Medieval Organum : The Birth of European Harmony feat. Pérotin

[@faryafaraji]

This video aims to be a comprehensive, introductory overview at how harmony arose within the Western European tradition from its roots in Early Organum, developping until it took the form that it has today. Sources: Organum Duplum aux 12ème et 13ème siècles, Alban Thomas, academia.edu/resource/work/84526550 Organum, Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/art/organum Performing Medieval Music, Part 2/3: Turning Monophony Into Polyphony: earlymusicmuse.com/performingmedievalmusic2of3/ The Ancient Art of Organum: kzbin.info/www/bejne/hGSahIqBp7qtZtk 00:00 Intro 02:45 Harmony before Medieval Europe? 08:05 Organum and the Rise of Harmony 11:26 What is transposing to a fourth/fifth? 16:41 The sound of basic Organum 18:45 Why Early Organum sounds strange to some 21:20 Why transpose only to the fourth and fiffh? 23:40 Drone Organum and Harmony 26:30 The vertical lines become independent 33:50 Written down notation becomes paramount 36:50 From Medieval to Renaissance Polyphony 39:12 Modern Western Harmony

[@miastupid7911]

400 to go.

[@MauricePollei]

can you please, please do a scythian song in Pashto :)?

[@miastupid7911]

100 to go.

[@caitlana11]

It’s time to store the champagn in a cool place ✨💖✨

[@miastupid7911]

CONGRATULATIONS!!! Happy to witness your noble journey. Huge smile! Huge! Congratulations to your mom (tell her she will always be "first") and your Pappou too.

[@h0rn3d_h1st0r1an]

"Sir, this is a persian rug store."

[@faryafaraji]

My videos are lowkey filmed in a Persian carpet store after the owner passes out drinking arak everynight

[@yllejord]

I'm just happy someone is referring to the Balkans as something more than a messy, troubled cesspit and/or a cheap holiday destination.

[@unimaginative5352]

Non-french speakers will never be able to enjoy this video to its fullest

[@rasmusn.e.m1064]

I got that Pérotin was acting in a strange way because of his uninterested look and the way Farya reacted to what he said. I can only assume he used a very distinctly modern metropolitan French idiom.

[@unimaginative5352]

@@rasmusn.e.m1064 he basically spoke in very heavy slang with a lot of cursing and profanity

[@laurentsalomonoriginals3438]

J'adore la "traduction" particulièrement édulcorée !

[@ArturdeSousaRocha]

@@unimaginative5352 So basically the "Aeroplane" movie treatment? If you know, you know. :)

[@tarvos_trigaranvs]

Now I want to learn french, thanks... :|

[@Gaisowiros]

Wow it's great that you were able to have Pérotin on your show! He seemed to have loved his time there.

[@Greksallad]

As someone who doesn't speak French, I suspected there was something weird about Pérotin's way of speaking from the start but it wasn't until he started talking about Marseille, glocks and "kalash" that I understood that the subtitles were perhaps not completely accurate 😂

[@faryafaraji]

Only slightly not accurate 😂

[@Lerenwordtleuker]

This man’s ability to produce vocal examples of lines and instruments on the spot as a didactic gesture in combination with his articulate and visually rich style of explaining could be considered an art form.

[@toubi4316]

I wish I had a fraction, even just a small fraction of this guy’s talent.

[@kiaranecessary7972]

And a visually rich visage

[@TundraTrash]

One of the revolutions jazz brought to western music was the return to the "outline" form, with ornamentation and improvisation taking center stage. This subjected jazz to criticism from "serious" musicians, who considered improvisation anathema (Some exceptions among pianists and violinists dating back to the early Romantic, but they're the exceptions that prove the rule.) to such an extent that the "improvisational" cadenzas were all written out, with a few prepacked cadenzas being the only ones acceptable for every concerto. The total reliance on notation eventually backfired, though. I remember a line in "The Fabulous Baker Boys" where two brothers, the older a classically trained pianist and the younger a jazz pianist, are arguing about method. The older is ragging on the younger for not sticking to the music, and the younger finally snaps back, "Says the guy who, when they ask him to play 'Happy Birthday', has to ask for the chart!"

[@gammafoxlore2981]

The thing is, improvisation was expected of all ("classical") musicians before the 1900's... the last ones to (continuously) hold to this tradition are organists. You should look into the treatises written on improvisation... it was considered necessary and useful. (Funnily enough... it turns out that the academization of the western "classical" tradition turned out to be it's downfall.)

[@TundraTrash]

@@gammafoxlore2981 I've read a number of those treatises in my studies, and you're right that it used to be the norm and was drilled out. The organists still have some, but not to the extent they used to.

[@Nautiliam]

I love the dedication to making most of the video in franglais. This man has some top tier language skills.

[@jamesrivettcarnac]

He is also speaking multiple french dialects.

[@legocitykilldozer]

I was pausing to like this video every five minuits, I love your Pérotin character and as a person who grew up in Greece and started recently dealing with traditional music of this land and learning Ottoman classical music through the ney, these videos are a goldmine. My deepest thanks

[@christinasophieschultz5081]

So had problems listening to him ... he is so hot ❤

[@lucimicle5657]

I love that you now have more singing examples imediatly after explaining. Also, at about the middle of the video it all started to make sense, that was a nice feeling.

[@Silikone]

Tanzanian Gogo harmony is a pretty interesting contrast. It deals with "pentatonic thirds", which translates to anything ranging from major thirds to tritones from a Western perspective.

[@nicolasbertrand1779]

As a French guy I feel targeted by your imitation of French accent 😂 lovely!

[@OneFlyingTonk]

This is one of your most well produced Historical Musicology videos, your description of western music and how it evolved is something I didn't know and every 2 minutes or so I would pause and take note. Also the french polyphonic melody sounded completely alien in an angelic way...truly amazing.

[@borealmarinda4337]

How is this the best explanation of musical theory I have found yet? It seems so simple now, yet all the "basic explanation" I looked up before left me confused.

[@pierrepacalet6577]

J'enseigne le violon et la musique d'ensemble en France, et je m'intéresse de plus en plus à d'autres traditions que celle qui m'a été enseignée, pour mon propre plaisir mais aussi pour offrir à mes élèves une ouverture sur les différentes cultures musicales de la planète. J'ai découvert la chaine avec la vidéo sur l'orientalisme et j'explore petit à petit le reste du contenu c'est passionnant ! Et le bon accent franchouillard de Pérotin dans cette vidéo me régale. Merci pour tout ce travail formidable !

[@somerandomguypart]

you should look into the old russian znamenny chant as it is somewhat unique compared to other chant styles because of its usage into the modern day, and its byzantine inspired roots with old russian roots in there too

[@HistorywithCy]

This is such a informative and creative video. I know little about the history of music but you explain it really well and make it very interesting with your visuals...following along with the piano keyboard helps a lot! Thanks for putting this out!

[@lemonZzzzs]

the production, educational, and entertainment value of your lecture videos has been pretty impressive all along, yet keeps improving even further... pretty cool!

[@linerider195]

Your impression of a french accent in english is absolute gold

[@SirBoggins]

I'd love to see more of these. Your music videos are already wonderful, but these indepth studies are something worth sitting down to. I'd love to see some on ancient Europe and its musical traditions and how they're connected to modern Europe.

[@michaeldob9526]

Never had transposition been explained in such an easy way to understand. Truly great job.

[@digitaljanus]

So glad I found this channel. Mind-blowing musicology and great compositions and arrangements. You never disappoint sir!

[@Campanellaa]

That video was very very instructive, It put a very much needed twist and recontextualisation to the bit of musical history I knew (which... was about the history of harmony! but far less in depth). And it drive the point home of the written music being unique but for a specific goal. Never heard about it before this video, but it makes much more sense than the "universal langage" bit served during solfege lessons. Great work once again!

[@alextomialojc8905]

wsh Pérotin t'es incroyable frérot, plus sérieusement j'ai beaucoup appris merci de nous faire partager tes connaissances sur les anciennes traditions de la musique occidentale :))

[@TundraTrash]

The critique of the effect of classical revisionism on modern understanding of medieval and early modern music is gold.

[@gammafoxlore2981]

The hilarious thing, is that the classical revisionism come from the academic radicals (serialists, and modernists) of the 1900's. (Wait till you learn that "common practice" harmony is almost entirely, an anachronistic analytical contrivance.)

[@soniaberte1016]

😊 Merci pour une autre conversation épique 😊

[@firnheledien]

I learn so much from every talking video if yours. I know your passion is making historical music but these videos really enhance my understanding of not only music but also culture and how it relates to science and critical examination. Thank you so much for your channel!

[@__Rafaelleos___]

Farya, congratulations on 100 thousand subscribers!!!👏🏽🥳🎉. Good luck with your work!!!

[@fitzmeister87]

Avoir vu tes vidéos est comme sortir d'un très bon restau. La cervelle est pleine mais saine. Merci. À quand un diss track en vieux françois de Pérot1? 😂

[@realMoMoPuFF]

This channel is such a real and rare gem! ❤ I am wondering, what do you think about the future of music or today's music and styles. Are people still able to come up something new and magical?

[@faryafaraji]

Thanks alot! As for your question, I’m the complete opposite of those saying “music used was once great, everything has decayed,” etc. People have been saying that for 2500 years, there’s texts of Greeks in 400 B.C saying it. But music just keeps evolving in different forms. Everything from Ariana Grande to Dubstep and Metal have been offering us new kinds of sounds and new ways to deal with music, and comparing those to something like Medieval polyphony is an exercise in futility; they have completely different aesthetic purposes. There was always good music and bad music. You can have poorly done Dubstep and poorly done Renaissance polyphony too. I’m someone who loves analysing and celebrating all the different ways music can exist, which is why I listen to Pop just as much as Medieval music. One isn’t better than the other, they’re just different. There’s truly magical music being written today and mediocre medieval music, I think it’s about evaluating individual instances rather than judging entire genres/eras as a whole :)

[@realMoMoPuFF]

@@faryafaraji Omg, people really complaining about music for this long?! I didn't know that, so funny! Thank you for your answer, you gave me a lot to think about. ❤️

[@miastupid7911]

Different ways indeed. Simply put, Farya. All of it in this video was beautiful. Thank you.

[@luanacostea6711]

Thank you for the way you are telling your story. You have the keen sense of realising what the viewer's reaction is going to be, handing out verry funny responses in advance! And most importantly, explaining in simple words, in these very "straight to the point" metaphores, something unfamiliar in terms of music👍👍👍👏!

[@Fuchswinter]

I have to write an essay about the Magnus Liber Organum for a class i took iver two years ago, so this was fantastic to get into the topic again. Your explanations are fantastic and i loved Pérotin joining us. I'm glad I found this channel :)

[@petar.dj98]

I’d be intrested in a similar video on the orthodox chant tradition

[@cctreadway8962]

This whole thing is so good. You're a great teacher.

[@Sunshine-lo6vd]

36:51 …… 😆 Priceless !

[@ACIDVENOM2501]

C'était excellent et très instructif, comme d'habitude 👍👏👏 Pas facile de rester concentré quand c'est Pérotin qui tient le crachoir ! Mais n'empêche qu'il dit des choses bien (certaines mais pas toutes ! 😂)

[@no-secret-chart]

Another awesome video. Love your voice, whether you are singing or just talking. I continue to learn a lot from you. Plus you are really funny. Thank you for the great videos!

[@lacinycz9810]

Well, now im waiting your full version "Rosna Livada")

[@faryafaraji]

Working on it, it’ll be one of my main songs/videos of the summer!

[@lacinycz9810]

@@faryafaraji yay cant wait)

[@timothydeneffe249]

This was so detailed and comprehensive. I found it respectiful of all included components even if some of the included components are not respectful themselves. Thanbyou for this amazing work. I cant believe this type of historical music musum archive is on youtube

[@gilbo9576]

I'm so happy I discovered you KZbin chanel. High quality content, long videos, and humor in french ! Que pouvais-je attendre de mieux ? Merci beaucoup pour ce superbe travail, je vais prendre mon temps pour déguster toute les vidéos de la chaine ! Je debute en composition musicale, sans autre prétention que de me faire plaisir à moi même, je m'amuse beaucoup à mélanger les intruments, et j'essaye de donner à mes modestes petites musiques une touche médiévale (car elle aggrémenteront un livre audio de fantasy). Voilà pourquoi j'étais aux anges de recevoir quelques leçons de vous et du très distingué Perotin !

[@glishev]

It's great that you don't just sing but also speak on music.

[@margoschulter5279]

As a medievalist I richly enjoyed this presentation, including the encounter with Perotin. While agreeing on the importance of the Ars Nova and Machaut's Mass, I would emphasize the role of the Ars Antiqua and of Perotin in particular in developing complex polyphony for three and four voices. A study of the 13th-century motet would give excellent examples of the rhythmic modes in layered polyphony.

[@JordanSullivanadventures]

Wow, this finally explained to me how western musical harmony came to be as complex as it is. I always thought going from monophonic chants to Bach fugues was a pretty massive step; this help me understand what came in between. And I agree, drone harmony is one of the most beautiful 💖

[@marcinkrzeczunowicz8571]

More of this, pleaaaase!!!

[@LordRoku-]

thank you traveling back in time to interview Pérotin

[@lfakroll]

So thankful for this channel! Understanding how music from different cultures work and how it has evolved through time is very interesting(:

[@charlesdugay--leyoudec8712]

Très intéressant, merci beaucoup!

[@jamesrivettcarnac]

I got to say, i loved the 5ths version. It felt open and balanced dissonance with lovely harmonies.

[@JordanSullivanadventures]

Found you through your viking music video, what a treat! I have long been fascinated by ethnomusicology and have no idea there was a KZbin channel doing this. And your presentation style, skits, singing, vibe are all perfect

[@danwhowatches707]

Congratulations on 100k subscribers!

[@SheepStrategos]

Congrats on 100k subs!!!

[@kordianronnberg9090]

It's interesting what you say about starting to compose with chords, I often do that myself, and I also wondered why. Although I'm fascinated by polyphony and counterpoint, I often start with a harmonic framework anyway because as someone raised in the western musical tradition, It is difficult for me to assemble a picture of harmony from linear progressions of melodies. This is also the problem of modern music education in Europe. The main path of education from the Baroque to early Romanticism was figured bass and counterpoint, so popular composers like Bach, Mozart or even Chopin still thought horizontally. Meanwhile, now, in schools, functional harmony is used to analyze their works, and some things simply become overly complicated and pointless in this approach. Sometimes early music is cut into vertical slices like a ham, and this shapes early audiation reflexes. I'd like to hear the world through your ears one day! :) Thanks for the video and beautiful singing!

[@CaledonianGaisgeach]

you're almost at 100,000 subscribers. Good luck :D

[@tarvos_trigaranvs]

It is incredible how well you can put into context the information you present! 😌

[@timothydeneffe249]

Almost no one will understand how great Perotin is... un grand merci ;)

[@Konspiration100]

Thanks for explaining these really interesting background about the music I really really love, both music traditions are great, some persian music like mMuhammad Reza Shajarian literally made my cry, but I also adore our western music tradition and cannot hear enough of middle ages renaissance barock and classical music, culminating in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach in my opinion. And what I really love about your videos is they are not just informative no I seldom have so much fun watching any kind of videos, so as Persians say, dastet dard nakoneh and I am looking forward to more of this videos, thanks.

[@francoisdesaint-tite2968]

Je doute que M. Pérotin ai eu autant de succès avec la musicienne anglaise qu’il se vante, au vu de sa délicatesse et de son tact 😎

[@funkymaximus]

Surprised to hear Canadian french in a musicology video brother. Great channel

[@jamesrivettcarnac]

29:18 this gives me the chills.

[@CaudeBordier]

daaaamn what a collab

[@lupus_croatiae]

wonderful video. I love Pérotin's 'Beata Viscera'

[@ydkaachillesa9353]

Very like those videos about history of music, even more than music itself. Perhaps we could one day see video about different kind of instruments used in pre-gunpowder warfare, and how they connected with realities of battlefields.There is some literature on the topic, but not many people know why i.e. bugles were so prevalent and not horns or flutes.

[@tachiebillano6244]

Thanks for this! This was very educational.

[@DaniandPietroProjects]

what an awesome video! Looking forward to exploring your channel, thanks!

[@princepis]

Would love to see you re-release Ave Maris Stella using the organum styles seen in this video. I know you already have some of it at the end of your current version, but I love organum lol

[@gilliancalvert4127]

Can we have some music by Perotin? He was on your channel, please promote him. Western medieval music shows a slow reduction in spontaneity and a rise in the studied effect of harmony beginning in sacred music but eventually taking over. Always a plus and a minus.

[@khelian613]

This one's for all the french/english bilinguals out there (Magnifique l'accent de Pérotin 😆)

[@Vianaxoe]

Pérotin ave a veri goude franglish

[@rianaugusto9744]

man this video is awesome, im really happy with all that i learned

[@kaistinakemperdahl9667]

Am I the only one who is getting strong Kaamelott vibes from this video? (I’m aware that most people here don’t know Kaamelott, but I can’t be the only one.) Anyway, as a mainly classical musician, I found this extremely fascinating. Harmonies are extremely important to me. As a violist, I’m usually in the middle of the harmonies. Learning about how our harmonic system came to be is really interesting.

[@avigailomichael]

If I were ever to get the opportunity to go to a music school (a lack of opportunity is what leads me to learn on my own), I'd really want Farya to be my music teacher.

[@franciscosaraivasilvajunio9892]

Impressive work ! Congratulations !

[@The_reform_project]

Indonesian gamelan music could be something to cover

[@lisaayres-zp5jj]

organum: the art of medieval power chords

[@popsandworm]

Woohoo big up Ian Pittaway at Early Music Muse!

[@popsandworm]

AND Machaut! What a gift this video is

[@narukami4959]

how is man so talented

[@danafawadleh3160]

thank you for your informations 🎶

[@nupaliruns]

I wish there were more resources about composing music without relying on harmony, when looking into learning composition I can't seem to find any other method than just "write chord progression, write bass line then write melody" I'd love to hear about different approaches and their own techniques

[@matthewdee6023]

So if I'm reading this right, musical notation allowed for greater (and repeatable) complexity; already a hallmark of Western music. Which implies that what we know as Western music today wouldn't exist without notation?

[@faryafaraji]

Absolutely yeah, Western music in its essence is so tied to notation that it wouldn’t have existed as we know it otherwise.

[@toubi4316]

29:23 Oh okay, this is fairly pretty. 29:27 We now have peak beauty, the god of music would be pleased.

[@someoneunknown9947]

Correct me if I'm wrong, hasn't there been Christian Chants before the middle ages (as far as I know late antiquity lasts until 476 AD) ?

[@faryafaraji]

There were yeah, the oldest Christian repertoire is called Old Roman Chant

[@mobilemarkazi-ev6xz]

در مرحله اول حیرت کردم بینظیری همانند شما چطور ا شناخته شده نیست !؟ ولی .......جوابش خیلی ساده ست و انرا یافتم ! موضوع مرد عنکبوتی نگاه کردن و قورمه سبزی خوردن ! بجز یک کلمه که سانسور ش میکنم !!!! ولی اجرا عالی بود 😂 ولی بنظرم دلایل زیاد دیگر ی هستش که شاید شما نمیدونید و یا بهش توجه نکردید !؟ من دیشب واقعا بطور تصادفی با کانال تون اشنا شدم ❤ ولی نه اینکه نمیخواستم !!!

[@galadballcrusher8182]

Ahem as a Greek, about the pre-medieval existence of harmony and talking about organum, google "hydraulos", it is a hydraulic ancient Greek organ you can see remnants of it in museum of Dion, in Greece in macedonia district.

[@faryafaraji]

What is the argument supposed to be here, exactly? How does the usage of organs somehow equate the usage of harmony?

[@khazaaaar]

Very useful and funny video ❤

[@weloverobospam]

I recall having read that in 'vox organalis' - the word organalis means 'instrument', which could be interpreted as 'voice' but may have, in early organum, actually been an instrument, since instruments were introduced early on to keep choirs on pitch and avoid the changing intonation problems (comma pump) that can naturally occur with an unaccompanied choir. I had imagined that the practice of organum could have developed by simple mistake, given that many string instruments used for this purpose have courses in parallel fourth or fifths and its an easy mistake to begin a melody on the incorrect course - I don't know, but in any case, it's a useful way to visualize or audiate the sound - for example, playing a melody on a guitar on a single string, but also fretting the string above.

[@deadfroginpepsican]

so you're saying smoke on the water is an authentic reproduction of how organum developed?

[@weloverobospam]

@@deadfroginpepsican Ritchie Blackmore says precisely that: kzbin.infoAlSB7PCU2tM

[@weloverobospam]

I didn't say that, but for what it is worth, that is precisely what Ritchie Blackmore claims: kzbin.infoAlSB7PCU2tM So, basically, yeah, smoke on water is an authentic implementation of organum.

[@ashenen2278]

Oh, another traditional harmonic tradition (though inside Europe) is the Iceland tvísöngur, where two voices sing in parallel fifths and those voices can cross across each other (I mean one voice is change from below the second voice to above the second voice, phrasing it a little simplified). I don't know how recent it is or whether it comes from an old tradition. Also, I, growing up in Germany (so I head instead Heinrich Schütz as the superior Rennaissance composer! [my brass section mentor though thought the Orlando di Lasso is better than Bach]), we learnt that a way of singing harmonically in folk tradition are "Schusterterzen" (cordwainer thirds), where the second voice sings a third transposed below the main melody

[@tzor]

A little late to the party but here are my two cents. At the end you mentioned Ben's complaint about Rap that it lacked harmony. Sometimes I would argue that rap lacked melody. But music, such as it is, is a complex arrangement of melody, harmony, and rhythm, and they don't have to be all there at the same time. A good example is Toch's Geographical Fugue which has neither harmony nor melody but a complex web of spoken tonality. It's one of the reasons why I can't see rap as anything other than a syncopated tradition from the patter sequences of Gilbert and Sullivan.

[@Laurelin70]

I wonder if the birth of polyphony is what brought forth the birth of the measures and of the different duration of the notes: you can't possibly make all those different melodic lines be consonant in specific places if you don't give the notes a specific duration and if you don't strictly follow the beat and the tempo indicated in the measures; and notation becomes essential when that piece has to be sung by other singers or played by other players, because they can't be free to ornament at will, risking of going "out of tempo" and missing the consonance.

[@josuefox]

Super intéressant ! Quand Pérotin chante, ça me rappelle le chant corse ( paghjella?)

[@БронгоХролоролобиц]

The question is if we take organum as the first step into more complex chord progressions: would the individual voices of an organum composition be ornamented or would they already have been held more closely to their notes to generate that harmony

[@samthesomniator]

People were outrageous about Ars Nova. 😃 The Popes finally had enough of so much complexity so Docta sanctorum patrum from 1322 eventually banned such music in church. 😃 And that was also when it went into pop culture. It was punk back in that days, it was provocative and so ppl. used it more and more in the profane context. ☺️

[@ZoranuricWish]

Big... Huge LIKE ! :)

[@Risu0chan]

Those who don't understand French are missing something :)

[@g-man4744]

Ce Perotin est un bien grossier merle, monsieur !!

[@cantionaleecclesiasticum5378]

38:00 young Otto Florent singing and drinking with his Essosi friend Farya

[@marinka1895]

Hey man, love your content as always. Just need to chime in, since you give the example of Bulgarian choirs at the beginning - the performance style that was made popular by the Mystere de voix Bulgares, Philip Koutev ensemble, Angelite choir, Trio Bulgaria, etc. were, for the most part, fabricated by Bulgarian composers trained in the Western European classical tradition and do not exist in "authentic" village folk tradition. The exact song that plays here, "Dragana i slavey" (Dragana and nightingale), was composed and arranged by Philip Koutev himself. If you would like to hear more "authentic" Bulgarian/Balkan choirs, look for local music groups and ensembles performing, there's many videos online from festival gatherings, for example. In Bulgaria, folk (non-religious) choirs exist in the Western parts of the country. You may be familiar with the "Bistrishki babi" (Bistritsa grandmothers) who perform polyphonies from Central West Bulgaria (the Shoppe region). Some famous performers from the Macedonian region that you can easily find are the Bisserovi sisters, Banski starcheta and Gruevi sisters. The polyphonies from the Nedelino district are also distinct. I'm not a musician but all these songs have quite a different and, to many listeners, not so "harmonic", sound from the more famous choral renditions. Balkan countries have their own unique regional styles, and all those don't necessarily know borders. :)

[@MarEle-yj9sz]

That moment when you understand english and french

[@akitku1489]

I wish I did! T_T

[@Eugene-tm8fm]

I physically felt my brain expand as I watched this, thank you Farya and Pérotin. I was pausing constantly and waving my hands and mumbling to myself like a madman so that I could grasp everything you said. I wonder, was the reason that Western music theory was able to become so vertically complex, and thus so reliant on being written down, due to the invention of the printing press? You mention that the development of polyphony (and a couple of other styles I think, forgive me all of this terminology is a lot for me to take in) occurred during the late Middle Ages and the printing press was also invented in the late Middle Ages. If the printing press wasn’t the reason for this change, did its invention exacerbate and/or solidify changes that had already taken place? Very wordy question, sorry if I worded it weird

[@faryafaraji]

That's a fascinating question I hadn't considered. The invention of printing would definitely have exacerbated the spread of polyphony and writing based compositions, but those were already occurring a few centuries before the invention of printing, so printing can't be the main reason or cause for it. Tastes for polyphony had already developed, and the printing press solidified its spread.

[@Eugene-tm8fm]

I see. Thank you Farya, very interesting stuff