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Madde Muttasela
When a letter of Madd is followed by Hamza (ء) as a cause of Madd in the same word, then Attached Madd occurs.: شَ~اءَ , اﹶلَ~اءَ
Scholars of Quran unanimously agree on the requirement to lengthen the letter with Madd more than regular Madd. The duration is four alef time (about four seconds), meaning the duration to lift a finger and bring it down four times. Lengthening the vowel when attached Madd occurs is a compulsory rule of tajweed.
Madde Munfasel
Detached Madd means the lengthening that concerns two words, not one. It occurs when one of the letters of Madd comes at the end of a word and Hamza comes at the beginning of the second word.:
بِمَ~ااُنْزِلَ , تُوبُ~وااِلَىاللهِ
In the first example above, بِمَا and اُنْزِلَ are two different words. In the word بِمَا, (ا ), which lengthens the letter mem (م) is followed by the letter Hamza in the beginning of the second word اُنْزِلَ . In the second example, there is Waw,(و), one of the letters of Madd, at the end of the first wordتُوبُوا which is followed by Hamza at the end of the second word اِلَىاللهِ . In both examples, we see the rules of Detached Madd realized.
Scholars are not in agreement on the duration of lengthening for Detached Madda. So it is optional to lengthen the vowel at the end of the first word from one alef to four alef time.