question is: how can energy be released from spacetime in the first place? Time and space are parameters, they have no substance. The energy has to be coming from something else.

[@bjornragnarsson8692]

@@Shin_Lona​​⁠​​⁠​⁠​⁠​⁠it comes from quantum field modes essentially “snapping” at the outer horizon during the period of formation and equilibration of rotating black holes based on QFT predictions in curved spacetime (like Hawking researched in the 70’s) and our current best experiments researching physical analogue black holes. The quantum superfluid ones being the most realistic for modeling quantum spacetime structure around the ergosphere, outer, and up to the inner horizon because of the superfluid properties during lab experiments. Spacetime is full of quantum fields though. That is why for instance, an electron positron pair can annihilate into two gamma ray photons, each of 0.511 MeV (the rest mass of each particle) with opposite momenta. Or a high energy gamma ray can scatter off of an atomic nucleus producing an electron and positron from the vacuum due to the additional rest mass of the nucleus capable of exchanging sufficient momentum with the photon to generate a particle-antiparticle pair. In high energy particle colliders, electrons are capable of penetrating into the interior structure of a proton and generating a chain of energetic particle decays with unconserved baryon and flavor number, revealing an intricate internal structure of valence and sea quarks/antiquarks amidst the gluon color-anticolor exchange and particle formation. Fermi Lab, LISA - the heavy ion collider at CERN (Pb-208), and the LHC have executed hundreds of tests with billions of collisions in which valence quark separation always results in a quark-antiquark pair bound by a gluon that surface from the QCD vacuum, converting a portion of the energy input of the collision into greater mass at the scale of the strong interaction.

[@Raye938]

@@Shin_LonaUh, not my question though.

[@erictaylor5462]

Would black holes have any temperature? Heat like light can not escape a black hole, and heat just above the event horizon would experience a lot of redshift, and this would cool the het down.

[@tim57243]

The restaurant for people in space suits seems impractical at 1:25. How are they supposed to eat?

[@JimSaul]

Did I hear that correctly around 28min... the mass of the object increases in direct proportion to the surface area. Not the cube?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

For when you want the same surface gravity and you're building an artificial planet, yes, anything natural will tend to follow the cube

[@fanOmry]

OK... Just had a thought, let's see how far I can keep Going before a butterfly comes along... What if... You focus lasers a single Proton... And accelarated electrons to basically make it have an ever increasing angular momentum. As you point the lasers on it. So it gets charged with ever more energy, thus mass, untill it is heavy enough to be a black hole... The lasers also kick it back into place...

[@Yezpahr]

You'd need literal megatons of mass in the form of light to do that. So, effectively pumping a day's worth of Earth's oil yield into a single laser. That would ripple more than spacetime into a ball, it would also roll up and smoke the stock market for each pulse.

[@fanOmry]

@@Yezpahr well, yeah. There's a reason I called it a battery in another comment

[@Mr1995Musicman]

How do you apply a force to keep the black hole moving with the ship? If you accelerate, you need the black hole to come with you, or you'll lose your power

[@trentforent3390]

Magnets, baby

[@uncleanunicorn4571]

I'm wondering whether you could accumulate a mass of tiny separate black holes and just use them as a source of synthetic gravity?

[@trentforent3390]

I think this was actually mentioned in the black hole tech video, grids of tiny black holes being used for artificial gravity

[@Ruzz-wd7it]

Hey I have a question. How much would I have to feed a kugelblitz black hole to keep it going if it is just big enough to injest a single atom at a time?

[@DavidConnerCodeaholic]

it whouldn't surprise me if there were a ChaosHead or Steins Gate plotline that strongly features kugelblitz black holes, but I've never heard of them.

[@Shin_Lona]

Too much divergence from that worldline.

[@sciencenengineering-ls6yy]

Issac could we stack graphene sheets offset by one atom so as the subsequent sheet fill in the honey comb between the atoms once the sheet reaches the required thickness.

[@sciencenengineering-ls6yy]

This would be to reflect gamma rays.

[@100colinrr]

How does it eat negative mass virtual particles if negative mass would be repelled from its gravity?

[@Kargoneth]

You mentioned using magnetic fields to position black holes. Black holes must have magnetic fields of their own or interact with magnetic fields. I was wondering how a black hole could be carried by a ship. Changing the velocity of the ship would require a similar change to the velocity of the black hole or the black hole would escape.

[@partciudgam8478]

You push the kubli (short for kugelblitz the same as kuli is shortfor kugelschreiber ball pen) in the desireddirection and wait for the ship to fall towards it

[@Kargoneth]

@@partciudgam8478 So the ship follows the black hole? I was imagining the black hole within the hull of the ship.

[@partciudgam8478]

@@Kargoneth that should make a double win, the hole sucks stray matter that would otherwise require a shield, powers the ship and moves it.

[@Myria83]

What about using Kugelblitz black holes as transportation means? Wormholes?

[@jclark2752]

The image that stuck in my mind, when it came to black-hole power generation, was one of wringing energy out of the space/time fabric… twisting and squeezing it like a wet cloth. For what it’s worth… 🤓

[@jclark2752]

Add to this the idea that the quantum level space “foam” is made of energy and anti-energy… By Squeezing and Twisting the Fabric of Space/Time you Split Up these Pairs, And that the black hole "prefers" the "anti-energy". So, we get the energy output, and the anti-energy falls into the black hole. Only, "eating Anti-energy" Actually makes the black hole "smaller" until it "evaporates" and disappears.

[@Shin_Lona]

Spacetime has no substance though - time and space are essentially concepts. It would be like wringing energy out of a number... it doesn't make any sense. Forget the fabric analogy and just stick with spatial dimensions - shapes and whatnot, X/Y/Z axis, that sorta thing. Space is the container that holds the matter / energy. If there is energy, it has to be from something - meaning there isn't really a vacuum. It isn't empty, there is something there. This is actually a very old concept... traditionally, it was called ether. Physicists will just come up new terms like "quantum foam" when they have to invent something to make their equations work. Look at it like this... in classical physics we have things like "2nd Law of Thermodynamics"... sounds real official, like they know what they're talking about, right? In quantum physics we get stuff like "spooky action at a distance"... these MF-ers don't have a clue what's going on. Think about how much technology and the other sciences have advanced in the last hundred years. What has quantum physics actually accomplished in this time? They're at a dead end, they just haven't realized it yet.

[@jclark2752]

@@Shin_Lona the video asked what sort of Analogy was most Helpful in understanding the Concept… I thought the 'wringing out' portion was helpful in conceiving how a Smaller Black-hole would be More Effective at generating energy than a Large one, as it is better at achieving a tighter and 'smaller' 'twist'… It obviously Must be a simplification, and must represent complex systems as loosely congruent representations. The trick is to find that middle ground between conceptualization, and actuality, which is beyond most people to grasp comfortably.

[@TiagoTiagoT]

Could we build a laser-beam that produces enough photon-mass that it becomes self-focusing as the photons bend each-other's path towards the common center of the beam cross-section, and due to the convergence of paths going off the alignment with the straight path it would at some point along the beam start building up enough energy concentration that is not moving straight ahead faster than light and more and more photons catch up and eventually it becomes a kugelblitz?

[@linz8291]

You can build the circulating laser beam portal as galactic gates through the blackhole.

[@partciudgam8478]

This episode gave me the mixed feeling of relief and dissapointment that Styropyro won't be able to do something like this in the next 5 years😅