NCERT Class 12 History: Theme 2 - Kings, Farmers and Towns Early States & Economies Part 2| CBSE

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Land Grants
Agrahara was land granted to a Brahmana, who was usually exempted from paying land revenue and other dues to the king, and was often given the right to collect these dues from the local people.
Towns & Trade
Kings and ruling elites lived in fortified cities. Extensive excavations not possible as people live in these areas even today
Artefacts include fine pottery bowls and dishes, with a glossy finish, known as Northern Black Polished Ware, probably used by rich people, and ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels, figurines, made of a wide range of materials - gold, silver, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell and terracotta
Trade
Central Asia and beyond, and overseas, Arabian Sea to East and North Africa and West Asia, and through the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia and China.
Deciphering Inscriptions
Deciphering Inscriptions
Deciphering Inscriptions - Limitations
Letters faintly engraved
Uncertain reconstruction
Not sure about exact meaning of word in inscription
Not all politically and economically significant are recorded

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