Megalithic Sacsayhuaman: Older than the Inca? An investigation into megalithic architecture styles

A virtual tour of the mysterious megalithic site of Sacsayhuaman - and a look into the 3 styles of architecture that are prevalent here, and on many other ancient sites in the sacred valley of Peru.
This is part 2 of my series on this astonishing place. I wanted this to be a little more relaxed and casual than my normal videos, and the goal was to give you a good look around this site, it's one of my favorites, and an enduring mystery.
Part 1 is here: • The Megalithic Mystery...
My video on Andean architecture styles: • Why the Megalithic And...
Music:
Scott Gratton - A Moment
Scott Gratton - The Minutes
Scott Gratton - The Hours
Scott Gratton - The Seconds
Sunrise Drive
Audionautix - Pilots of Stone
Pilots Of Stone by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
Artist: audionautix.com/
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[@jonathanmartin872]

I have to say--your vidoes are spectacular. I was a Classics major at Stanford, and your science-based approach completely changes everything I was taught. Thank you so much.

[@1942catman]

But who were these early builders?? and when

[@marshalbass7098]

Best Sacsayhuaman vid yet. I'm with you Ben, it's hard to image people building it!

[@captaincruloc3200]

Absolutely fascinating....I can't stop watching.

[@manus.P118.8]

I live in Scotland and there's vitrified stone forts that have literally been melted to the foundations and are NEVER talked about. I love this stuff , it boggles the mind when thinking of the past as we really have no idea what went on.

[@radicalliberalist8310]

Where in Scotland?

[@manus.P118.8]

@@radicalliberalist8310 I know of one just outside Fort William..heard of others don't know where

[@radicalliberalist8310]

@@manus.P118.8 Could you find it on Google Maps?

[@manus.P118.8]

@@radicalliberalist8310 I'm not sure mate it's literally just a hill with foundations it might be highlighted as a castle , I only found out about it recently myself .. Try Google it

[@stevegagnon9451]

MMC 33 oooh you heard of others

[@loresevera2156]

Thanks, a fascinating tour of Sacsayhuaman. I love your clear presentation style too, and as a fellow aussie I am SO happy to hear an aussie accent on KZbin - not many of us do this kind of work.

[@davidhalliday616]

Again, I really appreciate the work you do with these videos. It’s good to know we have a rich worldwide history. It gives me hope. There existed extremely qualified people, capable of impossible tasks, who built in touch with nature in a way that we no longer are, but can be once again.

[@davidhalliday616]

It seems that most of the main stream academics can look at the same structures that we do but not really know what they’re looking at. They deny the builders due respect. Size and precision is what gives it away. We are so vain, we refuse to even think it possible that the ancients were, in some ways, equal to or better than us.

[@danjackson2014]

The fact that you get off your ass and go and visit these sites says a lot about the quality of your work. I've only just found your channel and it is truly top notch.

[@Scottyrock1000]

Fascinating work you have done here. I can't help but wonder why so long ago, anyone would have put so much extraordinary time and effort into a structure as these Megalithic Walls unless it was fairly easy for them to do so. Graham Hancock, Brian Forester, and others as well as yourself are working towards the truth. Thank you!

[@yelnaw]

Awesome work mate. I have HAMMERED your channel in the last two weeks and have loved every minute. Thank you 🙏

[@thomasbeauvais4921]

Hey mate, I'm from CANADA and trust me you are greatly appreciated here. I been following through you work for about 4yrs now that you do Ben, you are one of best to explore this topic, in modern times and being honest. I love your candor, and to look at different angles from the mainstream. Keep up the fantastic work that you are providing us with a new set of eyes, and it is very much appreciated. Plus, always looking forward to your new podcasts.

[@LoneWolf-479]

This was brilliant. I am obsessed with this site & hope to see it in person one day. This is probably the best content I've seen. Extremely well done

[@sambush3502]

Going to cusco will be the best decision you can ever make...stay at a place called triunfo hostal. It's a block away from Hatunrumiyoc street and within walking distance to sacsayhuaman. I went in 2022 and I know that I must return at least one more time. By far the best place I've ever visited.

[@baxtronicxavier]

Very interesting, that point where the giant cracked off rock is actually covering the megalithic wall. Just so intriguing. Excellent stuff again!

[@scottyboy7462]

i can’t believe you don’t have over 100k subs yet!! i’m sharing your channel with everyone i know. i vow to help build your viewership. the knowledge, videography and narration are superb. ❤️🇺🇸

[@sancho8521]

... When I die, it is then that I will get my answer of how these megatonnage stones were moved. Looking forward to that day....

[@HiFiDaddy]

Thanks for your comprehensive commentary on such cool and mysterious subjects like this! I am so astounded by these hard-to-believe accomplishments, so dang long ago. It really makes you think deeply with much wonder!

[@JustinOpinionChannel]

Just your ability to pronounce the names of these places is worth subbing! Great work, as always.

[@nancyM1313]

🤣😂keep thinking the same. Excellent!

[@lonedogism]

One can only imagine how impressive sacsayhuaman really was considering that less than one third of the original walls are still there.

[@jeffborne1]

Excellent presentation, fabulous footage. Thank you, Ben.

[@ChrisfromGeorgia]

It just makes sense that the Inca were like the Egyptians. They didn't build the structures, but claimed them as their own, adding on to them over time. Thank you for all of your hard work! Peace

[@ChrisfromGeorgia]

@@davidleomorley889Everyone believes in Santa Claus! Keep enjoying being a pretentious jerkoff. Peace

[@GuitarandMusicInstitute]

David Leo Morley hey David, have you always been an obnoxious shit or is something you’ve had to work on?

[@GuitarandMusicInstitute]

David Leo Morley Actually I did not express an opinion one way or the other regarding the content of the video, I was specifically addressing your pompous nonsense above....

[@ChrisfromGeorgia]

@@davidleomorley889 Dude listen...I appreciate that you're passionate about this and thank you for the links. With that being said, I'm in my early 40's and don't even know if I am right about how everything has become the way it is. Personally, it is my belief that there was an advanced civilization/civilization's (not saying aliens) that built many of these wonders we see around the world. Imo, there was also a catylysm or many catylysm's here on Earth that have left us picking up the pieces and starting over. Wash, rinse, repeat. By no way am I saying that modern man incapable of tremendous feats that blow one's mind. What I have said is just my opinion. Nothing more, nothing less. Anyway, I will gladly take you up on covering my travel expenses so I can become a worldly intellectual such as yourself. Take care there Leo and try to stop talking about your facination with Santa Claus...I get it already. Peace

[@ChrisfromGeorgia]

@@davidleomorley889 Thank you for all of the information. I'm glad you had the opportunity to physically visit these places. I live in the Southeastern USA. The furthest I have traveled is Mexico. My family went on a vacation to Cozumel when I was in my late teens. At that time all I cared about was getting intoxicated and getting laid. I kick myself in the butt because my brother and I did see some ancient ruins, but I couldn't even tell you what they are called. Nowadays, it is hard for me to travel because of medical issues. Hopefully I will get the chance to see many of the places you mentioned in my lifetime. I'm sure if we met face to face we would have more in common than not. I try to keep an open mind, but sometimes it is hard to filter out what is real and what isn't, especially when you are older and find out all of the bogus information that was taught in school. Thanks again for the information. Take care and enjoy this day. Peace

[@stevefaure415]

Fabulous video. Highlighting the profound mystery of this place without indulging in the wild conjecture that mars so much of the study of these places and without the very destructive habit most people have of pitting themselves on one side of an argument or the other.

[@cglittle683]

This is exactly the reason why I've subscribed and I couldn't have said it better.

[@tobytoxd]

Same here :)

[@diponyou50]

Glad I found your channel; you give a fresh take on a lot of these sites that were starting to get stale. Keep it up

[@muxman5]

It seems the Uran Pacha had the same disregard for the difficulty of shaping and moving stone as the Hanan Pacha. Both levels of civilization wouldn't have seen the materials as particularly difficult to work or place as seems obvious by the proliferation of sites. It's a completely different way of seeing the material's properties. We live in a civilization which doesn't use stone with the same ease because we see the stone as hard, heavy and intractable. To finally comprehend what we are seeing we will have to shift our thinking outside our glass and steel paradigm and accept there were highly advanced cultures (global?) whose technology had a different root of understanding.

[@TonyTrupp]

Spanish chronicler Cieza de Leon 1553, pg 176: “As for laying foundations, making strong buildings, they do this very well; it was they who built the houses and dwellings of the Spaniards, and they made the bricks and tiles, and laid large, heavy stones, putting them together so skillfully that it is hard to see the joinings. They also make statues and other larger thins, and in many places it is clear that they have carved them with no other tools than stones and their great wit”. “Stones too big to be carried were moved on rollers with the aid of wooden pry bars and large crews of men pulling with ropes.‘ The blocks were raised into position by building a ramp of earth and stones up to the height of the wall and running the blocks up on their rollers. Cobo saw this technique used by Indian workmen employed on the construction of the Cuzco cathedral (1890-95, bk. 14, ch. 12), and a half-finished chullpa at Sillustani in Puno has such a ramp still in place” “The tools used were few and simple. Bronze and wooden crow- bars and levers were used for moving stone; the former are numerous in archeological collections. (A specimen from Machu Picobu was illustrated by Bingham, 1915 b, p. 182, No. 3.) Bronze chisels of several different shapes have also been found, and were probably used for drilling holes in stone and for woodworking (University Museum, Cuzco; and see Mead, 1915, fig. 3, e).” Spanish chroniclers “El Inca” Garcilaso de la Vega: “they had no other tools to work the stones than some black stones hihuana with which they dress the stone by pounding rather than cutting.” “Stones were generally worked with stone hammers, preferably of hematite or other heavy ores (Cobo, 1890-95, bk. 14, oh. 12; specimens). The hammer marks can still be seen on the Yucay limestone blocks of which the fortifications at Sacsahuaman are built. The process of working stones with stone hammers is not as slow and laborious as many people who have never tried it are inclined to believe. Sand and water were probably used for polishing when a smooth surface was desired.” “The mit’a.-The Inca taxpayer’s second labor obligation was the MIT’A, or labor service. The Government required each taxpayer to perform a certain amount of work annually.” … “Thirty thousand men at a time are said to have worked in the construction of the Sacsahuaman fortress, which was probably the greatest single construction job undertaken by the Inca.” (Cieza de Leon mentions 20,000, based on incan oral history) Chronicler Guaman poma de ayala, an inca descendent, also has drawings from shortly after the spanish conquest showing how they moved them, with a team of men pulling the megaliths with ropes, similar to the ropes that they used for the inca bridges. There have been studies by archeologists testing the strength of those ropes, where each was capable of holding at least five thousand pounds when about two inches in diameter. They did also have thicker ropes.

[@jimsmith8434]

I agree.

[@daytradersanonymous9955]

@@TonyTrupp pretty long comment forgive me for not finishing it, what's the point? Stone hammers and bronze chisels and pry bars?

[@saadamehdi2848]

​@@daytradersanonymous9955 Sources don't always say the truth, Spaniards among others. They're likely to lie or exaggerate whenever it suits their agenda, for one reason or another, sometimes not even consciously or with ill intent. If I was to believe every source under the sun then Hyperborea must have existed, with giants living a thousand years... Anyone with a background in history would know that. That's we cross-check and ask for empirical confirmation whenever possible.

[@saadamehdi2848]

@@TonyTrupp in case of Chronicler Guaman poma de ayala, being Inca, like many locals today, most likely want nothing more but to defend his people and pride as a civilization, against the horror Europeans put them through. Factual truth, in that case, usually takes a second seat.

[@MattDavey68]

Thanks for these two videos. I am fascinated by these old ruins. I think you are completely right abou their earlier origins. I am also convinced that there is an earlier civilisation that has been lost to us. Hopefully one day if enough people keep pointing out the bleedin obvious, mainstreem archeology will eventually catch up!

[@eyemallears2647]

Ben you’re the best. You should be very highly decorated and respected for your work and presentation.

[@RostislavLapshin]

Several methods of fabrication of the polygonal masonry using clay/gypsum replicas, a topography translator, and reduced clay models of the stone blocks along with a 3D-pantograph are described in the article “Fabrication methods of the polygonal masonry of large tightly-fitted stone blocks with curved surface interfaces in megalithic structures of Peru” (DOI: 10.20944/preprints202108.0087.v7). KZbin does not allow a direct link. Search by the article title.

[@goatslab]

But they know the quarries where these solid stones came from.

[@RostislavLapshin]

The 10th article edition (DOI: 10.20944/preprints202108.0087.v10) is posted. Search the article by DOI or by title.

[@sav7568]

The light shows up the scoop marks really well at 8:00.

[@jc9724]

When standing a sacsay-huaman next to that wall, you can really appreciate the awesome sight.

[@andreasbjerve4320]

The bulging stones suggests that they were in a semi-soft state at some point, and that the weight of the stones above might've pressed down on the rocks below, creating that marshmellow bulging look...

[@brienfoerster]

Nice work Ben.

[@UnchartedX]

Thanks Brien!

[@brienfoerster]

@@UnchartedX Keep up the good fight.

[@fcmacken]

Beyond our understanding in the manipulation of solid matter. We are infants in the knowledge of how our ancestors formed these monoliths.

[@UnchartedX]

A casual guided tour of one of my favorite places around Cusco - Sacsayhuaman. I know I spelled 'Ollantaytambo' incorrectly in one of the labels, that pesky 'a' key sneaked in. If you like the work I do, please subscribe to the channel, and consider supporting UnchartedX via the value-for-value model at unchartedx.com/support !

[@superstitiouspre-literatep9730]

Aye mate you watching ufc 242?

[@UnchartedX]

@@superstitiouspre-literatep9730 I am indeed

[@superstitiouspre-literatep9730]

@@UnchartedX man ppv gonna be insane who ya got on main event?

[@UnchartedX]

@@superstitiouspre-literatep9730 I like both guys a lot, but as someone whos dabbled in the grappling I've been on the smesh bandwagon for a long time....

[@superstitiouspre-literatep9730]

@@UnchartedX same here... its khabib time!

[@QuestionsStuff]

28 seconds in I'm loving that bass intro :)

[@helzapoppin9810]

Tremendously impressed with your work and level of knowledge.

[@rogier8451]

Very nice explanation and I really like the questions you are placing. I have been in sacsayhuaman and the energy of it and the enigma/mysterie it expresses never let go of me. All over the walls there are figures, like the lama, snake, praying man, duck and more. Unbelievable and astonishing magical place. Compliments for your work, please go on with the good work.

[@hannahinwonderland2335]

Genuinely love your content. Such thought and research that has evidently gone into it. Keep up the informative videos. Yourself and a few others on KZbin offer a true insight into our past that mainstream archaeologist/professionals don't even want to address let alone research into. Eternally grateful.

[@RZRMINERBDR]

Incredible footage as well as narration. Thank you for sharing. My curiosity will never fade for these things. How cool would it be to wake up one day and have all the answers revealed?

[@sherwoodsmallidge9186]

love how you use logic and do not take wild jumps to aliens!! good on you

[@marcusrussell8660]

The pre-Inca stone work is so old. For some reason I think it is 50,000 years old. The beauty of it is mesmerizing. I have no idea how they move the stones and shaped them. Just today I found your site and will support it, though money is tight. You have my new favorite site. Also love the music.

[@kevin8poison142]

Awestruck at size of stones used and fit so neatly in walls and corners, its mind boggling. And distance to quarry leads to some vexing questions of transportation. How the joints are so tight and the unusual shapes of rocks lead to some unusual questions. Good show.

[@kirkjones9639]

All I ever get from my relatives in Peru, about the walls and foundations, that have been incorporated into everything from field boundaries to buildings, is a shrug or that they were built by the people who were there before. I get the impression they think I'm too young for the information. After all I'm only 68.;-)

[@lejardine]

Apparently the Inca themselves even said they didnt build anything megalithic so who knows.

[@honeysucklecat]

@@lejardine According to whom did the Inca say this? You do realize that several Inca sites were under construction when the Spanish came in? And that, to this day, one can see the various stages of the construction process, right there for the looking at, all over what was once their Empire? These things are not a mystery.

[@CaliforniaCarpenter7]

@@honeysucklecat Shove it, weasel. The Inca stacked pebbles in mud cakes and it looked to be about as advanced as grass skirts and bone hoop earrings. I’d wager the World’s top ten architects wouldn’t even know where to begin if they were asked to build a to-scale Megalithic stone wall. It’d be far easier to build a ship and send it to Mars, we aren’t nearly advanced enough yet to transport gargantuan stones 25km *up and down mountains* and erect them seamlessly in their dozens of thousands. The Inca did a much better job than someone like you could do, surely, but there is a clear difference in skill between the different projects. Cheers, Larry.

[@kellyflynnmcmanus8222]

Well worth the wait. Can't wait to see it for myself in 2020. Good work Ben.

[@Gabachazo]

Best explanation of the distinct construction styles!

[@hannibalbarca4140]

Your channel is the single best one on this subject matter

[@corvuslight]

Excellent presentation! As always, profound gratitude for the work 👍👍👍

[@sancho8521]

Love & appreciate your work Ben. When can we look forward to a video from your recent trip to Egypt?

[@magnushansen1045]

You are part of the solution sir 🙏 Sharp delivery is key, and you are unlocking it!

[@sorcerersofstone]

Absolutely my favorite site in Peru! A fascinating place! Love your commentary and footage. I will definitely send some money your way soon. Thank you!

[@robbass7611]

But for real, really enjoy your work, you've certainly put a lot of time and thought into it, giving some amazing insights and opening people's eyes

[@wainr777able]

Wonderful video Ben. I, like many others, will probably never get to visit any of these ancent sights that are so beautiful and mistorious. Your videos are the portal through which visions of these wonderful places are shared to so many that would have never seen them at all. And I will say once more that your commentary is memorizing. I believe that you could make a video about drying paint sound interesting.

[@americalost5100]

You are an excellent speaker. You have a pleasant voice and the listener is not plagued with the constant ums and ers and uhs you get from so many other speakers on KZbin. You also organize and present youd material very well. Hope you get lots of subscribers....

[@brendangilmore4297]

Great footage & commentary - kudos to you for the lack of wild speculation, too. Thumbs up!

[@valeriecurrie2507]

I like the geo polymer theory. I’ve always thought the blocks in the ‘zigzag’ walls look like they’ve been cast in some sort of ‘bag’ in situ, and allowed to set on top of and against each other. This would explain the varied shapes, the tight fit and the bulging appearance. Some even look as if there’s been a weakness in the ‘bag’ causing the ‘knob’ effect you see sometimes. It reminds me of 20th century walls I’ve seen made out of cement sacks. These have no mortar and no gaps either, for the same reasons.

[@Antique803]

Llama skins

[@redwoodcoast]

Bags don't pass the test of logic, but softness definitely does. It remains a mystery how the blocks got their shapes but it's very clear that when pushed together they were soft to a depth of a couple inches.

[@robpullar4257]

I work on geopolymers, and they are aluminosilicates, made by a room temperature reaction of at least partially amorphous silica with a strong alkali such as sodium hydroxide. The are not calcium based like limestone, and if they contain calcium, it is a minor content. I do not see how limestone based geopolymers could be made. They also tend to be porous, due to the reaction.

[@redwoodcoast]

@David Hathaway What you mean to say is that we, today, do not know the methodology required to turn powdered stone + water + geopolymer binder into stone. Our ignorance does not reflect on those who once had the knowledge that we lack because we don't need it, using instead Portland cement. And don't point to a non-existent difference between natural stone and artificial stone since the later is about 98% composed of the former. No human eye can tell the difference.

[@teresapoudrier494]

A certain frequency could "loosen" the granules enough to make stone, clay like and form fitting, then when the device is turned off, the rock returns to its rigid state. Lifting/moving them might be doable in a similar way.

[@yosuto]

fantastic stuff! keep up the great work!!

[@litltoosee]

Ben: an areal overview of this sight would be very interesting, and revealing I think!

[@RockyMtnRebecca]

Fabulous work - thank you.

[@danndeelion]

Such excellent footage! I feel as though I am there and it's really stunning, not only your footage but the architecture itself. Two cultures not only centuries apart but also locationally half way across the world are using BOTH granite and limestone in their megaliths. WHAT is with these two stones that make them so special, that cultures divided by time and space would use them on their sites? I find it very interesting that carbon was found in the andesite stones.. some of these stones with the nobs seem as though they have been cut like a pontil of glass. Are these carved tunnels all limestone? Like in Egypt? You present so many concepts that we need researchers to follow and answer! You are just the TIP of the ancient iceberg, I get so excited every video you post!! Keep up the great work!

[@ReturnViewersGuide]

Great video 👍 thanks for showing so many great examples

[@evananderson8452]

Very Good Video. You are correct about the site being re-purposed

[@mrt6393]

Another great video....am working my way through your whole library! Keep up the good work!

[@snugpete]

thanks for your nice work ben. i enjoy watching your videos a lot. i like the way you explain things. always with the right amount of objectivity and good arguments. greets from switzerland.

[@canthama2703]

Superbly done. Amazing video.

[@stevemcfarlane2582]

Great video. Btw, got my t shirt, uncharteredX, love it, great quality, thanks!

[@wrotewest4728]

Just came across your channel. Been watching a lot of your stuff. Really enjoy it! Great work. Seems like you really put in the homework and time to research this stuff a lot.

[@51vvince]

Excellent video many thanks

[@philharrell9180]

Thanks for another excellent video...

[@01smileyface]

on the back area of Sacsayhuaman 😉😁👍. keep up the great work!

[@archimikebilll]

Thanks Ben. Very well unexplained. Thanks also for your clarification about the geopolymer, it makes sens.

[@AnonCh4r1i]

I think the geopolymer idea as I understand it is they filled some kind of sacks or bags and lay them, before setting / fusing them somehow.

[@outdoorsjoe]

I'm currently reading Graham Hancock's most recent book "America Before" and then I discovered your channel a few days ago. I've just been watching all your videos and love the content! I love the way you present the info and your opinion. Really well done videos and I'm so glad I found your channel. It goes so well with what I'm reading, it's like it was meant to be.

[@taylor-micheal-thompson354]

Dude your videos are seriously so so amazing . And I love graham and Brian. I would absolutely love to do what your doing man. Seriously amazing

[@carlosnavas6682]

Brilliant work!! I too am hooked! I will certainly be supporting your channel but I am broke right now. Moved my family to my wife’s ranch in Wyoming after the controversial one nine flu and put all our savings to remodel the cabins to rent out. Once things take off expect a generous donation. Keep up the good work and thank you for the videos.

[@matveyshishov]

The "random shapes" of stone extractions really reminds me of a child's play with modeling clay. When you need to place your Lego blocks on it, you push harder and make an indentation. They could look random simply because it's a negative impression of something they needed to hold, for example, they could be building foundations. What is fascinating is how old they are. That's what I'd really love to know - how much time do you need to weather them so badly, thousands of years? Hundreds of thousands?

[@Trollificusv2]

The thing that has occurred to me about the remarkable results of Uran Pacha style (2nd era), with the precision-fit polygonal blocks is...why, WHY would you do it that way, unless it was just as easy as using (as we do) standardized geometric block building materials. And the technology that would make it as easy to precision-fit an 8-sided, multi-angled block to another that matched it...is unimaginable. This is so remarkable, I can see why it creates a conceptual stumbling block for so many people. And sometimes people prefer an easy explanation to reality, even when they're looking at the reality.

[@tobytoxd]

Really great video! Thank you so much!

[@hard2describe791]

Great vid again mate, on the face of it, I'd say you've cracked it. 😁

[@fandangololo1855]

Just taken a some screen shots of some of the megalithic walls and flipped them upside down. They now look more like poured geopolymer, but for this to have been done they must have been cast face down one after the other up against the previous castings. This would also account for all the strange impressions on the face of each block. Keep up the good work!

[@timgstar3585]

Fantastic video man thanks again 👍

[@andrewjohnson7946]

Love your channel. You kinda look like Chumlie from Pawn Stars.

[@badmanskill1112]

Excellent work.

[@u-groundkickz7431]

Very nice Video and very profunded and great speaked comments. Thanks for this amazing Video of one of the most interesting ancient sites in Amerika. Keep on doing that marvelous job! 👍👏

[@neilpepper3575]

Thank you, Ben ..thanks for being so logical in your approach...and no conspiracy theories..thanks mate

[@nancyM1313]

Excellent video!

[@rohanjones7238]

Like your shows bloke great to see an Aussie cruising the world looking at super cool stuff making videos to support the most amazing lifestyle I could dream of 👍

[@lutherdean6922]

thanks for covering this

[@scottbrady7499]

magnificent post. better than the best. keep getting there. not all of us can.. these truths need to be shared. not to cast aspersions upon later civilizations, but to try to comprehend these earliest beings and their uncanny ability to shape the hardest organic substances found on our planet

[@Tdtsnowflake]

That intro:)awesome video as usual !

[@agingerbeard]

I will probably never get to see this in real life, thanks for sharing your incredible footage 😃🖒

[@und3rgroundman865]

another excellent video

[@gaylongregg1540]

The idea of geopolymer is you would cast in place against the bottom and side pieces. That's how they were able to achieve such tight joints on curved surfaces. But then there are the tool marks on megalithic pieces and other limitations with casting. Compaired to the square edge masonry of today maybe the pillowed edges were for movement and reducing stresses at the stone boundary. What a great mystery. We have no idea and I love that.

[@pev_]

But in-place casting still does not quite explain why the tops of most of the polygonal stones are not straight and level but often slanted or even multifaced in different angles! If the casting depended only on gravity to settle the liquid, as would be the easiest thing to imagine, then each individual stone would have a straight and level top side!

[@drop830]

I love your channel and watch it often. I love this kind of ancient mystery. I love Randal Carson and all those guys with pre-history theorys of civilisations that were here before time its self. My question is, what are the theorys on the "nodes" found in the megalithic walls and structures of Peru and so many other megalithic sites around the world? It seems if we could figure these "nodes" out it would answer some of the questions on how all of this was built or done. Its one thing that is common in a lot of these pre-history structures

[@stumpjumper2031]

Awesome..Napoleon Dynamite suit awesome*.... vid bro. Keep it up!

[@AtkinsAtelier]

I think these stones are 100% stone to start. Rough cut, then as you said, they worked the stone in a way we don't understand. That's where the geo-polimer or stone softener came to play, it (probably a natural acidic liquid or paste) was used on the rocks and it turned the surface into a moldable material. Some tool had to be used to smooth out exterior surfaces and edges, and some pressure mechanism was used to mold two rocks together, that's how I think that rolled lip came to be. Then over eons the reassembled crystal structures in the modified portions become brittle and flake off. Lastly imagine the world's best screwdriver. It was used for a thousand years, handed down or discovered. As time went, the screwdriver becomes dull and unusable until there's literally nothing left of it, this nothing for us to find. If there was some sudden cataclysm it's safe to say everything used to create these crazy stones would still be around. The ancients wouldn't have time to save the tools. So the first person to stumble into these ancient sites would've found something and tried to reproduce the ancient stone work with said tools but a combination of problems only allowed a lesser shoddy stone working style.

[@redwoodcoast]

No liquid or paste can soften the interior of stone, only the exterior. Perfectly cutting them, including curved cuts, is inconceivable due to the numbers and mechanics of sawing. They were soft for sure, and sliced to basically fit their neighbors, then pushed together with excess oozing out between, which was troweled away creating the beveled joints. If you are looking for an answer as to how they were softened then you need to read this: Evidence of Molecular-bond Reversal & Ancient Stone-Softening Technology sciencetheory.wordpress.com/2019/08/19/evidence-of-molecular-bond-reversal-ancient-stone-softening-technology/ also, see Ancient Stonework Mysteries group at Facebook.

[@jonnyd1645]

Just transferring my limited IQ from astrophysics and quantum mechanics to ancient civilization archeology, I'm very certain previous civilizations existed with technologies far surpassing our own. Theres no doubt anything that isnt stone couldnt last even the mildest 10'000 years of time on earth. Its a fun idea and a strong possibility that even silicon microchips have been made 10s of thousands of years ago and theres just no way they would survive that amount of time under dirt and enduring weather. This is awesome material man, Thank you for the insights.

[@TheDirge69]

That was fascinating, thanks..

[@niklash8036]

Great 😁 I have written swedish subtitles for your introduction video, can I upload it somehow?

[@UnchartedX]

Hi Niklas. Thankyou! email me? [e-mail] . I need to get into the subtitles on youtube, I haven't figured it out yet. I have been meaning to, my apologies.

[@niklash8036]

​@@UnchartedX I'll send it right away :) I think there is an option to allow fans to contribute translated content, I don't know how to do it or how it works.

[@FastNCurious88]

Niklas h well done friend ❤️ So thoughtful and kind of you to take the time to do that for others. Thank you for your selfless contribution. So many will benefit from it.

[@garygraham2513]

Love the intro music.

[@poppabearskitchen1769]

Greeting's , ANOTHER great video ! love your format and style of presentation. I think you got much better views of places NOT on the 'approved' trails than Mr. Forester, Please do make a video with your ideas/speculations about this topic.as always. . .be safe.

[@tworiverspete]

Hi Ben, Sorry been very busy but find time to watch all your vids. and I love your thought process and how you present what is out there. I have to fly back to the mine on Monday but will be looking forward to see more vids when I get back in a month. Would love to chat with you one day as you are one interesting fellow and I meet so few like you in the last decade.

[@davegage1249]

Great video, keep it up

[@yannbiron4593]

Very well done Ben, your descriptions and explanations makes the picture much more clearer. It's great that you've talk about the Inca repair work because with some of the fewer cases where they've tried to put back together the megalithic work, some close minded academic type folks are using these as a "confirmation" that the Inca were the original builders.🤥 Anyway, awesome video as always, i'm looking forward to Khabib vs Poirier tonight,Peace.

[@Dufftata]

didnt know there was a 3rd style, fascinating!