Electric Vehicle Battery Breakdown: Cells to Modules to Packs!

[@RichardJOberle]

This was the best explanation of batteries that I have seen. It helped to see the insides. Tabs and no tabs.

[@mattwill63]

batteries are more complex than engines therefore ev are more prone to issues.

[@judo-rob5197]

Definitely worth the watch.

[@banderson8444]

​@@mattwill63Matt You seem to be forgetting that there is much more to an ICE car than the engine (alternator, belts, transmission, axel, U-joints, etc)

[@SandraBrown-o1m]

​Many EV's have u-joints

[@Drcraigfreeman]

Wow, what a great lecture on battery packs, thanx! ❤

[@MunroLive]

Glad you liked it!

[@joebullwinkle5099]

Hey Tom, what an intellectual feast of a presentation for non engineer lay people to gain a deeper understanding of the various EV battery configurations and how they work. For someone like myself who has recently purchased a first EV vehicle and wishes to gain a deeper understanding of EV engineering architecture, this was absolutely fabulous. Thank you so much for taking the time to produce this. I would love to see more presentations like this on other general aspects of EV vehicles, maybe you could do one on the various types and configurations of the motors?

[@bertiewalker5140]

I think this is the best battery video I’ve ever seen and I think I’ve seen them all. It clear, concise and detailed. Your presentation was way above the best. Please do more.

[@MunroLive]

Wow, thanks!

[@rchender]

Really nice, detailed and informative explanation of several different energy dense designs. Thank you.

[@teitpoulsen7183]

Super explanation and we'll articulated to boot! More of this for other topics please!

[@tonyabruzzio7399]

That was amazing. Best battery video I have seen and loved the examples of different OEM approaches.

[@keithrange4457]

Fantastic video. Best Monroe vid I've watched in a couple years. Love this guy and you can tell he loves his craft

[@MunroLive]

Wow, thanks!

[@timanderson8833]

Thank you very much for the clear and competent exposé of a complex issue.

[@MunroLive]

Glad it was helpful!

[@chrisjohnson2065]

Missed this channels uploads.

[@rejeevesundar3982]

The best ever video on batteries. Its worth spending 40 min in this video

[@bonnerken]

Clear, concise and easily understood. Really well done.

[@MunroLive]

Much appreciated!

[@elwing021]

Amazing video thanks for sharing this video, a lot of information and knowledge. hope we can get more and similar videos

[@MunroLive]

More to come!

[@_mysilentblue2227]

I love the details, you can always count on Munro for quality videos.

[@HelmutTschemernjak]

What a cool spreadsheet, thank you for explaining it.

[@jurgenheim6106]

Danke!

[@MunroLive]

Thank you!

[@LuisAlfonsoGarciaSegundo]

Awesome video! One of the best from Munro!

[@MunroLive]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@joevwgti.]

More of this please. That was embarrassingly brilliant.

[@fluke196c]

why embarassing? didn't understand

[@d350148]

Good explanation. Would you like to add to the excel the weight of the pack.

[@FutureSystem738]

Excellent descriptive video - so well explained, thank you.

[@brendanmcorrie8699]

Fantastic, comprehensive and concise, best battery configuration explanation I have seen, well done,

[@pnketia]

Great detailed explanation of the various battery/cell packs and their construction.

[@morrisg]

Great start, Tom. Next I'd like to see a discussion of how the pack organization affects the ability to draw/input (discharge/charge) massive power. This is probably a discussion of resistance in milliohms and how to minimize that to minimize heat generation and maximize the available power delivered as opposed to generating heat within the pack that has to be removed through cooling. A discussion of connector resistance vs busbar resistance (minimizing the number of modules) would be helpful. Example: Jaguar I-Pace has 34 modules with external wires & connectors compared to a Tesla Model 3 which has 4 modules with busbar interconnects.

[@mystisith3984]

Thanks for sharing the knowledge about this critical technology.

[@davidwilkie9551]

Proof of concept, Munro Engineering has the right stuff, good information to advise to Manufacturers.

[@theonebucketlist]

Excellent video! I’ve worked on battery separators for four years and this is a great and understandable summary of many different aspects. Also good to leave power draw to a different video as it depends on a lot of aspects of cell design (not just the raw values) as well as the pack design, especially thermal management. So it deserves its own video.

[@williamclark6466]

This is an excellent overview of battery designs and function. Thank you so much.

[@michelesilvestri8340]

Hand down best video about car's HV batteries on yt. Great job

[@disneymike3311]

Awesome video! Best explanation of EV batteries on a low level that I can understand. Thank you!

[@dotancohen]

@2:15 I saved this screenshot, thank you! From this moment forward I knew that this would be an informative video. It did not disappoint!

[@DericO-rz3be]

*MORE* Professor Tom! *Terrific*

[@aaronrunkle]

Great video! Particularly loved the beginning to end flow and the spreadsheet! One thing that's worth mentioning is the BMS will balance each of the series individually and that over time, the individual cells in parallel for each of these series can diverge in ampacity and voltage. This is because balancing happens at the series level, not cell level, and cells vary in resistance (degrade) over time. As such, having all cells in series, like in the case of the Tesla LFP prismatic, creates the added benefit of individual cell-level monitoring since there are no parallel groups. Additionally, the lower voltages of LFP, while seemingly a drawback, allow for charging to 100% and significantly reduce unwanted reactions that would otherwise occur over 80% state of charge (>4v per cell of 4.2v max) in NMC chemistries. Other benefits for LFP include higher cycle life, lower cost, higher safety, and environmentally friendly (no cobalt). Of course, nothing is perfect and the primary drawbacks to LFP include lower volumetric and gravimetric energy density as well as poor cold weather performance. I just wish the US M3 RWD, which uses quality CATL LFP cells, wasn't de-contented with fewer speakers, only 170kw max DC fast charging (vs 250kw for LR), and 32 amp home charging (vs 48a for LR). Tesla should offer a premium upgrade option to the M3 RWD for those who are looking for LFP and not have reduced functionality to hit a price target. Perhaps this is due to the C rating on the LFP prismatic cells (would be great deep-dive material!). Last but not least, it will be interesting to see if Tesla moves to LMFP chemistry in the future for slightly better cold weather performance and volumetric/gravimetric energy density to the detriment of cycle life.

[@gregtaylor9945]

Great video Tom! Can’t wait to see the next more in depth video on deeper understanding of BMS.

[@rienkvandenberg9103]

This guy is explaining it realy well. No new information for me but still good to watch!

[@ВладимирКозлов-д8щ]

Good afternoon! The table is wonderful. Thank you for your work.

[@KSBond007]

Thank you. Very educational and can you please do a continuation?

[@vinodpund1574]

Great battery technology knowledge sharing 🎉🎉🎉

[@MunroLive]

Thanks for watching

[@VedaSay]

Awesome detailed presentation.

[@MunroLive]

Glad you liked it!

[@renewablerecon]

Fantastic explanation of current battery technology used in the field today!

[@scotttitensor8557]

Great video, please include the LFP battery pack built by CATL. Used by Tesla and other manufacturers. Would be interesting to see differences.

[@dollarette]

wonderful overview and explanation from a very great person.

[@Doctorbasss]

Awsome content!, Very complete for a 37 minutes video ! well explained, excellent explaination rate, We want more like that!

[@MunroLive]

More to come!

[@surajshewale7732]

Very precise, detailed, and the flow of presentation was quite awesome!

[@minthein-mechanical285]

Thanks a lot for your excellent explanation about various types of EV batteries using very rare training materials for us.

[@gepetotube]

This is a great video. Very good presentation. Love the amount of knowledge you get in Munro's videos.

[@MunroLive]

Much appreciated!

[@paulgilliland2992]

Whoa this man knows his stuff . I learned everything about battery construction except for the actual chemistry . The issue of thermal runaway is pretty fascinating and there have been a few major events around the worlds.

[@PeaceChanel]

Thank You for supporting Electric Vehicles and for All that you are doing for our Planet Earth.... Peace.. Shalom.. Salam.. Namaste 🙏🏻 😊 🌈 ✌ ☮ ❤

[@PD55_]

Excellent detailed discussion, but the wide variety of chemistries and physical configurations begs the question about the inevitable standarization of battery packs. I want to buy an EV, but will I be able to swap to a better battery in a few years without dismantling the entire car? Will I be able to buy a third-party battery without voiding the OEM warranty (since competition should also drive down battery costs)? I'd like to know if there is any industry effort to create standard battery specs and allow interchangeability. Legacy battery makers like Panasonic and LG have already faced this issue that affects future mass adoption.

[@tecal123456]

Great video. Would love this type of video on EV battery manufacturing.

[@budgetaudiophilelife-long5461]

🙋‍♂️TOM ,THANK YOU AND ALL YOUR PEOPLE FOR DOING THIS AND EXPLAINING IT CLEARLY FOR THE LAYPEOPLE 🤔💚💚💚

[@Julesybabes70]

A truly educational experience! Thank you so much. Brilliant.

[@MunroLive]

Glad you enjoyed it!

[@cookimnstr]

Awesome Presentation !! Thanks !!

[@johnchristopher7697]

Great presentation and explanation of EV batteries! Thank you!

[@johnreese3762]

Very well done, explained. I appreciate this video! Hi Sandy!!

[@MunroLive]

Thanks for watching!

[@dolcelattice4958]

Finest work yet from an associate of Munro.

[@het8555]

Was waiting for a good EV battery pack/module video…. Very well done!

[@julianorodrigues1017]

very good explanation, for me the best channel for technical information.

[@MunroLive]

Wow, thanks!

[@lnfinity4752]

Very nice presentation. I would like to see a discussion of failed cells, batteries, and associated hardware showing real-life examples.

[@joscubadiver]

Fantastic information thank you 🔌

[@MunroLive]

Our pleasure!

[@J_Lukey]

Great lecture! Would love to see a deeper dive into BMS as well

[@MunroLive]

Noted!

[@fifthager]

This excellent overview of EV battery pack design challenges and options shows how the critical elements determining the reliability and service life of vehicles are changing from the mechanical to the chemical. This video clearly showed that sealants, coolants, conducting/insulating/supporting foams and gels used in the pack are in a demanding environment, and all have a critical role in reliability. Let's hope all the goops last.

[@jaaklucas1329]

Good breakdown on packs. I like how they have evolved.

[@collegepros]

Excellent info! Thanks!

[@MunroLive]

You bet!

[@waveskifun2631]

Thank you. I looking forward to watching more of your videos.

[@valerieewing3306]

Excellent information, thank you for sharing your knowledge.

[@MunroLive]

My pleasure!

[@francisgaliegue6645]

2:14 Wow. Great "summary"! It took me a few seconds however for me to figure out that E was used for _voltage_ and not energy... I am more used to U being used for voltage.

[@keenanjeff]

Great info he brings it all together! More on cell temperatures what is optimum for fast charging and power delivery and how the cooling system and heat scavenging works together.

[@Shadow0fd3ath24]

the batteries and production constantly being updated is the coolest ideas about these cars

[@AerialWaviator]

Excellent info. Wound have been nice to see an approximate cell weight for each cell type listed in the spreadsheet. While weights of 18650, 2170 cells are known, it would have been nice to see how a LFP cell, or pack compares in weight compared to it's energy density. Perhaps a topic for a future video?

[@BigBrotherHal2001]

Would love to see some of your suggestions about shape/size of cells & cooling pack designs to maximize efficiency, reduce casing cell material weight, and perhaps improve or reduce thermal runaway to smaller and smaller numbers of cells.

[@scottjarriel6761]

It will be interesting to see an update of this video when you get a chance to take apart the Cybertruck cell packs, to see if they are doing anything different with those 4680 packs, regarding cooling, and the dynamic pack re-arrangement.

[@andersemanuel]

Very very good show! Thank you. It will be interesting to watch you discuss the power delivery these packs can handle. Kw

[@thebicycleguy7263]

Great presentation. It has bothered me in the past that all Munro Live battery evaluations emphasize the simplicity of the Tesla battery management system compared to others when in fact the Tesla BMS is for all practical BMS purposes non-existent. Plugging into the OBD on my 2014 Chevy Spark I can monitor every single pouch cell and replace if required. On the Tesla I can replace the whole pack.

[@ChrisNotTheKing]

Tesla structural pack design might not facilitate repair, but I can't imagine its BMS is any less diligent.

[@abcd-by6rw]

Great video, thank you. C rates, and the consequences of designing for high voltage and low current, and vice versa, would be really interesting.

[@Youno954]

Very informative!! Thank you 🙏

[@ckupcu]

Hello Tom, it is a very useful video - thank you again. Would be nice to add next time at the bottom of your spread-sheet battery pack's total weight in "kg" and "kWh/kg" ratio. This will help us to see which OEM managed to pack them more efficiently. Thanks in advance.

[@pravusnex]

Wonderful overview. A lot of connections made in my brain today. Also ... nice pun .... Ohm's Law will certainly ground your understanding of how it all works ;)

[@andrewvercillo6225]

What an awesome video. Please make the follow up to explain more!!

[@meganote]

Nice presentation. Would also like to see some looks into the Tesla LFP packs (maybe compare and contrast the BYD Blade and the CATL LFP packs). Currently, these are very prominent in both China and Europe, and soon will be in the USA, I believe, due to lower cost. Especially when the LMFP chemistries are in vehicles.

[@MunroLive]

We would love to get our hands on a BYD pack.

[@zeitgeist888]

Excellent and very informative. I would be interested to hear more about C rate and voltage sag particularly between the various Tesla packs.

[@wentzelnel7723]

Brilliant presentation sir

[@sohodon]

Hence cycling rates become very important with vms…. Wondering if they perform cell matching?? Didn’t hear this being discussed.. but good material overall

[@TomPrucha]

Cell matching means different things to different people. It can mean getting the cells all from the same manufacturing batch. It can mean getting them all into the same voltage or SoC range. It can mean matching their internal impedances or DC resistances. A good balancing system minimizes the need for any such matching, but sadly a good balancing system is expensive so it can be cheaper to just sort the cells instead.

[@aussietaipan8700]

This was awesome. A friend of mine has a BYD seal with an 82KWH LFP battery, he claims he can get 500km useable range yet my model S with its 85KWH battery is good for 390km. Tesla service have advised me the battery health in my model S is 96% - excellent rate for a 9 year old EV. The car has never been super charged and the max charge for 99% driving is 70-80% and min never been less than 25%.

[@ssmit262]

Outstanding content; love it Tom. “The tip of the iceberg” haha

[@AlanGroves-ek5gp]

I’d like to hear a discussion of the ONE dual chemistry battery and how it manages charging and movement of power between the two batteries.

[@pietromiglio9110]

Great video, good explanation 👍🏼

[@MunroLive]

Thank you! 👍

[@DishNetworkDealerNEO]

Inside the coolant tubes are there stamped and folded baffles to cause turbulence in the liquid flow like they commonly insert in Chrysler Aluminum U shaped Heater cores? These baffles are thin strip of copper with cut outs that are folded to make the strip 3 dimensional and stay centers in the fluid flow to cause the coolant to flow more slowly, and better transfer heat to or from the tube walls, depending on the temperature of the coolant.

[@serraxer]

Awesome work, thank you for your effort.

[@aronlunde7281]

I would interested to see a weight comparison of the different battery /module constructs. It would be particularly interesting to see a weight comparison that includes the structural battery of the Tesla and the battery, plus the structural element of some of the other vehicles.

[@gandmemoney]

It would have been nice to rate each one .long life , fire , charge speed etc.

[@garyrooksby]

Tom really knows his stuff!

[@boba7039]

I wish that in every review your company does on a battery packs, that you make it clear if that pack is repairable at the module level or if the battery pack has to be replaced if there is a problem with it.

[@HUATQadhesive]

Good video👍We produce bonding adhesive and thermal conduct gap filler using in batteries production

[@MunroLive]

Nice 👍

[@BrockMcLellan]

Most interesting and enjoyable video. What's missing? Having a VW Buzz, I would like to know more about how VW batteries are organized. Then again, it would be interesting to know more about my daughter's BMW i3, and her inlaw's upcoming Volvo EX30. Undoubtedly, every owner would like to know more about their specific configuration. So I hope you will have some sort of overview of battery types and how the various OEMs make use of them.

[@JohnKlinger]

Awesome battery explanation! Thank you for putting this together. This is the most neglected part of EV car reviews and in my eyes also the most important. Very cool how Tesla has essentially glued the cells together while still managing venting of the cells. Tesla's new cell fusing is also very cool. I would love to see a video on discharge rate comparisons with the various EV companies. Are pouch cells more powerful in this regard with higher c rates? From a longevity standpoint, would you consider the cylindrical cells better than the pouch cells or have they solved the pouch cell swelling and failures in the recent EV packs? From a safety standpoint are the pouch cells still more volatile than the cylindrical cells?

[@vishalramadoss668]

Wonderful and clear explanation. Thank you.

[@evanlacava9213]

Great video! Thanks 💪🏻

[@MunroLive]

Glad you liked it!

[@freeaccess5905]

Very nice presentation. It would be nice to have more information on other battery packs instead of just Tesla. For example the VW, Audi, BYD and wireless control of the GM Ultium packs. It would be nice to add some energy density data to your spreadsheet by adding weight and volume data. Maybe even charge cycles to a certain efficiency loss? Thank you for sharing your knowledge.

[@TechScottBrown]

This was an excellent session as I listened to it on my way to work this morning. Can you elaborate on the difference between the problematic 🔥BOLT batteries vs the updated units?

[@TomPrucha]

The Bolt battery pack we tore down was pre-recall. We haven't seen the post-recall Bolt battery pack to know for sure, but we've seen other GM packs that were post-Bolt recall. I would not be surprised to see that the post-recall Bolt pack has some added Aerogel layering in some strategic places.

[@TechScottBrown]

@@TomPruchathank you!

[@deltajohnny]

Awesome... really informative!! 👏👏👏👏

[@ForTheBirbs]

Thanks for an awesome video. So well explained

[@MunroLive]

Glad you liked it