How to Remove and Replace a Rotten Subfloor

[@Vinny.X]

That's how you make a video, short and packed with the information you need, not a lot of unnecessary chatter just to hear oneself talk. Thanks!

[@joohsay]

agreed. lol

[@fdocument2889]

You are wrong, videos that are informative like this can be long form content.

[@enoch6977]

No you're wrong. It is with words at it is with sunbeams the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn. But mostly you're just wrong.

[@fdocument2889]

@@enoch6977 I can accept being wrong, the problem with the young online generation - they are never wrong. I am not here to argue online as it is a meaningless task. You believe you are right and stay that way until you realise you were young and uninformed, you shall learn as you get older and you shall become wise.

[@GilbertBrantley]

😊7800p

[@logic8019]

The first real step is to get over the fear of installing and allowing you to fail once you have that done the world is yours

[@derekredfield6867]

This right here

[@MolonLabe50cal]

I just bought a fixer upper. I’m a computer scientist lol. I watch these videos and just do it. Fear is a mother but man it’s worth it when you see the finished product.

[@jackherer_078]

Thanks for this. We got ourselves into a fixer upper. I started working on the deck first. I was feeling proud till I realized I did two big booboos (used 1.5” thick boards instead of 1” and ended up cutting the internet cable). Needed to hear something like this so I can just go ahead and fix what I need to fix instead of kicking my own ass.

[@WhiteWakedNProud]

Its not that hard, some jobs should seek a professional opinionnor guidance, but if its replacing like for like, than that makes the task alot easier

[@claudewatson4063]

Is the studs sitting on the top of the old subfloor material. if so how to address that issue?

[@fokisgaming3745]

I did this at my house with no prior experience of doing any kind of work around the house. Installed laminate flooring on top of my new sub floor too! About a year later, today, I just did drywall for the first time. It's empowering to learn these skills and not have to pay some contractor $125 an hour.

[@MJM2014S]

Definitely! I've just repaired my 1990 z71 by replacing the front end suspension and it's drivable again. That felt good...Now since I have my truck back, I'm repairing my house by replacing the foundation and sub floors in a few areas. I was thinking the exact same thing about it being empowering learning these skills and doing it yourself.

[@dude4173]

Michael Morgan Nice work.. keep it up. My next project is a bathroom. Wish me luck

[@alexramos1435]

Home depot has some free classes also. Check your local home depot and ask for their class schedule. Also buy basic tools.

[@linkstale]

Alex Ramos I bleed blue not orange sorry

[@rashadsmith3435]

Great job! It is empowering to learn new skills like these that save us lots of money over time. Keep up the good work and keep trying new things!

[@smallfootprint2961]

Beautifully done and explained. You didn't mention getting all that wood debris out from under the house so the hungry little termites won't have anything to munch on. If the subfloor material is that rotten, I'd spread out a tarp before demolishing. It would be really hard to rake that stuff all out of there before putting down the vapor barrier. Even the smallest amount of wood/construction debris left under the house is an invite to the little critters. Thanks for the video.

[@keptwoman10]

I was wondering the same thing ,,,,,,,,,,did you just leave that old rotten wood under the house 🏡😀😀😀

[@xvsmask]

I guess a huge drywet vacuum would get them out

[@daniellemartin5938]

you guys going to good 🧱

[@janaebenjamin6785]

I had a big smile on my face because its the prefect video from start to finish. I’m dealing with the same. Kitchen and living room floor runs together. The house is low and rain water doesn’t drain, it sits next to the house. I will be getting gutters as well as taking on the flooring project. Awesome video and great tips!!

[@valeriewashington852]

B.cody and Ashley, I'm so taken by your information shared, I just purchased a property a lease purchase, I'm a 64 year young nurse that has waited all my life to get this close to a property and I can't find anyone to help me and I'm in tears! I work 16 hour days as a nurse, tell me how to not give up, my money is limited because I bless people but I don't want to become discouraged. Keep making videos. Valerie Washington

[@Fabuloustransportation]

Your money should not be limited as a nurse. Just because you bless people. So if the people you blessing is not trying to help you stop blessing. Him put your money towards yourself in your house

[@highonsmog]

Your post is wrongly worded. It comes across that you are blessing others, and feel that you wish to be blessed in a more material and physical form. I know that isn't the case, but it feels like you want free labor with that type of language. Ask in your church if that is the case. If not, then you can talk business. Why not put up an ad at a community college with a woodshop, inside the department bulletin board? Looking for student to replace subflooring. Will pay $25 an hour for 10 hours. Or $250 a room. More jobs available. As an RN, you earn at least 65 an hour in my area.

[@5060northernmama]

You will become discouraged, so go find a small, fixed up home and enjoy your retirement. Sell that money pit, and cut your losses.

[@officialsouthsoul5223]

Due to a busted pipe and a roof leak, I’m currently tackling this project myself. Thankfully the rotten plywood in certain places in the house is small and only took a few pieces of plywood. Took about 2 days. Now all I got to do is pick a floor style and make a sink cabinet. It’s satisfying seeing you tackling a project yourself

[@laurenaston7940]

This video is so helpful. I have rotten floor in my utility room and my 100+ lb dog just put his foot right through a bad spot the other day! I have no extra money to hire a pro and was wondering if this is something I can do myself, and after watching this, I’m totally confident that I can. (Hooray!!)

[@e.desireemorales7740]

Thank you !!!! I have 6 months tried to find a video with a really step by step like this. You are amazing!!!!!

[@a.l9313]

They make it look manageable. My luck, I would have a big hole in my floor for weeks. I do like the idea of removing everything and starting from scratch. I really makes sense, especially in old houses, and with the cost of flooring materials.

[@littlebanshee]

This is a quality work unlike the apartment I rent that just covers up stuff making things worse in the end.

[@petemarquez8759]

Great tips, just when I think I know what I'm doing, I learn something new. I would have neglected the extra braces for reinforcement and leveling and I would never have thought of adding the glue, thanks.

[@justinrice7609]

The extra bracing was overkill. Place the boards so that the ends land half on a joist. That's all the support you need.

[@mcopeland05]

also I believe that most places code is, if you add the extra braces in the center you are supposed to stagger them and nail them in from the end, not toe nail them in line.

[@rebeccashetter8389]

@@justinrice7609 It doesn't hurt to add extra strength in the floor; you never know when you are going to need it.

[@NicolasdaLuzDuque]

@@mcopeland05 I didn't understand your remark. English isn't my mother tongue. Could you please explain? By "stagger", do you mean they shouldn't be in one line on either side of the existing beams? Why is that? I'm not sure I get what you mean about nailing them either. I am going to do this type of renovation in the coming weeks, so I'm interested in knowing the best way to do it. 🙂

[@mcopeland05]

@@NicolasdaLuzDuque toenailing is shooting the nails in at a n angle. By stagger I mean dont put them in a straight line. Also probably best to use hangers, too

[@blown503]

You do not have to worry about 1/8 inch between sheet expansion. If you put enough screws you will never have a problem, I never use nails. I have don't this project over 55 times with out a fail. I also never use osb on any floor replacements either. Don't forget to actually vacuum every piece of wood that can come in contact with the ground. This is also a great time to add x bracing and an extra joist in a high traffic area. After clean up, put down a nice vapor barrier to help eliminate some moisture. Im a air leak freak, so I fill the edge where the old and new floor meet with a good lifetime silicone caulk.

[@quinnhaynie7767]

We just finished framing repair on a job, 750 SQ ft of demo flooring and subfloor on a 117 year old house. The kitchen had 7 layers of flooring over subfloor. The original subfloor had been cut into, modified, and the structure of the house was destroyed when someone in the 60's added a spiral staircase. After using 24000 lbs of jacks to raise the fallen cantilever bay window, we installed c-channel steel onto sistered floor joists to reinstate the structural integrity of the home. Altogether at this point, we have collected approximately $80K for the space, which includes change orders for illegal wiring, all kinds of framing irregularities and issues, and adding a bunch of nice touches. Total project is a full gut including exterior wall un-racking, collar tie installation, top plate to rafter connections, joist installation, new subfloor, attic insulation removal and mold remediation, new attic insulation, all walls drywalled to level 4, new kitchen, all walls painted, new lighting, new flooring, redevice, man a ton of others. Total project budget is well over $325K. Get into the trades y'all and start a company. You're missing out.

[@tonymarr6993]

Facts. I got a 20k plus masonry contract that I am about to close on soon. It pays to work with ya hands and it isn’t rocket science. It’s science, but not rocket science.

[@troybush5899]

Sounds like a "TEAR DOWN." Might have made more sense than fixing garbage...

[@quinnhaynie7767]

@@troybush5899 we recommended it but the customer wanted to try and salvage what was existing.

[@micha6887]

People don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care, thanks a lot, I up for the Challenge after watching this 🙏

[@kashfortheking]

I love how it hasn’t occurred to anyone to use treated sub-flooring to protect it from moisture. Every house I’ve bought (3 so far) has this issue.

[@namegeneratorsucks]

You watched the videos out of order. here's where they explain vapor sheilding. kzbin.info/www/bejne/iqvMaKWcqapqhtk

[@namegeneratorsucks]

Start at 2:08

[@orlandoahumada8927]

❤❤❤❤❤

[@COL794]

Does treat plywood deter termites too?

[@TheRawdawg]

It's because it cost 2-3 times the price per sheet.

[@OnosEjeata]

So helpful. I bought a home last year and I’ve found my wood panel floors buckling to a point the panels can just be lifted up with minimal effort. I found tons of mold on this black sheet (not sure of the name). It was so bad the sheet was easily torn and I saw even more mold on the wood that’s under that. Not sure if it’s the subfloor or not but I have a lot of work ahead of me.

[@markjackson8816]

Extremely Helpful. Just what I was looking for. Thankfully it's only a small guest bathroom with a floor that needs replacing. Thanks

[@rebeccashetter8389]

Thanks; used to work with a fellow that flipped houses and this information is always helpful. Even if you never do the work yourself; you really need to know how the job is supposed to be done. We used to live in a home and the carpenters did such poor work that the house had issues and we had to fix a lot of problems. The poor people who originally owned the home had to sell it because of the rip off carpenters and plumbers. It was a real mess to fix. Thanks guys; nice to see a young couple that has their act together. God Bless.

[@lionelchurchill937]

Replumb entire houseUo

[@joeycorcoran4763]

@@lionelchurchill937 what

[@JaneliseReyes]

Awesome guys, thank you so much for this video! I'll soon be purchasing my first home and I want to do it myself and do it right! All this "straight to the point" information you guys shared is a blessing!

[@sikskillz2186]

awesome job. it is tedious work, and takes a lot of time, but with this smart process it made it seem doable.

[@katherinemoore9656]

I'm getting ready to replace a kitchen floor with a sub floor. This has been a real help. Thanks

[@enocreyes7025]

"It's not as scary as it looks" (0:23). This is what I admire about re-modelers (don't know if that's a word). Thanks.

[@conniehash4215]

yes it is....at least in my world it is.

[@justtheboss26]

In the process of buying my first house it’s going to need a lot of work before I can live in it but I am super excited to start my new journey

[@deborahcyu]

This video is very helpful if you have a room/house/ strorage shed which has been decades. Thank you very much..

[@e2geoenergy]

This is probably one of the better videos I have seen in repairing and replacing floor joists.

[@NaturestoursTV]

Thanks guys you saved me and my wife slot of fear and trouble will be doing this tommarow thanks from us bith

[@lowes]

Glad to hear it!! 💪🏼 We’re putting together a highlight video of DIY projects our KZbin subscribers have done and we’d love to include your subfloor replacement! Nothing fancy…just looking for either an image or a quick video of the project, if you have it. If you’re interested, send me an email at [e-mail]!

[@wdrobby]

I didn't know Macklemore was so handy.

[@slickwilly6868]

😂😂😂😂

[@elephantgrass631]

And his wife is hot too.

[@harvardmurrayinc]

💀💀

[@voodooforyou4571]

Can we go thrift shopping?

[@MemegodmiIk]

Elephant Grass simp

[@elizabethwatson71]

Dude! Love the silicone wedding band! So many people (including myself)) forget things like jewlery. Degloving is not an injury you just walk away from. Also, before projects give your shot record a glance. A simple tetanus shot is the first line of defense! One crew I worked for would not let employees on job site unless they put proof of tetanus shot in their work contract. Be safe everyone!

[@dolfo9992]

My houses floors are so rust and old. I’m glad I found this video, thanks

[@BjorkL]

I appreciate the list of all the tools used!

[@markjmaxwell9819]

Good job guys just the information I needed for a project.

[@hohcomics]

Doesn’t hurt to pickup the nails you pull out afterwards with a magnet sweeper if you can. Just in case you ever need to go down in that crawl space later

[@GlitchedPepsi]

Actually it does.

[@ovidiuciuparu6421]

Use safety shoes....

[@brianstanistreet]

Or just pound em down with a hammer there not gonna hurt anything

[@NicolasdaLuzDuque]

@@brianstanistreet You can do that, but be careful because you might split the wood if the nail is big and the wood old and dry. Plus, you don't want to be bothered by the old nails when you put the new screws in.

[@billsmith9249]

@Oliver_B better than one in the knee....

[@REVerbtalk]

To help you out in the future, your Estwing prybar, that hole you see at the end of it by the claw ... it's not for styling 😉 that's your nail puller, slide the nail in to the tight end of it and pull, would help you so much easier.

[@jimmyconway7554]

no a die grinder beats that... 4inc round disk bud.... you zip them off faster as you dont need to pull out nails.... and if you use a pry bar you turn it sideways not pull back to remove nails from that dumb hole ur talking about.... man ur hand an wrists must hurt an the end of your work days....no??

[@spoon1968]

The floor of my shop has a hole near the door. Upon further inspection it's rotted all the way under the threshold. It rains a LOT here, so I'm prepared to look up some weather proofing options for around the door. Thanks to this video I feel like I can replace that sheet of flooring pretty easily and not worry about critters coming in to munch on my projects! Right now I have metal mesh and wood covering it until I have time next weekend. 😂

[@mauroelchilenito]

You are cool kids (and make this work look cool also). Thank you for participating on these videos.

[@BabyWallace]

This was an excellent video I love that you all explained the floor this is exactly what I was looking for and I am a beginner on repairs. Amazing 💗

[@shaesunshine1225]

Thank you we learned a lot and my husband and I have a leak in our basement. After a 3 week leak of waste waster from next door home. We have to replace that flooring lanolin tiles. First we have to be patient and allow the service to get done, where the leak is coming from. The leak is coming from bottom of the basement wall, stinky waste water from a leaky old molded faucet in the basement from next door. We sure could use a tutorial on replacing basement floors after a long period leak, hope it did not ruin base sub floor.

[@uria702]

I had to do this in a bedroom. It really is simple! A lot of work but simple work.

[@brian1801]

Thank you for the very informative video. Amazing how many people make snide comments. Yet, where are their videos?

[@CityStick]

A meaningless argument. To wit, nobody who hasn’t done something themselves has no right to express an opinion on that activity? In order to critique a world leader I have to have held a similar position myself? In order to say whether I like a restaurant, I have to own a restaurant of my own?? Grow up, Sparky. 😏

[@GXTOLX]

Nice video. Nice to see u installed edge blocking and center blocking

[@buckpowers4837]

well done. cleaning scraps from under the house would have been a must. but I figured you did that.

[@KeithONE]

0:23 on replacing a rotten patch of subflooring: "It's not as scary as it looks." 2:00 : Let's get new gutters and downspouts. 3:00 : full kitchen demo and remodel

[@krystalferina4883]

Yeah can I just cheat around my cabinets, lol

[@funtucsonman2838]

I like the explanation at beginning.

[@vd1322]

Excellent job, this is what exactly I am going to do it for my over 50 years old house

[@kikofromtro5882]

Me and my wife just got a house and the sellers just put new carpet and tile over old rotten floor. So many soft spots. I never did any work like this but you gave me confidence I can do it 🤔 😂

[@riquehurturfeelings6562]

Awesome can’t wait to fix my flooring.

[@bencampbell6132]

how did it go?

[@riquehurturfeelings6562]

@@bencampbell6132 great! once I got all the subfloor off it was easy from there on.I got new wood flooring installed and saved a lot of money doing it myself.

[@Beandiptheredneck]

I so badly wanted to nitpick this video but I think you guys did a pretty good job, I would go around and find any open spots where a draft could occur and spray foam then shut, I’ve done this on my house and that was the only real issue I had

[@rebengas889]

Hahaha same just because of how it's put together but it's actually a decent video

[@Iambigdaa]

Thanks much for this video. I am about to demo my bathroom and appreciate the heads up you provided!

[@kmmichigan2782]

Saw zaw for the nails. Deck remover tool is what I used to use

[@bshabanowitz88]

Thanks guys. Awesome videos for a fellow DIYSelfer!!

[@happyeggroll5267]

Great video thanks for looking out o the water and root of problem. About to tear up my subfloor today

[@jackhayes1051]

you can tell this is sponsored by Lowes, I would have used bandstraps to support the lower cabinets, and then work out and in the replacement wood, saving the cabinets, you should use a close cutter saw that cuts right at the wall very easily, everything else is right. good job. jack

[@rkkl1]

Thank you for your time and knowledge and I was specially like the reminder of safety ...safety first no exceptions please keep up the good advice

[@daniellehaggard7401]

Interior flooring screws are what i would use. Have you addressed what to do if there are floorboards under tour plywood yet? Thanks for the video. Lots of good info.

[@purcelllash7177]

Great video y’all. Yeah I’m going to look forward to seeing more of y’all’s video. This quick and to the point.

[@tonytan0]

Man. Where was this video a year ago, when I was doing the same thing to my house.

[@Time2AnteUp]

Thank You for posting this. Much Appreciated !

[@marcelavaldivia5456]

Thank you for sharing your experience with me its going to be very helpful when it comes to replacing The floors.

[@Gubers]

They forgot one important detail. You HAVE to put blocking (boards between floor joists) around the outside next to the walls and if your joists are parallel to a wall you need a rim joist there to hold up the subfloor on the edge by the wall.

[@gerritjongkind8538]

Learned a lot from you guys. Thanks. NL.

[@lowes]

Happy to have you here, Gerrit! 👍

[@petermcgill1559]

It was painful watching them pretend to have a conversation with each other, wasn't it?

[@candicenava6976]

Came to say this….useful info, but would have preferred they talked to the camera 😅 I couldn’t retain info because I was so annoyed lol

[@petermcgill1559]

It was particularly badly done, wasn't it​???@@candicenava6976

[@jose2226]

Probably two different directors that didn't communicate with each other.

[@SimonApodaca-f2s]

Good idea to insulte save on heating & cooling

[@nathanhicks2000]

I agree pulling the nails out of the joist was the most tedious part for me as well.

[@zagor1453]

Great video ,simple explanation, right bvb to the point ,,,well done

[@bmoore2160]

Awesome video very informative and to the point.

[@lowes]

We’re glad you found our video helpful! Thanks for watching. 💙

[@marqvr6]

Did you insulate the crawl space before laying the subfloor?

[@themysticsupreme5946]

After watching this, you got the wheels turning in my head. I'm wondering if I should give it a try.

[@zzubuzz]

I'm doing a project very similar, I find the Harbor Freight "Toe kick saw" (only $75.00) works great to get cut along the walls, gets about 3/8" from the wall, than use a multi-tool such as the Ryobi brushless cordless to get close to the corners.. Yes, you'll still need the circular saw for some of it, like cutting planks into smaller pieces to make it easier to get them out. I also found that a recipicating saw worked the best to cut close to the wall where there was a plumbing pipe in the way. So basically you need them all, but to use a circular saw around the walls will get you only about 1 1/2" from the edge. Oh yeah, and do NOT use a Dremel "Ultra Saw" (aprox. $129) as the blade got super hot and dull after only about 5 minutes, and yes I took it back than got the Toe Kick Saw, which costed much less.

[@SleepyJoeisSlow]

Thnx

[@cpgf4721]

Agree with the toe kick tool; were doing a partial board removal on a mobile home that apparently went through a flood a few years ago. Replacing with t&g, but we are removing the old base cabs just so we know the joist conditions. Small kitchen so not a major remodel. We’re also removing a couple of feet around the walls to inspect the plate over the PB.

[@blaaq360]

My house is pier and beam. Doesn't seem so intimidating now. Now I just have to get started

[@Wastinglotsoftime]

We take a 7 inch angle grinder to the nails. It cuts them instantly upon contact with the wheel. Clearing a joist just takes minutes.

[@fishon7301]

One small improvement you could do. I see you laid out blocking 4' from the existing floor. That helped carry the edge of the first row of plywood you laid down. Why not continue and do that in the middle of the 8' section you left open (on the next row of plywood). Even if it wasn't 8', it would help. We all typically have lots of scrap wood laying around perfect for blocking. That blocking actually carries the weight better as it distributes the load around the floor (takes out any bouncing you might feel). As long as the blocking fits tight. That is very important. I do this every 4' and the floor is left feeling solid as a rock. Additionally, I would have put a small beam under the joists in the middle of that floor to further strengthen the joists. Maybe you did that. I just couldn't see it. Code might be one thing. I like to have a solid kitchen floor and you have the option of doing that. I didn't see the plastic on the ground. That would be a good time to do this, as the floor being open makes it easy. The plastic should roll up the side of foundation and sealed if possible.

[@gregoryfranklyn9463]

Thanks guys

[@gentleman_908]

Y'all are great together

[@ASMRyouVEGANyet]

Best video on this topic.

[@MrSpeakerboxx05]

Yo this video was really good!!!. Very very informative.

[@rbeck3200tb40]

I would put sheets of plastic on the ground in the crawl space as a moisture barrier

[@kcmaldonado3948]

At the beginning of the video, they even stated it was a result of moisture from the ground! Yet, they install the floor over bare earth. The same thing will happen again.

[@gigiis526]

@@kcmaldonado3948 I will not happen with treated wood especially made for wet climates.

[@kcmaldonado3948]

@@gigiis526 Treated simply means treated to not rot or decay, it will still absorb moisture! Use a vapor barrier

[@krystalferina4883]

Not in the south, it creates a mold issue, and crawl space fans will short out if it flash floods

[@1brownss]

Good job guys!!!!!

[@buffybrown799]

Best video yet. Ty

[@debbielwilliamson8546]

Great video!!! Thanks!!! I'm ready to take on my new years project!!!

[@padilha0224]

When I demo subfloors or any type of plywood or sheathing I cut right in the bay, between the joists. Then apply force where I cut, they pop right up. Of course, always setting the depth on my blade

[@bperez8656]

Brazilian John what state do you live in?

[@padilha0224]

B Perez New Jersey

[@AdamWright88]

yay, I live in florida. This is even more helpful!

[@WhizFlipper]

Actually a good job.

[@bsdiceman]

Thanks for teaching.

[@AmiAki]

Good demonstration

[@kennethmathurin8244]

Thank you

[@PepperDeVillle]

Awesome video, but how do you do this if there is a basement under the sub-floor? How do you not fall through to the basement?

[@rilyc2843]

Use a ladder when you don’t have anymore room to stand on?

[@rogermurph101]

You do not need to leave a gap between the sheets of plywood. Plywood does not expand and contract like natural wood. The separate plys are glued with the grains staggered to make the sheets stable.

[@stephenmitchell1270]

Plus there is going to be a gap with could allow moisture to rise through, potentially damaging the flooring above, not very water and air tight.

[@zack6892]

Agree, I've installed floors over 10 years. The subfloor will expand and contract as one so really a perimeter gap is all that is necessary. Never had a repair on subfloor and I've done a lot.

[@SteS]

I'd agree with not having them. If you use tongue and groove this will bind the whole floor as one. Glue the tongue and groove and lay the sheets down on the joist with an acoustic tape on top of the joists. No squeaky floor.

[@toddavis8603]

NICE Job, and a pretty lady to work with!

[@robertking2809]

You forgot to show how to get into the corners and which tool is best for that. Also how to remove rotted wood under the base plate.

[@robincephas1261]

This was Awesome. Thanks for the video!

[@danielles.3872]

I wish I was this handy. This is what my kitchen floor needs :/

[@albaniansk8er]

Good job guys 👍🏼

[@CryingWolf_225]

I know how to do the subfloor in the manner you have shown. However, what if it is rotten under the walls or exterior walls?

[@balogh89]

Ripping up all those nasty, moldy wood without masks? Not that wise choice. But on the other hand you guys made an awesome job! Thanks for sharing!

[@Beandiptheredneck]

Womb Raider you ever had pneumonia from breathing in too much garbage? I have.. I wear a respirator when I demo now. Only idiots play with mold and dust with no mask

[@queenoftemplar]

Thank you ❤

[@yzerman123]

Thanks!

[@larrywhite346]

You guys look so adorable I just love your show!

[@autumnmeadows4079]

This was excellent, thank yo. Now, to choose flooring

[@parkwaync]

Great Video - answered all my questions - thanks