Man of Steel: Andrew Carnegie | The Gilded Age

Andrew Carnegie’s monopoly on steel supported the industrial boom of the Gilded Age - and made him one of the richest men in the world.
The Gilded Age premieres Tuesday, February 6 at 9/8c on PBS. Learn more at to.pbs.org/2E1N0Tf.

[@SuperGreatSphinx]

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel. Iron is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its temperature. In the body-centered cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the center and eight atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell; in the face-centered cubic, there is one atom at the center of each of the six faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices. It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. In pure iron, the crystal structure has relatively little resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another, and so pure iron is quite ductile, or soft and easily formed. In steel, small amounts of carbon, other elements, and inclusions within the iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that are common in the crystal lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight. Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements, as well as controlling their chemical and physical makeup in the final steel (either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases), slows the movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile, and thus controls and enhances its qualities. These qualities include such things as the hardness, quenching behavior, need for annealing, tempering behavior, yield strength, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. The increase in steel's strength compared to pure iron is possible only by reducing iron's ductility. Steel was produced in bloomery furnaces for thousands of years, but its large-scale, industrial use began only after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century, with the production of blister steel and then crucible steel. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, a new era of mass-produced steel began. This was followed by the Siemens-Martin process and then the Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron. Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS), largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the final product. Today, steel is one of the most common manmade materials in the world, with more than 1.6 billion tons produced annually. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations.

[@Edin12n]

I live 12 miles from where he was born

[@suziemalloy7216]

Thank you for this 🎉🎉🎉😊

[@the_cute_kitty]

who else had to watch this for school

[@thenavaldudetv]

Yup

[@jaydenpippin62]

Right I had to too

[@negan5986]

Me

[@angelgutierrez-kg5du]

Impressive

[@sdushdiu]

...just an add folks - nothing to see

[@sdushdiu]

Indeed your post is just that, asshat. I hope you enjoyed PBS' advertisement.

[@sdushdiu]

Michael Carnes Wouldn't it be nice if PBS actually had something to do with "Public" other than their corporate name and pandering monetarization structure? After all, PBS contends, they need government largess as many cannot afford or have access to various pay-TV venues. If they want to do something constructive other than pushing their politics with their hands out for government largess, walk their talk and post the program for the public to see. Oh wait, but they are busy punishing others with copyright strikes if they dare post a PBS program!

[@sdushdiu]

I am well aware of their corporate structure and how they have milked the public and government largess for their own PROFIT. I am also aware of their multi-tiered structure akin to an AmWay pyramid scheme where they make, and remarket products back and forth like a shell game between divisions. As I said, if they are truly what they claim to the PUBLIC to be as they hide behind volunteer spokespersons on PBS stations and refuse to explain their structure and finances, then post it for free for the public here and allow other to post non-monetarized versions as well. Until then, this is nothing but another free marketing vehicle pushing their anything but "public" product.

[@hunterswine]

💕

[@melissalowry9943]

A

[@melissalowry9943]

Andrew

[@melissalowry9943]

Vidoe

[@usaalways]

This age of the American dream was NOT an Obama or Bernie Sanders....that's for sure!