Memory and Learning: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

[@antoniovidovic4698]

Most beautiful educational video I've seen in years.no colorful clutters no unnecessary intros words rumbling, better than khan academy. I needed explanation on what happened before during and after LTP outside, inside and around neurons, and you answered all of it in a calm, beautiful, soundy way. i needed references and you supplied it in the description. this channel is so underrated 🥳🤯🙌🏼

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you, we appreciate this so much! We hope to provide more information videos in the future too!

[@FerrariSpeirsHarry]

med student here, from national university of la plata (argentina) I´ve watched it like 3 times and every time I do so it´s even clearer to me the mechanisms that result in LTP (early or late fase). u have a talent. this video is the result of great educational skills combined with great editing skills. thank u

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much for such a lovely comment! I hope it helped!

[@annawills192]

This explanation is better than university's

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Haha thank you so much!

[@emonthebrain]

There are calcium permeable AMPA receptors as well! Not only NMDA. This is important for plasticity!!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Yeh you are right! Both of these receptors are very important for neuroplastic growth!

[@ahmedmiloud1838]

this explanation is so much better than many I watched. it is simpler and at the same time deeper. it seems coming from a person who REALLY understands what she is talking about. Thanks for a great presentation. Now I have a better idea of what's going on in how the memories are strengthened.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much! I'm so glad we are able to help!

[@barbaradonohue4822]

Best video ever to explain this. The visual presentation is outstanding.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much! We are so happy you found the video helpful!

[@supe1643]

Thanks

[@BioBrainBuddies]

No worries!

[@AcilegnaVahiy]

A great explanation of this important mechanism, was pretty clear!. Thanks so much :)

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@madisong5054]

Absolutely great video to review with! My neural plasticity test is today and this video summed it up in a quick review.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much for watching and supporting the channel! Good luck with the neural plasticity test, that that part of a university module?

[@madisong5054]

@BioBrainBuddies the review helped tremendously! I'm a sophomore neuroscience major so I'll definitely be coming back to this channel for more reviews!

[@sprucemoor5194]

Simply superb, amazing work!

[@SoumiDas-f2p]

Excellent Video.Thank You

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you!

[@jamesyu6039]

AHHHHHH, this is such a beautiful video, explaining things clearly with a lovely voice (even tho I can't understand). Please have more these kind of videos and maybe do something in electrical engineering lol. 💖

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@dayrayram]

thank you!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

No problem!

[@chia5025]

The best explanation so far ❤️

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@Pinkmedical]

Great video....I appreciate 👍....few extra things i want to add or highlight in this context are as follows.....(these are there in my youtube channel tutorial session...Memory/Neuroplasticity)...

[@Tompleee]

Your videos are excellent. Thank you very much.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much! I'm glad you enjoyed :)

[@vanialmmarinelli5216]

Great, you people!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thanks!

[@ShadySambor]

very helpful video, thank you!!!!!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@pritamshil5765]

Ma'am, where does the human brain store visual long term memory of shape ?

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Hey, I haven't done much reading on visual long term memory but will read about it tomorrow and let you know :)

[@pritamshil5765]

@@BioBrainBuddies ok sir. Please let me know. Thank you.

[@intratis]

All memory is stored on the motorcortex and acts on the primary and largest part of the cerebral cortex, the outter layer of the cerebral, the neo cortex.

[@nellytink80]

Hi! This should be stored within the hippocampus :)

[@mohammadmazaheri7242]

That's very useful 👌

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@JustAWildSkullKid]

You deserve more subscribers

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@jancsi-vera]

I am subscribing right now

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you! I'm glad you are enjoying the videos!

[@maxwang6561]

So the condition of opening NMDA receptors is the depolarization of the postsynaptic shaffer collateral neuron. What causes the depolarization that causes the influx of Na+?

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Hey there! So, the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron happens when glutamate (a neurotransmitter) is released from the presynaptic neuron. This glutamate binds to NMDA receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. However, for these receptors to fully activate and allow Na+ influx, the postsynaptic neuron needs to depolarize, which typically occurs due to the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels triggered by other neurotransmitters or electrochemical events. It's like a key (glutamate) unlocking a door (NMDA receptor), but the door only opens when there's enough energy (depolarization) to push it open. Na+ Influx occurs by diffusion as there is a great concentration of Na+ outside compared to inside the neuron. Hope that helps clarify things!

[@drnaazneenmohammed1094]

Outstanding

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you

[@farhadtowfiq6767]

Excellent!!!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@ritaj8946]

Great video, very helpful!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you!

[@opapsikoloji]

Hocayla alakası yok, konuyla ilgili önbilgisi bulunmayan, branşın cahili anlamaz.

[@opapsikoloji]

Hocayla alakası yok, Boğaziçi psikoloji düzeyinde önbilginizin olması lazım konunun cahili anlamaz.

[@dazedfemme]

Why do you say weak action potential. What of the all or none?

[@LeonardButters-s7i]

Wilson William Miller Jennifer Thomas Michelle

[@GusKen-m3j]

White Brenda White Carol Harris Donald

[@Pinkmedical]

1.NMDA 2A subunit...,2B...utilizes for formation of LTD. 2.NMDA 2A receptor is also having Glycine...which detatch during the electrostatic repulsion phase.. 3.NMDA also acts as "*coincidence detector*" as it can sense both pre & post synaptic changes.. 4. CAMK II not only helps to translocate more AMPA rec at post syn area but also helps in retrograde release of neurotransmitters like NO, CO & Endocannabinoids....altogether they increase AMPA rec CONDUCTANCE...gradually in Eaerly phase of LTP. 5.In late LTP not only AMOA, NMDA rec take part but also PI3K & mGluR get activated....ultimately via CREB gene & ERK pathways....BDNF, PSD 95 genes are synthesised....and help to store memories in cerebral cortices.... 🙏

[@viktoriyaanissimova5871]

Yes! I was going to add these as well in case someone is studying neurobiology!

[@iriszanzottera8119]

ti amo

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Ti amo! Thanks

[@arshithgowda8728]

High yield

[@francisforde3452]

Really good video, thanks! I have been reading a lot of source papers on molecular basis of memory. But my knowledge of the dynamics is pretty patchy from just those. So nice to have things displayed visually like this!! Id just note that when you say "weaker action potentials can then lead to greater depolarisation" I assume you are referring to summation from a smaller than usual number of pre-synaptic inputs can lead to depolarisation (given there are potentially hundreds or thousands of inputs to a single post-synaptic neuron)? Rather than the actual strength of a given action potential from one presynaptic neuron (which is always the same for a given pre-synaptic neuron).

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thanks for watching our video Francis! You are right! I was explaining summation and how even smaller AP can lead to depolarisation. Do you have any other topics you think is in need of explaining within memory?

[@jancsi-vera]

This video is absolutely stunning in explaining LTP. Thank you

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Glad you liked it! Thanks for watching!

[@daydaysports]

The mg+ is expelled from the NMDA due to the Na+, Then Why Ca+ which is + can go in through the NMDA as so many Na+ in the post synaptic neuron?

[@BioBrainBuddies]

It expells the Mg+ based on the relative positive charge provided by the Na+, the neuron still has the graident to allow both Ca+ and Na+ to enter but it just happens quicker. Just because the Mg+ was expelled doesn't mean the postive-negative gradient has met equilibrium. At least this if from my understanding.

[@pocillocortado]

This is beautiful and straightforward, just what I needed. Thank you for the hard work and for sharing it.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much! I'm glad you enjoyed it!

[@fonsecar]

While spiraling down into the rabbit hole of deviating from the initial question review for my STEP 1, I came across this gem of a video!! Amazing work, great quality and content!! I will look into more of your content. I just hope LTP is real and it help me recall that Mg only blocks NMDA (and not AMPA) receptors at resting membrane potential. 🤖

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Sorry for the late reply! Thank you so much for watching! Really appreciate the viewership. Really need to get editing some more videos!

[@chelseachen265]

I'm a high school student doing a research project about alcohol addiction, and I was struggling to read research papers. But this video is so straightforward and has helped me massively!! Thank you so much :)

[@vincentzevecke4578]

Learn begin neuroscience

[@vincentzevecke4578]

Dopamine too

[@gracehunter8929]

This is a great video especially for someone who doesn’t know much about the brain!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!!

[@FitzGeraldBurgess-g6o]

Smith John Jones Frank Lee Margaret

[@Kresuphi]

I don’t get it! But I like it! 😃😃 so complex hahah I’ll stick to drawing 😂😂😂

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Haha, yeh it's abit of a complicated topic but super once you get your head around it it's really interesting! I'm glad you still enjoyed it

[@nellytink80]

Is that you Liam? Hahaha glad you enjoyed it though, your art is AWESOME.

[@carolryan3116]

Repeat the video because repetition is the mother father sister brother of learning 💖💝

[@ebim2715]

❤❤❤❤

[@kaderms1]

Thanks, I am very grateful for the knowledge shared. Just one question, the Na ions that enter the AMPA and NMDA channels of the post synaptic receptors, where are they derived from? Thanks

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Hey, I'm glad you enjoyed the video! The Na outside the cell is maintained through the resting potential Na K pumps. So after the action potential these pumps with pump out the Na from the cell while pumping K in

[@vincentzevecke4578]

NMDA is a glutamate receptor

[@PauloRLustosa]

Eu gostei muito do vídeo. Obrigado. Excelentes animações.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you so much!

[@OmarTravelAdventures]

I think this video is missing the important role of the newly discovered PKM-zeta.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

I've not heard of this, I will definitely read into it! Thanks for highlighting it!

[@neurosciencegirl]

Excellent video, thank you for sharing :)

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thanks for watching!

[@yaramohsen8963]

Great video ❤❤

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you ❤️

[@ImeldaImelda-ju4jq]

awesome explanatory . thank you. look forward for others videos

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you!

[@neverhavingfun]

👁🔺

[@BioBrainBuddies]

XD

[@mozartsbumbumsrus7750]

This shoes why the United KINGDOM repeats its malevolent history since beer replaced poisonous infected water a couple thousand years ago. Cheers and trebles all around!

[@dragonassassins1]

Brilliant! Thank you very much 🙏🏻

[@BioBrainBuddies]

No problem thanks for watching!

[@esmanur1762]

Can you add Turkish subtitles to the videos?

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Heyy, thanks for watching the video, I can try to see if I can use Google translate to translate it for you!

[@esmanur1762]

@@BioBrainBuddies I will have exam on June 25th and your videos (a few more videos on your channel) will help me a lot. If you add subtitles, I will always be grateful to you.🙂❤️

[@BioBrainBuddies]

@@esmanur1762 I will see what I can do tonight. Isn't there auto generative captions?

[@esmanur1762]

@@BioBrainBuddies I don't know 🙁

[@BioBrainBuddies]

@@esmanur1762 Yeh there is a autotranslate, KZbinrs don't add captions anymore as its all autogenerated. If you press CC on the video it should have it in turkish if you phone/device is in turkish.

[@leusmaximusx]

your video did not address the fact on how knowledge (picture) as information parts (jigsaw) as binary 01 combination form is stored in the individual neural potential bed (the so called Read only memory , ROM chip) of the neuron. This is what Long term memory is on our brain. Each neuron contains only a portion of that picture (which is the information) , like a part or a jigsaw puzzle. interconnected neurons (each containing jigsaw parts of the information) through synapses, is like assembling the jigsaw parts near to its associated meaning full order to resemble the original picture. When a trigger stimuli enters the brain , the hippocampus evaluates the stimuli and creates a mimic picture in form of signals of specific frequency that will fire across the cortex . Once a existing receptive neurons are hit by the signal , it will light up and fires up the the interconnected neurons causing all to increase potential from rest state. This is similar to close fitting the jigsaw parts to form the whole picture of the knowledge stored for use by the mind (operator) I hope to the above process visualize in your succeeding videos . Thanks

[@chaneltink471]

Yes you're right! This was very briefly touched on in the Hippocampus video where it explains that, when retrieving a memory, this firing pattern would appear as a cortical representation of the memory [I.e the bits of info stored in the neurons across the cortex will fire like a cortical representation] Super cool stuff!

[@musselchee9560]

So. If I get this right, being a descendant of cannibalism, I am much smarter than the average bear, bone marrow being a favourite food source of mine.

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Whattt? 🤣🤣

[@punkass6033]

How fascinating is our brain!!!! This is just a model happening in one of the millions of the neurons

[@BioBrainBuddies]

I know right its amazing!

[@punkass6033]

Awesome video!!!!

[@BioBrainBuddies]

Thank you!!