Renal | Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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nice that u understand the concept now

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[@MrKiapita]

Tubular secretion is secretion *into* the tubule. Tubular reabsorption is absorption *from* the tubule. Thanks for clearing this up! My textbook was as clear as mud about this.

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[@julietsmith]

My summary: Osmolarity = volume of particles per kg solvent = moles/kg solvent = 300mosm/L Sodium Potassium Pump (Active transport) - 3 sodium out - Two Potassium in Moving into areas of high conc. Requires ATP Secondary Active Transport Transports Sodium from tubule into cell (into low conc. So passive) - this allows Glucose to also do the same thing even though it is moving to an area of high conc. This process can happen with sodium and amino acids/Lactate Tubular Secretion - Active process - Moving substances from blood to kidney tubule Ammonia - Glutamine is an amino acid found inside cell - Goes though Deamination and Acidification - results in 2 amine groups (NH3 + H+) which become ammonium and two bicarbs - Bicarbs enter blood stream through a transporter that brings chloride in - Body does this to compensate for acidosis Ammonium is secreted through a ATP transporter into lumen - Ammonium can disassociate into ammonia and protons H+ Protons excreted out on lumen membrane via secondary active transport swapping with sodium that goes into the cell Drugs - Substances like drugs (penicillin, methotrexate, morphine etc.) or rganic bases (oxalate ions) or acids (uric acid or bile salts) cannot be filtered easily through the glomerulus - They are secreted into proximal convoluted tubule through active process Tubular Reabsorption - Active or passive - Moving substances from kidney tubule to blood What happens once this substances have entered the cell? - Specific transporters on the basal lateral membrane - Transport glucose/ amino acids/ lactate from cell into blood stream - Generally all of these substances that we filter are 100% reabsorbed Bicarb - Bicarb enters the cell - CO2 can move into our cells - combine and react with water --> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) - Enzyme that catalyses this step - carbonic anhydrase - Carbonic acid then disassociates into bicarbonate and protons - Sodium Hydrogen Antiporter ○ Sodium then moves through a specific channel whilst the proton moves into tubule - Proton then combines with proton to make carbonic acid - Reacts with enzyme carbonic anhydrase on lumen membrane § Converts to CO2 and water § They then leave the tubule - This bicarb also gets pushed into the blood stream (approx. 90%) Obligatory Water Reabsorption Water loves to move with sodium during secondary active transporters (obligatory water reabsorption) - Sodium 65% - Water 65% Paracellular Transport - Calcium, magnesium, potassium, Chloride move in between the cells through tight junctions - Potassium 55% - Chloride 50% Sodium Chloride Sim Porter - Transport protein allows - Moves sodium and chloride into cell and then into the blood - Chloride 50% Lipids - Pass through phospholipid bilayer and get straight into the blood stream - Urea (only small amount) Small Proteins - Insulin and haemoglobin - aren't generally filtered that much - Specific receptors on tubule lumen - Gets caught on receptor - Endocytose - Combine inside cell with lysosomes - break down the proteins into amino acids in a vesicle - Vesicle fuses with cell membrane - push amino acids into blood PTH Channel - Channel on luminal membrane wants to bring in sodium and phosphate ions into cell - On basal side of cell there is a receptor for PTH ○ Binds to receptor ○ G stimulator protein ○ Actives adenylate cyclase (converts ATP to cyclic AMP) ○ Cyclic AMP turns into protein kinase A - Protein kinase A then inhibits the sodium potassium transporter This causes phosphate to be excreted

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[@rameenkhanzada7141]

also a little correction osmolarity is no of solutes per litre and osmolality is no of solutes per kg

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