Nephrolithiasis ( Kidney stones 🪨 ) : Internal Medicine

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Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones) 🪨🩺:
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Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, refers to the formation of solid mineral deposits in the kidneys. These stones develop from crystals that separate from the urine and accumulate within the renal pelvis or calyces. The most common types of kidney stones include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. 🚰🧪
Causes and Risk Factors: Factors contributing to stone formation include dehydration, high intake of dietary oxalates, excessive sodium, and protein consumption, obesity, and certain medical conditions such as hyperparathyroidism and recurrent urinary tract infections. Genetic predisposition also plays a significant role, especially in conditions like cystinuria, where there is an excess of cystine in the urine.
Pathophysiology: Kidney stones form when the concentration of stone-forming substances exceeds their solubility in urine, leading to crystallization. These crystals aggregate, forming stones that can vary in size from tiny grains to large staghorn calculi that can obstruct the urinary tract.
Symptoms: Typical symptoms include severe, sharp pain known as renal colic, often radiating to the lower abdomen and groin. Other symptoms include hematuria (blood in urine), nausea, vomiting, and frequent, painful urination. In severe cases, obstruction and infection can lead to hydronephrosis or even renal damage.
Diagnosis and Management: Diagnosis is primarily made using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, or X-rays. Blood and urine tests help identify the type of stones and underlying metabolic abnormalities. Management includes pain relief, hydration, and medical therapies like alpha-blockers to facilitate stone passage. Larger stones may require extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy for removal. Preventive measures include increasing fluid intake, dietary modifications, and medications to reduce stone recurrence.
Nephrolithiasis is a significant cause of morbidity due to its recurrent nature, making prevention and prompt management essential. 🌊💊
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[@amolkelkar7231]

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