Make Potassium Permanganate

In this video, we explore the preparation of potassium permanganate, a valuable oxidant with a striking purple color. Starting with 43g of manganese dioxide, often obtained from greensand filter media, and 25g of potassium chlorate, the chemicals are thoroughly mixed. A can made of iron is chosen as the reaction vessel due to its resistance to the highly corrosive mixture.
All reagents are mixed long with 40mL of water and 60g of potassium hydroxide. The can is placed in a furnace and heated to 400 degrees Celsius for several hours. This step involves the oxidation of manganese dioxide to potassium manganate by potassium chlorate, with potassium hydroxide providing essential potassium ions and alkaline conditions.
Once cooled and soaked in water, the solid chunks of potassium manganate are retrieved. To convert potassium manganate into potassium permanganate, chlorine gas is used. A chlorine generator comprising 45g of trichloroisocyanuric acid in 100mL water and 75mL of 30% hydrochloric acid is employed to produce chlorine gas, which is then introduced into the potassium manganate flask. The reaction results in potassium permanganate with potassium chloride as a byproduct.
Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is vacuum-filtered and then chilled to separate potassium permanganate from potassium chloride and hypochlorite. The potassium permanganate crystals are beautiful black needles.
The final yield is approximately 30.7g or 39%, adjusted to 52% considering the purity of the manganese dioxide used. Both crystallizations of potassium permanganate are found to be 99% pure with a 1% margin of error, confirmed through titration.
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[@NurdRage]

Note sure if i'll have another video next week, but i hope to have at least one more before the end of the month.

[@koukouzee2923]

I remember you've tweeting something about amateur pressure hydrogenation How is that video going

[@ryans3074]

Interesting

[@1BobTheSubGenius]

🎉

[@mynameisZhenyaArt_]

hopefully sooner than 10y. One of the youtubers, I would prefer doing videos full time, but probably he has to live a life too )

[@Bozemanjustin]

0:55 I remember when I was a little kid in the 90s reading the jolly Rogers cookbook, and seeing the recipe for something that required potassium, permanganate and gasoline I thought, I know I have gasoline at the house cuz we have a lawn mower, what do you use this potassium for, and when I found out what it was used for, I looked and sure enough we had a bottle of it on the shelf because we had a well. So I was making that thing from the jolly Rogers cookbook within about 10 minutes lol

[@daltonsoutherland8836]

Nurdrage is the O.G of chemistry youtube for me been watching his videos from the beginning and i hope he never stops making such beautiful content ❤️

[@serraramayfield9230]

I've been watching him since I was in middle school.

[@ginglyst]

sooo, see you in 10 years for the electrolytic potassium permanganate process?

[@daltonsoutherland8836]

@@ginglyst if he's still making videos then yup I'll be there 😁

[@electricalychalanged4911]

You are right that the KMnO4 is stable over decades. I recently tested A big jar of it that was analytical grade but over 60 years old. It was still 99.5%.

[@Berghiker]

Wow!!

[@DangerousLab]

Nurdrage was the first Chem-tuber I watched since 2009, can't believe I am still watching it today, hope to see you again in the next 10 years!

[@UpLateGeek]

For some reason I read the title as "Potassium Pomegranate". The worse part is that it made total sense. Perhaps I shouldn't be watching chemistry videos after 2 am.

[@kaezaklimber3391]

Now we only need to bring back Chemplayer, Rhodanide, Doug's... the old gods of chemistry

[@Morbacounet]

Chemplayer ... what a shame all those videos are gone ...

[@alexanderelsbeth3529]

Cody'S peaked :)

[@experimental_chemistry]

​@@Morbacounet They are still available on b*tchute.

[@nunyabisnass1141]

​@@Morbacounetthey are around, some ppl reuploaded some of his old comtent

[@nunyabisnass1141]

​@@Morbacounetdougslab, that guy lol, just never could be consistent.. Cody still has some good stuff just doesn't upload very often.

[@TaiganTundra]

Why haven't I seen this channel in my subscription feed in years? I forgot it existed and suddenly it reappeared.

[@edgeeffect]

I'm not sure I could ever forget the original and best KZbin science channel.

[@nikhill5340]

Those are some of the most beautiful crystals I have ever seen, I had personally never seen Pot. Permanganate crystals before, so to me this is astounding! The method was absolutely killer too!

[@hot_wheelz]

Gotta agree, those were some super purty permanganate crystals!

[@AlChemicalLife]

Going back through and binge watching nurdrage videos ! I've been watching since i was in 5th grade. Now i am 7 years out of highschool and work in a "lab" in the aerospace industry(machining and metallurgy). Dont think i would be where i am today without your inspiration! Keep up the great work and thank you ! 😊

[@Ismail-xq9ry]

You have no idea how long ive been waiting for a new video from my favorite youtuber and PhD chemist, thank you for this ❤ (P.S, are you going to make videos about transition metals like vanadium, and maybe some precious metals like palladium?) Can't wait for the next video, Peace!

[@wolpumba4099]

*Introduction and Context* - 0:10: Video introduction. - 0:12: The video focuses on making potassium permanganate. - 0:16: Discusses applications, mainly as an oxidant and in redox titrations. - 0:26: Buying vs. making potassium permanganate. - 0:36: Making it is a "trophy achievement" for amateur chemists. - 0:45: The primary goal is scientific exploration. *Gathering Materials* - 0:50: Weigh 43g of manganese dioxide. - 0:58: Manganese dioxide quality and purity discussed. - 1:11: Alternative sources of manganese dioxide. *Preparing the Reaction Mix* - 1:20: Mix with 25g potassium chlorate. - 1:33: Use an iron can as a crucible. - 1:45: Add 40mL water and 60g potassium hydroxide. *Performing the Reaction* - 2:00: Mix all reagents. - 2:06: Heat the mixture in a furnace to 400°C. *Chemical Process Explanation* - 2:24: Chemistry behind potassium manganate formation. - 2:57: Limitations on reaching potassium permanganate. *After the Reaction* - 3:31: Post-reaction procedures and complications. - 3:43: Adding 300mL water for soaking. - 4:03: Physical removal of solid potassium manganate. *Further Oxidation* - 4:20: How to further oxidize to potassium permanganate. - 4:52: Using chlorine gas for oxidation. - 5:54: Safer alternative using carbon dioxide. *Purification and Yield* - 6:40: Chilling the mixture. - 6:55: Vacuum filtering and purifying. - 7:25: Resulting solution of potassium permanganate. *Crystallization and Final Yield* - 7:29: Cooling and crystallization process. - 7:37: Resulting crystals described. - 8:17: Final yield figures and adjustments for purity. *Testing Purity and Additional Notes* - 8:37: Purity tested through titration. - 9:02: Alternative recovery methods for higher yield. - 10:03: Additional notes on reusing materials and long-term storage.

[@wsmith4020]

Potassium permanganate is used as a medication for a number of skin conditions. This includes fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis, and tropical ulcers. For tropical ulcers it is used together with procaine benzylpenicillin.

[@andrewmackenzie2638]

Dr has recommended in the past soaking ingrown toenails in potassium permanganate to help with the infection

[@josephgauthier5018]

"Check in with me again in another 10 years" 😂

[@TAR3N]

I’m so happy to see you making videos again !!! Welcome back. I wish you the best of success in 2023 and beyond

[@scrotiemcboogerballs1981]

Great video as always buddy thanks for sharing

[@gnarkill5814]

The most trusted most deepest voice in science!

[@NITETROUS]

You’re definitely one of the best to do it on KZbin . Appreciate your videos 100%

[@flomojo2u]

So great to see you back and doing science again regularly after the long break! Love your content, looking forward to your next video.

[@SirLovestain]

We've been blessed with another NurdRage video.

[@user-tl5zs5cw5q]

excellent work

[@canberradogfarts]

Awesome new vijeo!!!!

[@memejeff]

Absolutely stunning. Very interesting prep too.

[@chrissutherland6638]

as always, a wonderful, informative video! Love it!

[@Berghiker]

That was super helpful. Very well done. Finally someone can make potassium permanganate with great success! Fascinating experiment to explore the science of making it.

[@lufax]

Being a follower on Twitter, I was waiting for this video to drop!

[@LiborTinka]

Thank you for the walkthrough. I've found potassium permanganate syntheses in old textbooks (Biltz, Walton) that use the CO2 quenching or directly fusing MnO2 with K2CO3, then hydrolyzing the manganate - this 'fusion method' however leads to low yields due to partial decompostion to MnO2. Oxidation with chlorine is definitely more efficient. One note about the crucible: Iron is normally inert to hydroxide, but can react at high temperatures (~500 oC), producing iron(III) oxide, sodium and hydrogen.

[@Preyhawk81]

The Fusion methode is shit because you need to heat the mix 48 hours at the beginning of red glowing heat. Old book descripes this methode (was with KOH) with KClO3 you only need little bit ofer 1hour.

[@edgeeffect]

Marvelous... I always loved your old potassium permanganate from batteries video. :)

[@maxwell_edison]

Ah yes I love Potassium Pomegranate, very tasty juice

[@benruniko]

Very cool i hope to make this some day

[@clintongryke6887]

Another exceptionally useful, and well explained, procedure.

[@AJ-qv9yo]

Very informative and calm narrative. Nice. Beautiful experiement

[@johnmyers379]

Ur awesome

[@user-vr8fx7dp1g]

very good!

[@-Kerstin]

Cool. Trying electrolytic processes sound cool too

[@twocvbloke]

It's funny to think that the strange pink water at the dentists was once diluted potassium permanganate in water, used as an antiseptic mouthwash, maybe still is in some parts of the world... :P

[@jasonroggen2266]

Love your stuff - I know it hasn’t been easy.

[@ralfvk.4571]

Brillant work, a true chemistry-genius. Thank you very much for your work. 👍👍💪

[@alch3myau]

How are you not at a million subs yet! You legend.

[@sgtbrown4273]

Awsome! Looks like a rewarding project. I will try this in the lab when i get home. Thanks for another great video 😊

[@VinsCool]

Must not taste the forbidden red wine from the flask, despite how delicious it looks.

[@Rick.Sanchez]

nice!

[@horsthorstmann2480]

Great work again 👍🏻 love these routes, easy accessible for the amateur and leading to chemicals who are often hard to get and normal hard to synthesize. First Sodium now KMnO4 maybe u can do LiAlH4 or something like that in the future 🤔 or CS2 would also be much appreciate 😁

[@EddieTheH]

I'll second the LiAlH4, a more practical prep for that would really impressive.

[@horsthorstmann2480]

@@EddieTheH this where only the first things come to my mind thinking about chems who are hard to get and hard to synthesize for me

[@quint3ssent1a]

Errr, isn't potassium permanganate commonly available as a makeshift disinfectant?

[@TechGorilla1987]

@1:56 - The color change on that can as you were mixing is curious and very cool.

[@erich.5326]

I think the can was a little damp and the exotherm from dissolving the KOH drove off the water

[@weedwacker1716]

glorious

[@draxxsklounst6595]

I love pomegranate

[@rex-up9ln]

Lol

[@jeffsmith5084]

Awesome. Hope you try for the electrolytic method sometime.

[@flomojo2u]

I'd love to see you try sodium/potassium/etc vacuum reduction/distillation like Elias' Experiments featured a few months ago. The distilation/reaction flask and collection tube is kind of a pain to build, but being able to go from magnesium turnings and alkali metal oxide directly to pure metal is a game changer! Your work on sodium production was very impressive, so even using the impure sodium you got as a feedstock to distill the pure metal would be amazing, and a bit safer than directly reacting magnesium turnings and metal oxides, especially since Elias said that for larger amounts the reaction went too quickly, and they might have to use aluminum powder instead. I always disliked the dioxane purification process and needing to reflux the sodium in it for a long time to improve purity, such a mess and quite tedious for an otherwise very clean reaction, producing the sodium.

[@bpj1805]

Next up: how to make magnesium metal.

[@karolus28]

Cool

[@InsomniacNL]

Learned today that KMnO4 with H3O+ can also be used for making carboxylic acids from alkenes. Two weeks till my exam organic syntheses (sn1, sn2, e1, e2), wish me luck!

[@experimental_chemistry]

I tried these and other methods years ago (when chlorates were still allowed, but they are now banned here in the EU), but I never achieved significant yields or purities. It usually breaks down again into manganese dioxide shortly after adding carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid or chlorine. Or potassium chloride or hypochlorite could hardly be separated. Cans or crucibles made of iron are also a problem. Divalent iron, which is then present in the melt, reduces permanganate. I also only ever had one Bunsen burner at my disposal. I think that the hours of implementation in the furnace are ultimately a prerequisite for sufficient implementation.

[@PhinkTink]

chlorine, chlorine, chlorine, chloriiiiiiiine, please don't take my man even know you can

[@andersjjensen]

LOL. It took a second for this one to register which made it all that much more funny!

[@basvisscher934]

The chlorine generation could also be done with chlorate, since this reaction already uses this, it seems convenient. For someone who owns a proper set of op anodes, chlorate is also quite cheap to make.

[@piranha031091]

Such a beautiful purple. But stains everything brown!

[@andyd8370]

@4:56 As a pool service pro, I can say I've seen my share of "chlorine generators."

[@andyd8370]

And I have definitely seen a pool with purple crystals on every surface. We called it the "Purple People Eater."

[@bpj1805]

Deliberate or accidental chlorine generators? I think you must mean accidental, given your followup comment. What processes are causing that? What purple crystals - surely there's no manganese in swimming pools?

[@mecmax1583]

Any video on copper ii potassium cyanide

[@MrCloggedArteries]

How about a video on the manganous ammonium alum for a regeneratable oxidizer? There are some great post about it on the sciencemadness forums, but i would love your take on it. Just a suggestion/request😅

[@AssistantLeaflet]

I use potassium permanganate and glycerin as an emergency fire starter when camping.

[@duncanfox7871]

Is it possible to make carbon disulfide without the method that uses extreme temperatures?

[@commonsense-og1gz]

this is something i have heard is useful for sterilizing water and making sterilizing tincture for cuts among other things. maybe there is a lot of permanganate used in smaller countries for this.

[@skibidi.G]

You're still alive? LOVE YOU ❤️ GUY

[@bpj1805]

Oxygen is a pretty strong oxidizer too; can it be used to drive the oxidation to permanganate, albeit at the cost of more difficulty getting into intimate contact with the reaction mixture?

[@nunyabisnass1141]

"check on with me in anotjer ten years." Has it really been that long? I think its been six years since your chlorate cell video and i finally got around to doing that. I mostly just want to jse that see if i can get it to displace with a heavier metal, ut i doubt it.

[@DMWatchesYoutube]

Man how pretty

[@jordanhess2061]

What kind of output does it have ?

[@fmdj]

would that work with KNO3 instead of KClO3?

[@glarynth]

Do I need potassium permanganate? No. But darned if I won't watch the whole video!

[@EddieTheH]

It's actually pretty useful to have around the house.

[@kenon2414]

Have you considered making electrolysis of manganese metal into potassium carbonate using a salt bridge for the same result?

[@jinchoung]

mmmmmm... potassium pomegranate.... auuuuuuuuggggghhhhhhhhhh....

[@ArcadiaPalladius]

Nurdrage, do you think it's possible to make sodium ethoxide with NaOH and to shift the equilibrium forward using a drying agent like anhydrous MgSO4?

[@NurdRage]

lookup my video on "making trimethyl orthoformate" the one from 2015. In it i show how to make sodium methoxide, the procedure can be adapted for ethoxide.

[@andersjjensen]

Potassium Permanganate is also a very useful stain.

[@MSteamCSM]

What if i have some metallic manganese, can i make Permanganate via electrolysis using metallic manganese as anode?

[@NurdRage]

Yes, that was how it was done in some parts of the soviet union. But i'm not sure the conditions and electrolyte composition.

[@MSteamCSM]

@@NurdRage Yeah... electrolyte composition is what interested me...

[@experimental_chemistry]

Only works in separate cells.

[@perov3143]

Make a video on how to prepare Yellow Blood Salt.Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)

[@dpasek1]

Hey NurdRage, I have another pathway idea for you to try. Starting with Mn++, precipitate the hydroxide with NaOH, filter and wash, then roast at 100*C+ with exposure to air to get the pure Mn4+ dioxide. Or maybe use a stoichiometric excess of H2O2 solution and stir at room temp. Then proceed as shown in your video. Question: will KClO4 work as well as KClO3 as an oxidizer alternative to Cl2 gas? The former is easily available from pyrotechnic supply sources. Also, for a chlorine generator, you can treat pre-washed (to remove NH4 and Zn chlorides) battery paste with muriatic acid, and this will give you soluble MnCl2 byproduct which can then be used to get very pure Mn(OH)2. Instead of tin cans for the MnO2 -> manganate step, which use an elastomer seal in the crimp, which will pyrolize and leak when heated, you can use a cheap stainless steel bowl from kitchen accessories, or buy a SS beaker.

[@Josezwitterion]

The old Boss

[@MrCloggedArteries]

I'm havin problems with finding an efficient and straight forward way to make nitrite, so if you know how to make relatively pure sodium or potassium nitrite, I think that would be a valuable video. Especially given that it's getting rather difficult to buy certain places.

[@MrCloggedArteries]

And great video and explanations as always👌👌

[@ArcadiaPalladius]

The color of potassium permanganate reminds me of blueberry pie.

[@Doom2pro]

It reminds me of UV Black Lights.

[@jamesmy6044]

can you make potassium dichromate in a futer video ?

[@valeforedark]

My bro made this about 27 years ago as a teen. My mum was reading me a story. He kept getting water to try out his carpet out 🔥

[@lizard5678]

Can I interest you in some video ideas about renewable chemistry? Namely the wikipedia copper chlorine cycle, should be right up your alley. There are other versions of it, partial electrolytic, partial thermal, where hydrogen is electrolyzed. Also the electrolysis step to get CuCl2 from CuCl might be skipped as CuCl slowly disproportionates in contact with water. Maybe there is a way to speed it up. What is your opinion of this whole thing? Hydrogen is a terrible medium to store as energy reserves or ship around as fuel, but it can be converted to ammonia, which is better, or in the corn belt it could be used to upgrade cellulose waste into methanol or gasoline. Some thermal cycles, like the Westinghouse cycle, or sulfur iodine cycle don't deal with as much solids but suffer from high temperature requirements (800C) that are difficult with molten salt solar (NaKLiCl has a high mp, NaKZnCl2 low mp but boils at 700C, nitrates decompose, nitrites not so much but are still corrosive, there is no zinc nitrite wiki page but that one probably goes to ZnO), and parabolic troughs have an upper temperature limit of 400C due to the oil they use. I was thinking Co2O3-->Co3O4 +O2 at 250C, Co3O4+Cl2-->Co2O3+HCl, HCl+Cu-->CuCl+H2, CuCl-->Cu+CuCl2 disproportionation, CuCl2-->CuCl+Cl2 at high temp. Bromates might be another idea, Br2+H2O-->HBr+HBrO3, HBrO3-->HBr+O2 or -->H2O+Br2+O2, HBr broken up with copper like HCl, but it may not disproportionate to CuBr2. CuI2 never even forms. You are probably one of the best people to tackle this topic and have the tools and means too.

[@lizard5678]

I was reading the wiki page of copper fluoride and even fluorine gas can be made by heating it to 950C. I was also wondering if silver could be used to break up HCl, or HBr, or is that too much to ask. As in CuCl2+Ag-->CuCl+AgCl, CuCl-->CuCl2+Cu, AgCl-->Ag+Cl2 if it had a lower decomposition temperature than CuCl2, but wikipedia lists both high melting and boiling points for silver chloride. Maybe gold or palladium then. There is also Fe, Mn, Co, V redox chemistry, as in Fe2O3-->Fe3O4+O2, FeCl3-->FeCl2+Cl2

[@lizard5678]

Also in air lithium forms a thin hydroxide layer that must be conductive of nitrogen, under which a nitride layer grows indefinitely at ever decreasing rate, which must be conductive of lithium ions in order to keep growing, or nitride. Take a look at patents US3,208,882 and www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6885395 page 35/45 for a way to make lithium nitride from unseparated air at room temperature, which reacted with water gives ammonia, and the lithium hydroxide could be recycled by solar power electrolysis through nafion into battery electrolyte aprotic solvents then lithium metal, or from nafion directly into an expensive gallium alloy which then could react with air instead of lithium. But still solid lithium without gallium in the form of wires would be cheaper large scale. In deserts that lack an agricultural waste carbon source solar ammonia could be made and shipped around the world, as in from Saudi Arabia to Japan, where and HVDC link would be too costly. But even Saudi Arabia has large center pivot irrigation fields right in the desert and is an exporter of food, so the solar thermal hydrogen upgrading possibly gasified cellulose waste is probably more important. Then, with biofuels, we could keep our gasoline cars. I saw a video about present ethanol from US corn being energy negative, but from Brazilian sugarcane not. Perhaps a combined solar+bio in the corn belt keeping corn as food and only using the dried stalks and cobs, called corn stover, for fuel, could change that.

[@lizard5678]

I just had an idea about the sulfur iodine process. The H2 generating step there is low temperature, the only problem is the high temperature requirements of SO3-->SO2+O2. I was thinking using copper instead, with concentrated H2SO4 to regenerate the SO2, which is doable under 400C, and then tackling the copper regeneration, hopefully doable under 400C in thermal ways. Or some other reagents under 400C, perhaps requiring multiple steps each under 400C to get the whole thing done. PS. I just looked at CuSO4.5H2O TGAs, and water loss is complete at only 400C and further decomposition does not happen until 800C. If there were a way to elegantly convert the sulfate to chloride instead, then the copper chlorine O2 releasing step at relatively low tempereature could be combined with the sulfur iodine process hydrogen releasing step of low temperature, though at the cost of much complexity. PS2. Under wiki copper(I) chloride I read that it can be prepared from CuCl2 with comproportionation with Cu. So which way does this reaction go, disproportionation or comproportionantion, I guess it depends on conditions. But SO3 + H2O + Cu--> CuSO4 + SO2, CuSO4 +Cu + HCl--> CuCl+H2SO4 via comproportionantion precipitation, then the CuCl converted back to Cu and CuCl2 via disproportionation, and the CuCl2 used as in the copper chlorine cycle. But since that cycle requires temperatures of 500C for O2 release where the Cu reacts with HCl to form H2, there is not much gain from the 160C decomposition of HI instead. Both H2 release and O2 release should be well under 400C for a parabolic trough with oil operation, that stays liquid and is pumpable even at room temperature unlike a molten salt that's difficult to startup. The O2 release answer is probably in the reactions of Fe2O3-->Fe3O4+O2, Co2O3-->Co3O4+O2, or chlorate, bromate, iodate or maybe selenate decompositions, it has to be a low temperature O2 release process that's easy to build up to. How about tin, bismuth, antimony and lead, they have redox abilities too. I was also trying to look up silver sulfate TGAs but did not find any, and I don't know if silver reacts with conc. H2SO4 like copper does in the first place. Or if palladium or other nobler metals do. Wiki silver oxide page says it melts at 300C but starts decomposing at 200C. I really hate to bring up Hg mercury, but in theory it should react with H2SO4, and should decompose easily releasing O2.

[@lizard5678]

On the topic of heat exchange fluid, pretty much all simple carbon-carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds start to break at around 400C, as seen in the TGA of polyethylene, PTFE is a little better. I think the oil has to be highly aromatic to withstand temperatures near 400C, even multiply aromatic as in naphthalene, anthracene, etc., on its way to polycondensation and graphitization. Besides molten salts there is NaK that's used in nuclear reactors and some CPU cooling, but it's a terrible substance to work with. I heard of a girl working at a nearby nuclear plant unloading a railcar of NaK had the hose pop and the jet sprayed across her body, and her last words were "Am I gonna die now?". NaK is relatively cheap, but it corrodes metal at high temperature more than oil. There is also the super expensive gallium or gallinstan, also corrosive to metal. One could always circulate an inert gas, but it would need fat pipes and has low capacity and acts like an insulator. Oil is the ideal medium, liquid at room temperature, easy to pump through a cheap parabolic trough, so a chemistry breaking up water by thermal means well under 400C in all steps would be nice.

[@lizard5678]

I meditated more about this today. The partial electrolytic part in theory should allow to couple any two half cell reactions as you please, such as make HI from I2+H2O at one electrode, and silver oxide from silver and water at the other, then thermally decompose the HI to H2+I2, and the Ag2O to Ag + O2, both at low temperatures. Then you would have to fine-tune these compounds so they both decompose near 300C, so you can run your parabolic trough at 320-360C and be safely below 400C maximum temperature. On further thinking making HA hydrides like HI that are acids is difficult in a catholyte which tends to go basic, if you keep the anolyte and catholyte separated with a membrane, and only high pH stable hydrides such as NiMH electrode hydrides might be easy with electrolysis. If you don't separate with membranes and try to run something like HI at the cathode from dissolved I and HIO4 at the anode, if the two intermix they would probably just regenerate the I2+H2O. It seems easier to just gas out hydrogen, and focus on the anode reactions to create a precipitated oxo-compound at lower voltage than oxygen, then thermally decompose it releasing oxygen. As in making potassium chlorate, you gas out the hydrogen, but the chlorine that makes the hypochlorite that makes the chlorate above 60C evolves at a lower voltage than oxygen, all modified by the Nernst equation and stabilized by the precipitation of the potassium chlorate. So you make hydrogen gas plus potassium chlorate, then heat the chlorate with a bit of catalytic MnO2 to release the oxygen, then feed the potassium chloride leftover back into the cell. I don't know if you can create potassium bromate similarly, or potassium iodate, or silver iodate or copper iodate from iodide or bromide slurries. You can also make cobaltic oxide and ferric oxide and MnO2 and PbO2, lots of precipitated possibilities on the anode side. I don't know of precipitated hydrides, that would drop the voltage, maybe something organic that gets dehydrogenated easily with temperature, while gassed out hydrides might include H2Se, H3As but I think they happen at low efficiency without giving much voltage bonus. Toyota makes hydrogen via electrolysis with photovoltaic, which is 20% efficient x 80-90% electrolysis, while solar thermal can collect energy at probably 60-80% efficiency from which electricity can be made at x30% efficiency via a steam turbine, bringing you back to the 20% if it's electric you want not hydrogen. But if it's hydrogen then thermal can be more efficient overall, requiring less total land area, and a thin anodized aluminum clad steel paraboloid mirror should be cheaper than Czochralski grown silicon even today. Google billion dollar solar plant failure to see where they spent too much on molten salt solar thermal (when PV was still expensive) while this guy seems to spend too little www.youtube.com/@sergiyyurko8668 and the right answer is probably somewhere in between. Solar tracking does not have to be complicated, yesterday I saw a youtube video short I cannot find now, about using 2 mini solar panels to drive a single small tracker motor in opposite directions, and you just have to calibrate the placement of the mini-panels so if they get out of the shade they turn your paraboloid until they are both shaded again. No electronics. He actually used 4 mini-panels with 2 motors for a dish solar or large flat panel not 2 for a paraboloid, but it's the same concept. Just one more thing, I meditated another day, and making O2 and just releasing it seems like a waste. Making H2+OH + Cl2, as in alkali-chlor industry where the oxidizer produced is a valuable byproduct, it's used to make PVC, and the base is useful too, probably makes better business sense. I don't know if there are similar ways to make chlorine thermally, and not via electrolysis, and the caustic soda too. Caustic soda at least is doable via the Solvay process + quicklime, with CaCl2 byproduct as a waste, but there might be a way to extract chlorine from Solvay ammonium chloride by say reacting with ferrous oxide to get ferrous chloride plus ammonia, and if it complexates heat it to release the ammonia like the crystal water from CuSO4.5H2O, then oxidize with air to ferric so it hydrolyzes between pH 3 and 4 releasing HCl, and breaking up the HCl via copper to H2 + Cl2, and regenerating the ferrous by heating as in Fe3O4. It's complicated and the HCl release part does not work well, but there might be ways to generate H2 + Cl2 + NaOH in thermal ways, but electrolytic may beat it in efficiency. Plus the demand for H2 may much outweigh the demand for Cl2 and NaOH, but there is nothing wrong with making these latter two dirt cheap due to oversupply. There may be other oxidizers, like chlorine dioxide, or organic oxidation reactions that create value while cogenerating the H2. Just one more thing, perhaps another video idea. About the Solvay process, I feel it's incomplete, generating CaCl2 waste. In China, where they don't have Natron deposits like in the US, they practice the Solvay process, but instead of regenerating the ammonia, they build an ammonia plant cogeneration next to it, and create NH4Cl fertilizer that can be bagged and it's safer to handle than either anhydrous ammonia or NH4NO3. But the chloride part is not a very valuable item for agriculture. There may be a way to either generate HCl from NH4Cl (the thermal decomposition temperature is so high it wrecks the NH3 back to elements too), or use a weaker base to drive the Solvay precipitation, whose thermal decomposition temperature is more manageable. I think the pKa of HCO3 is around 7, while NH3 around 9, you need a weaker base, possibly an amine, closer to 7, as perhaps a resin or solvent extractant. Caffeine is solvent extracted into ethyl acetate, which is a safe, food grade solvent.

[@Blitnock]

How about a video on how to purify it from Pot Perm?

[@stamasd8500]

Dissolve in hot water, cool to crystallize, filter, partially evaporate the filtrate, cool to crystallize more, repeat. The diluent they use in PotPerm is sodium sulfate which is a lot more soluble in water than KMnO4.

[@TheBackyardChemist]

I wonder if ozone would work instead of chlorine.

[@bpj1805]

Even if it does, I think ozone is even more of a pain in the ass to deal with than chlorine. But what about regular old oxygen? That's also a pretty strong oxidizer and it's cheap. Just not very soluble in water.

[@TheBackyardChemist]

@@bpj1805 I think air might work but would probably require much longer reaction times not just due to solubility but also the presumably much higher activation energy.

[@djdrack4681]

wait is that decomposition reaction to KCl + O2 a viable as part of a air recirculating system w/ this releasing the O2 after the CO2 has been scrubbed (I forget what does that offhand).

[@NurdRage]

yes, research "chemical oxygen generator"

[@djdrack4681]

@@NurdRagethnx for rely as always. I thought it sounded familiar: I know the CO2 scrubbing is a Ca something (Carbonate) but yeah I'll have to refresh my memory. Can't wait for the next vid :)

[@bpj1805]

Look up "oxygen candle".

[@david2ljdavid2lj56]

Can you use potassium nitrate to oxidize and add the potassium ions?

[@ductoannguyen7595]

KNO3 was actually used in his previous video on making KMnO4(it was 14 years ago)

[@david2ljdavid2lj56]

@ductoannguyen7595 oh ok ty

[@Enjoymentboy]

How does the priory of this compare to the potperm you usually use?

[@NurdRage]

the commercial stuff is between 90%-97% pure, while this is 99%.

[@stamasd8500]

@@NurdRage are you sure? Various MSDS for PotPerm say it may contain up to 20-40% sodium sulfate.

[@NurdRage]

Yeah i thought it was weird too. But i titrated the stuff i had and it was 97.1%. I must have had a good batch.

[@MichaelLapore-lk9jz]

Why is you're hcl yellow???

[@NurdRage]

It's low quality hardware store grade

[@Everfrost1000]

I must be dyslexic. I read that as potassium pomegranate.

[@theHiddenStone]

Is there a reason it's always potassium, and not some other cation?

[@NurdRage]

Easiest to make. The other ones require more steps and thus are more expensive.

[@WeebRemover4500]

wait wait wait .... K2MnO4 + KOH + Cl2 = KMnO4? but KOH + Cl2 = KClO KOH + TCCA = KClO as well...... so K2MnO4 + KOH + TCCA?

[@vicesimum_phi8123]

Apparently Wikipedia says that sodium permanganate can be made from MnO2, NaClO and NaOH So if I'm not wrong I can just replace the chlorate with hypochlorite

[@NurdRage]

Yield is horrible

[@SaleKlar]

Walter White: "Meeh..."

[@Preyhawk81]

Instead of Chlorine or CO2 you can use Ozone that works much better.

[@That_Chemist]

5:36 couldn't you just use potassium hypochlorite + manganese dioxide?

[@NurdRage]

yield is horrible. you can get a purple color, and that's about it, there is not enough to crystalize out.

[@HoztileMANIkyn]

how do i get my GF Permanganate?

[@amineaminou-mk1yb]

Nurdrage Will you be absent for yen years again??!!

[@nekomakhea9440]

isn't potassium permanganate used in some types of solid rocket fuel?

[@TheBackyardChemist]

Not really, the big rockets use ammonium perchlorate.

[@dustinsmith8341]

The title of the video makes it seem like youre telling us to make it.

[@teresashinkansen9402]

Edit, NVM I saw thew reaction so it wont work.

[@mrt_tube]

Dude you made it way too thic

[@vx_nerve_agent]

69th

[@tahallium]

first