Old English Grammar Byte 1: Cases and gender

Learn about Old English cases and gender in this video.
Writing and on camera: Thijs Porck, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Camera and animations: Thomas J. Vorisek
© Thijs Porck and Dutch Anglo-Saxonist Blog (www.dutchanglosaxonist.com), 2017
I use Peter Baker's Old English Magic Sheet; the latest and best version is available here: www.oldenglishaerobics.net/res... . In the video, I use the first edition of the Magic Sheet, available here: www.docdroid.net/WHqH3PG/pete...

[@andzzz2]

For someone billingual in English and Dutch this is a very discombobulating video. I literally only discovered yesterday quite how much Old English resembles modern Dutch. And now I hear a Dutchman go from a near flawless impersonation of the speech and mannerisms of an English academic to speaking Old English with a definite Dutch accent! It's like a code switching Inception. Great stuff and an excellent video.

[@thetrueoneandonlyladyprinc8038]

I am advanced level in Dutch, and learning Old English and all other Germanic languages!

[@shyrawx3382]

This is helping me understand German grammar better! Thank you!

[@aaronjacobamadorsalazar1934]

Now I know why English is a Germanic and not a Romance language

[@devonoknabo2582]

Old English Modern english is both

[@redere4777]

@I am not your sexy Nørwegiæn Modern English is still just a Germanic language. Just because a language has a lot of loanwords doesn’t mean it changes language families. Like how Indonesian isn’t a Germanic language just because it has a lot of Dutch loanwords and Japanese isn’t a Sino-Tibetan language just because it has a lot of Chinese loanwords.

[@devonoknabo2582]

@@redere4777 yes it does

[@grantgoodman8415]

I am not your sexy Nørwegiæn You are wrong

[@devonoknabo2582]

@@grantgoodman8415 okay maybe I am wrong so how how can I pinpoint The word good cones From gōd,god,gut And Better comes from bon,bona,bueno,bien,buen (I don't think like this anymore)

[@KazesDemons]

I’ve been learning German for a few years and now I have a very real and good reason to learn Old English. Your explanations of the cases were some of the best and most clear I’ve ever seen, I hope to god this channel grows in tutorials and becomes the best Old English Channel on the internet.

[@a.e.2990]

Pronunciation reminds me of Frisian, Dutch, Plattdütsch languages. The complexity of Old English grammar is very intriguing.

[@aspektx]

I really wish they were still doing these. This was well presented.

[@dr.linguadr.lingua9374]

I speak fluently german and its so easy. Sounds a bit archaic but that's the reason why i learn it ^^. der zwerg gab deM[dative] hund deN[akkustative] stein

[@michaelmuller6890]

earlier or more correct: dem Hunde. And the nouns start with a capital letter.

[@ingmarbm]

Faroese: Dvørgur (nom) gav hundi (dat) stein (akk).

[@elwulfcoe1696]

Ic bidde þe, sprece to me on Ænglisc?

[@jacquelinevanderkooij4301]

Same with modern frisian. Dwerch, houn, stien, wiif, sawn, fleish. Heavy looks like heftich.

[@dirkbimini5963]

​@@sknskn "Koning(in) der Nederlanden". You still have it minted on all your coins. And then there is "Vader des Vaderlands". ;-)

[@nibunibu4254]

One of the clearest and most simple explanations of the case system I have seen. Great video!

[@lucywarukira4269]

Incredible. After watching this video, I changed my attitude towards a unit on the origins of English. I find it interesting now. Thanks 👍.

[@herrfister1477]

In the first 20 seconds of this video I was astounded to hear that not only could I watch this video as often as I liked but I could pause and rewind! If only the rest of the content on KZbin had these features!

[@prestone9717]

I can speak a good deal of Modern German which helps with learning Old English. I'm actually VERY surprised that there is a masculine and neutral form for the word wife in Old English though. That will make things tricky

[@rebecamugwort862]

Preston Edde Must have been the word they used for those fierce Viking warrioresses we see so frequently in modern film and television!

[@michaelmuller6890]

das Weib. Thus the word is a neuter still in today's German.

[@weonanegesiscipelibba2973]

@Rich 91 *grammatical* gender was just a category, and doesn't really represent biological gender.

[@livedandletdie]

@@weonanegesiscipelibba2973 after all it's a modern naming scheme.

[@weonanegesiscipelibba2973]

@@livedandletdie that's right It's better to think of it as Category 1, 2, and 3 or some other variant

[@liandos3825]

I'm russian guy who learn english and not so many time ago i had the question "why english doesnt have genders", now i can say it does... and it does not just genders but more than genders and i like it!

[@bl4454]

Best explanation I’ve seen of OE cases. Thank you!

[@jamesmcglothlin7981]

Reading Peter Baker's book now. This has been incredibly helpful. Thank you for this video. Looking forward to viewing your other videos as well.

[@ussrwrestling]

I am a teacher of English and Russian as foreign language from Kharkov, Ukraine! Take care!

[@fonoris2457]

What do you mean, teacher?😀

[@mikewale1866]

Would just like to say thank you for breaking OE down like this, its helpful

[@frankhooper7871]

LOL - I learned German in high school in the late '60s; I still remember the lists of prepositions for dative and accusative cases. And I notice that þurh - cognate to German durch - takes the accusative.

[@emilyk.michael5961]

I am so excited to find this video! I have been following the wonderful Dutch Anglo-Saxonist blog for a while now.

[@MarkPierro]

Emily K. Michael can you send me a link?

[@woolwell_farm]

I'll need to watch this several times, but it's a BIG help. Sincere thanks.

[@stefan6903]

Please continue! Just wanted to say thak you! Very useful resource :)

[@perseveremediaproductions4950]

I have an OE course at uni and this is life saving, thanks!

[@javdetsh]

Great video. Thanks from Russia. I suppose you could never imagine that Old Anglo Saxon English is obligatory in our universities. Happy to watch and revise some points.

[@jamesatherton1853]

Really? It's compulsory in Russia?

[@olgashymanskaya6600]

@@jamesatherton1853 for those who majour in English or teaching English

[@andzzz2]

They might have well have thrown in Dutch for good measure, as you would have been 80% there with OE and modern English ;-). It's very impressive how thorough Russian universities often are. My dad said he had to learn Anglo-Saxon reading English at Cambridge in the early 50s, but I think that was a rarity even then.

[@olgashymanskaya6600]

@@andzzz2 I remember us read Ther was a clark of Oxenford also that onto logyc hatte longygo 🤣 I just remember how it sounded)

[@igormakaric7555]

Great video, you are a wonderful teacher, the dweorh examples made me subscribe!

[@curtpiazza1688]

Enjoyable lesson! Very well explained and illustrated! 😊

[@carlranns6658]

Turkish is agglutinative, where postpositions tag on the end of nouns. Some of the postpositions change a little, like -tan/dan/ten/den ("from") depending on the preceding sounds but it's not like learning Greek or Latin. Geoffrey Lewis used the concept of cases to describe Turkish grammar to make it sound harder than it really is.

[@serranisa7335]

yo tükçe de çok sofistike aslında 😂

[@carlranns6658]

@@serranisa7335 Evet, türkçede çok sofistike

[@aydnkayhancalskan1941]

Evet aynen öyle Türkçe sondan eklemeli bir dil. Macar ve Fin dilleri ile akraba bir dil. Kadim Sümer dili ile Türkçe ortak kökenleri olan bir dil. Türkçe son bin yıldır içinde farsça ve Arapça kelimeler taşısada Türkçe sır dolu gizemli ve derin manaları olan antik kökenli bir dil. Teşekkür ediyorum. 🇹🇷❣️🌹

[@user-ek4ic2ip9e]

I don't know if you still read these comments, but your videos have been very helpful to me during this pandemic. Thank you!

[@PKG10]

I'll tell him, he's my professor at the moment! He'll like to hear it!

[@nataliamoredamenacho1127]

Very helpful! I´m a student of English Philology and these videos are helping me a lot. It would be nice if you could do one about Scandinavian and French borrowing. Thank youuu

[@nicoloknapp8466]

Satz 1: (3:05) Der Zwerg gab dem Hund den Stein. Satz 2: Der Zwerg gab dem Stein den Hund. Satz 3: Der Zwerg liebte den Hund. Satz 4: Des Zwergs Hund. Edit: I was trying to write the Sentences from Old English to Deutsch just to see how similar the Grammatical Structure is.

[@stevenwoolley2727]

Love this video and surprised how close it actually is to German...my years of German studies is not wasted with this. Its a pity we got rid of the case system....I love it :) Thanks for posting

[@Aditya-te7oo]

Steven Woolley I love cases too. They're so logical.

[@SofiaBerruxSubs]

We still have case systems in English not as many as in old English

[@AethelwulfOfNordHymbraLand2333]

We will bring it back

[@mep6302]

English still has the genitive case with 's. As a Spanish speaker, the first time I learned about it, I didn't completely understand when you had to use 's, when of and when just change the order of the words. Now I know it most of the time. In Spanish we use de (of) for everything.

[@Banom7a]

@@SofiaBerruxSubs it also survived in some form in the pronouns

[@apdorafa-rafaelalmeida7159]

Watching this video we can see the influence Latin and other romance languages had on English...modern English grammar is pretty similar to Portuguese, although Portuguese kept a lot of the declination specially when it comes to verbs. However word order is pretty much the same and most prepositions are the same in English and in Portuguese.

[@harbourdogNL]

Utterly fascinating!

[@tammo100]

Old English is amazingly similar to modern Dutch. Se dweorh geaf dam hunde done stan = De dwerg gaf de hond de steen.

[@TheMichaelK]

And Low Saxon: De dwarg gaev den hund den steyn.

[@shashibhusan7731]

Very nice video, Sir. Make more videos and continue your good work.

[@DudeFromDust]

Thanks a lot for links to pdf of the magic sheet!

[@Istoria-Movy]

Very clearly explained!

[@sleepybraincells]

amazingly concise video

[@shashibhusan7731]

Thanks for this nice video, Sir. Continue your good work.

[@jere4913]

Brilliant video!

[@TensorCalculusRobertDavie]

A really good video.

[@jeannesuzanne6425]

Great work 💛

[@olgashymanskaya6600]

Thank you for the great video!!!! I will use it with my students!!! I loved it! Ic līciʒe þis video

[@davidw9736]

I know that this is quite irrelevant, but that really is more of a gnome than a dwarf.

[@yourmajesty1361]

This is excactly like German

[@heartsthekitteh6239]

Âraš Kamândâr This is exactly like Latin, Greek, Russian, and literally every other human language with inflection. Sigh...

[@jasminekaram880]

All those you mentioned are Indo-European, Finnish case inflection works more different.

[@aygun7328]

@@jasminekaram880 finnish and hungarian

[@orangebetsy]

and sanskrit too!

[@orangebetsy]

i take it back...at first it looked like it but sanskrit is a bit different i think...anyways this is very cool

[@salvatoreventre8193]

Best video ever.

[@kdedavidson2298]

Isn’t ‘land’ a neuter noun? I’ve always heard it as ‘Þæt land’ and not ‘Sēo land’.

[@TheMichaelK]

De dwarg gaev den hund den steyn. …in modern Low Saxon. But modern Low Saxon has a somewhat reduced grammar compared to modern German. In Hanseatic times, the Middle Saxon grammar was still very comparable to that of modern German and the sentence in Middle Saxon (Middle Low German) would be more like: De dwarg gaev dem hunde den steyn.

[@Painfoot]

This video was super helpful and very well made. Thanks!

[@user-kg4qd3ct3s]

شكراً كثير thank you 🥰

[@jansundvall2082]

When we are shown old English or Scots we realise the relationship to other Germanic languages. The grammar more or less has the same pattern as German, but I even tracked parallels with modern Swedish.

[@BoredPanda69420]

Thank god this course is in modern english

[@norfangl3480]

tfw I wanna learn Old English and I get gnomed throughout the entire video

[@harbourdogNL]

Bahasa Indonesia also has no 'the'. And to pluralise a word, you just say it twice, which is absolutely brilliant in my opinion.

[@mahardikadika]

Tapi nggak efektif kalao penulisannya dua kali

[@flutterwind7686]

English didn't use to have a 'the' either, and is actually from the same root as 'that' or the demonstrative pronoun.

[@Banom7a]

indo do have "Si/Sang" and the demonstrative "itu/ini"

[@harbourdogNL]

@@Banom7a Can you give me examples of each please?

[@Banom7a]

@@harbourdogNL "Si pemuda" - the young man "Sang kancil" - The mousedeer (sang is more formal) mobil yang ini/itu - (definitely) that/this car although they aren't used often or needed to be use

[@MrPeterpat]

Very, Very wrong Greek Flag! the blue and white has been swapped around

[@roberthead9149]

I would have expressed the sentence, ‘ the dwarf gave the stone to the dog”, because it helps understand the indirect object better.

[@SlowLane-pv3nf]

Thon and thone or yon/yone are still used by some people in Scotland.

[@blockheadgreen_]

Yep, my mum still says yon. It's found its way into my own speech sometimes.

[@ussrwrestling]

Old-English Grammar is typically Indo-European, - genders, cases, verbs conjugations, etc. Similar to Russian grammar. :)))

[@D3monL3A1]

is russian a germanic language?

[@anguswu2685]

ReactorFox3 no, but Russian is Indo-European

[@markmaskov4310]

No, it's an Eastern Slavic language, but it is part of Indo-European language family as all Slavic languages are.

[@randomperson1408]

*Everyone says German but it sounds like Dutch I think*

[@devonoknabo2582]

A language can be like many other languages right?

[@LordComradeAnarchoCapitalus]

Well that's also germanic

[@keighlancoe5933]

Old English and Old Saxon (which became Dutch and Frisian) were completely mutually intelligible. If it wasn't for the Norman invasion, it is likely that English today would be mutually intelligible with Dutch, and to a lesser extent German. I can speak Old English to a conversational level, sadly not fluent yet; but I have spoken in Old English to people from Frisia in the Netherlands and they can understand me

[@user-bl6so2iw3y]

Dutch is franconian, low German is descendant from Saxon.

[@duwang8499]

@@user-bl6so2iw3y No it's not. Modern German came from the Thuringian council language. Which makes Standard German descendant from a East Central German dialect..

[@hagsmunamadurinn]

7:44 Se dweorh sloh þone hund þam stane - Works just as well in Icelandic as; Sá dvergur sló þann hund þeim steini (reads as: Sau dverg-oehr slow Thann h-uh-nd theym steyn-ih)

[@user-rt3zh5kv5p]

hagsmunamadurinn wow !! It’s so weird how other Scandinavian languages evolved and got rid of the grammar structures but Icelandic remains the same

[@luciangabrielpopescu]

Completely intelligible, like in dialects

[@Antpaok]

if only English had retained its grammatical cases in the modern variety, it would enrich it so much more

[@yusufkurniawan3723]

It will be hell for the learners though

[@devonoknabo2582]

He normative His gentive Him acustive

[@mayleecao3063]

Yusuf Kurniawan cases without genders are much easier to learn than ones with genders. If a noun case were inflected for 2 numbers you would only have to remember 2 suffixes for each case. If nouns were also inflected for 2 genders there would be 4 or more suffixes for every case.

[@SofiaBerruxSubs]

English is already hard... that make it harder

[@andzzz2]

@@yusufkurniawan3723 That really depends. Word order has its own complexities and also forces you to change the meter and even tone of sentences in order to emphasise important information.

[@jacquelinevanderkooij4301]

Old english and old frisian are most close. Also frisian DNA/Strontium has been found in parts of UK. Frisians were all over the place, the Northsea was called the Frisian sea ! Also there were several frisian divisions in the roman army in UK. They did not return to the dangerous Netherlands (floddings).

[@FTSOA]

I studied German 12-ish years ago. Prior to that I only spoke english and arabic. Both of which the concept of cases, does not exist. So when I first started studying german, I didnt understand that a word's article could determine its function in a scentence. Eventually I just stopped trying to understand You have no idea how much this helped! thaanks

[@zigsynx5364]

Aber hat Arabisch jedoch nicht 3 Fälle? Ich hab von einem KZbinr gehört (Langfocus) dass Arabisch Nominativ, Akkusativ und Genitiv hat. Ja es ist wahr, dass es kein Dativ gibt, aber es gibt trotzdem Fälle darin, oder?

[@FTSOA]

@@zigsynx5364 Was du sagst, stimmt eigentlich genau, aber da die Schreibweise der Wörter sich nach Fall nicht ändert, und weil Satzglieder im Arabischen keine Thema sind, habe ich sie mir eher an Subjekt, Prädikat und Objekt näher gebunden, was nie wirklich Probleme machte. Soviel ich noch im Erinnerung habe haben wir in der Arabischen Schule "Fälle" nie wirklich als Hauptthema Studiert, dass war irgendwie Automatisiert, nach Ton und Rhythmus

[@zigsynx5364]

@@FTSOA Achsooo. Ich hab auch gehört, dass Informeller Arabisch dieses Konzept nie verwenden, also dass es nur in ”vorbereiteten” Texten gibt. Übrigens, dein Deutsch ist aber gut.

[@FTSOA]

@@zigsynx5364 Jup, stimmt nochmals, Aber Informeller Arabisch, wie Schweizer Deutsch, wird nie wirklich Studiert. Es gibt keine Grammatik, Rechtschreibung usw. Man kann es nur lernen indem man mit Menschen Spricht. Und auch dann, die verschiedene Dialekte sind so unterschiedlich, dass ich nicht mal die hälfte verstehen kann, hahaha. Ich wunderte mich aber immer, könnte ein Deutscher aus Deutschland Schweizer Deutsch gut verstehen? Da ich weiss, da gibt es Wörter die ganz anders sind, Satzbau auch.

[@zigsynx5364]

@@FTSOA Ich bin eigentlich keine Deutsche haha, aber sondern Norwegischer. Deshalb kenne ich den unterscheid nicht so gut, aber ich kann sagen, dass die Dialekten bisher schwer für mich ist, aber nur in der Extremsten Formen. Schweizer Deutsch ist persönlich jedoch nicht so leicht zu verstehen, weil die Phonologie und besonders die anderen Wörtern nicht zu kapieren sind. Ich hab bisher nicht so viel entdeckt, aber es ist ja anders. Und ist die Marokkodialekte wirklich so schlecht und hässlich, wie die Araber sagen?

[@litshushu]

Old english is german but in an island

[@onurbschrednei4569]

Wow, the question now is, is there ANY difference at all to modern German grammar? I couldn't find any. Even the specific genders for those words are the exact same: stone, dwarf, dog, and wife are all masculine in German, while bean is also feminine.

[@Tesana]

So, the 'cniht' in 'leorningcnihtas' is a cognate to 'cniht' but doesn't yet mean 'kniȝt'?

[@LittleImpaler]

Your first video should have been the Alphabet.

[@pqbdwmnu]

It’s basically the same but with ash and thorn

[@LEO_M1]

plus 4 me daddy Albeit with slightly different pronunciation.

[@galland3496]

Although I deeply like old English , I find this lesson hard to take !

[@petenick7829]

Land is probably neuter as it is in German. Thaet Land is Helgoland is one Old English phrase that I remember.

[@svemee]

Pete Nick Correct: Land is neuter in both German and Scandinavian languages

[@harleyzeldes8961]

A lot like icelandic too!

[@thecorrectjethra5745]

I know it is the standard when studying language to describe certain words as gendered, but is that really the most accurate way to describe them? Sure, they belong in different categories, but if their category doesn’t have a bearing on the physical gender of what they are describing, why do we refer to them in terms of gender?

[@elwulfcoe1696]

Anybody know the Old English translation for "My head hurts after this, why did I start learning Old English?" I love it really, but my God why did I have to obsess over and decide to learn a dead language.

[@elwulfcoe1696]

@@alanfahy7743 Ic þancie xD

[@alanfahy7743]

@@elwulfcoe1696 Þæt is mīn “best guess” swā swā man sæġÞ on nīwen Ænglisce. Wæs Þū hæl.

[@AethelwulfOfNordHymbraLand2333]

Anglish will be brought back

[@bigbigfizzi]

Great vid and have watched it numerous times. However, 6:17, "possesive" is spelt incorrectly. Needs 2 S

[@hassegreiner9675]

Funny how your 'dweorhe' sounds exactly like Danish 'dværg' meaning 'dwarf' - but your 'dweorhe' looks exactly like the scandinavian 'nisse/tomte', however 'nisser' are not 'dværge' they're not humans with a growth hormon defect, they're just revengefull, farmdwelling tiny humanoids whom you should feed well and keep happy, or they might kill your lifestock. We have a saying in Danish that reminds you that you rarely can escape your problems by moving/changing: Nissen flytter med (the nisse moves with you).

[@Danknight403]

What language was more complex, grammaticly, old english or latin?

[@MrPeterpat]

Love your videos BUT, how can you get the Greek flag wrong??

[@keptins]

Turkish flag is perfectly ok though

[@MrPeterpat]

@@keptins Haha, i can only shake my head!

[@cosmicguy97]

it´s so much like german goddamn ...

[@balisong46]

Who would have guessed that the earliest form of a West Germanic language is similar to another West Germanic language...

[@grimhavenz]

balisong46| yeah we know that he’s just surprised that it’s SO close to German

[@corpi8784]

German is the most conservative of west germanic languages- dutch has somewhat simplified its grammar whereas modern english is the most simplified and thus most distinct from its roots.- which is why old english is closer to modern german in many regards - closer than modern english that is- which has changed more drastically both in vocabulary and grammar since 7th/8th century when the west germanic dialects where still mutually intelligible

[@livedandletdie]

All of the Germanic languages are so much like German... They are still so much like German... if you just look at it with the right eyes, that pops out like a sore in ones eyes. Sore in this case is the old old word sore which means wound.

[@goodcomrade2949]

Its more close to frisian;)

[@garyb-tl5tq]

Lovely to see Wallace had a son. Wonder how Gromit's getting on.

[@alcuin18]

Could anyone tell me where I could download or print his grammar magic sheet?

[@alcuin18]

Ah. Thank you.

[@MrPeterpat]

Your Greek flag's colours are inverted!

[@gustavovillegas5909]

Iċ þancie þē! Very helpful video :)

[@D3monL3A1]

wow sooo cool i could understand it

[@DaveHuxtableLanguages]

Some more normal words would be nice. The woman gave the flesh to the beast? The queen gave the bride the bean?

[@frzferdinand72]

Leorningcnihtas... learning-knights? That's really cool.

[@Gaspard832011]

N: Þæt wīf lufode þæt hēat. // F: Sēo cwēn lufode þā brȳd.

[@eralpkale7813]

For phonetical writing system is old English very smilar Turkish. (if ı have a mistakes,ı sorry for you)

[@ozkang654]

This explains finno uralic relations of English İn turkic languages for example Sorting is Subject +object +verb Sometimes Subject verb object And not oftenly Subject dissapers Only verb and object can be a sentence

[@ijansk]

Are there people today who speak old English fluently? If so, how do they express modern concepts that didn't exist back then?

[@sara_s_]

Is German an archaic version of English then? How is it different to German?

[@thijsporck]

Both languages go back to the same ancestor language (proto-Germanic)!

[@RyanEdmondsMyLifeAsRyan]

Can you kindly refer me to a good pronunciation guide?

[@jean-claudewallard9309]

Actually cwen stands for woman before meaning queen. Whereas wif would have a more general meaning as female (Weib in german, also neuter).

[@indenturedLemon]

and Weib are considered derogatory today lol

[@yeshualionofjudah7107]

I need to learn Middle English

[@TheMichaelK]

High German and English are probably the most distant two within the West Germanic languages. I guess the reason why so many say "Oh it’s like German!" is because German is the second most spoken Germanic language right after English.

[@IR-xy3ij]

Also German retains a large amount of old Germanic grammar, whereas English and Dutch do not. This makes German speakers still learn old English the fastest despite not having as many cognates.

[@TheMichaelK]

@@IR-xy3ij Do you have a study or something like that? German grammar may help, I‘d say a speaker of Westphalian Low Saxon and probably other Low Saxon dialects would have an easier time..

[@IR-xy3ij]

@@TheMichaelK You just need to find some old English, German and Dutch sentences and compare them to one another. Old English's grammar is much more similar to German (as it preserved more old Germanic grammar), but is closer to Dutch in terms of vocabulary. In order to learn a language, grammar is precisely the hardest part to get right, and Germans intuitively have an easier time with that. German is the only mainstream Germanic language that still has all the accusative, dative, nominative and genitive cases, grammatical genders and Dutch has none of them. I would agree that a modern German person with some sort of low German accent near the north sea would have the easiest time understanding old English, but with minimal training, a high German speaker would still understand old English. The reason why I believe people see old English is similar to German is that they both have inflections for different cases. This is usually the first thing people notice.

[@crookedninja5]

Fem: Sēo brýd slǽpte. Neu: Ic seah pǽt wíf. Hē is hefig. Masc: Se tún is eemetig. Think I have it down. : )

[@rami-sep]

Isn't "many" a Germanic word? So Many translated as Fela in Old English? Please anyone answers

[@ImNotJoshPotter]

en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/many en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/fela Looks like 'manig' and 'fela' both mean many. I read on that second link that "felafaeld" is the origin of the word "manifold" so there's kind of a mix there. You should dig around that wiktionary site though. You can learn quite a bit.

[@svemee]

RAMI - So well many as fela have Germanic roots. German: mannig(faltig), viele. Scandinavian: många, flera

[@ussrwrestling]

in Russian (and Ukrainian) we use 6 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental and Prepositional. :)))

[@sergeyprokhorov5170]

What about Vocative in Ukrainian?

[@hsnztn2802]

Dos he speak a certain accent that makes him pronounce the way he does, or does he has a speech problem the way he bites and pronounces the shhhh and sss ? If it's the accent from where he comes, what is it ?

[@ramonek9109]

What do you mean? This is an obsolete language. It is not spoken anywhere. There are no existing regional accents. How do you bite an sss?

[@hsnztn2802]

@@ramonek9109 i didn't say that. Look at how he pronounces. His modern English is what I'm taking about

[@ramonek9109]

@@hsnztn2802 Yes, I am noticing as well now. His sharp as sounds a bit sloppy. Not quite sharp enough. I guess he is dutch.

[@ramonek9109]

I have noticed his first name now. Definitely dutch.

[@hsnztn2802]

@@ramonek9109 dutch, yeah.. awesome Would love to connect with you

[@LittleImpaler]

Old English would be easy for me, if I could find a teacher.

[@LittleImpaler]

@Stephen Williams no.

[@MainDoodler]

How it transformed into a current English?

[@RineGal]

It's all French's fault. Stupid William the Conquerer.

[@shapeshifter8778]

RineGal lol hahaha

[@aaronjacobamadorsalazar1934]

So true

[@rebecamugwort862]

Much abridged: Gaelic tribes inhabit the English isles. Romans invade! But most don’t stay. Anglo-Saxons invaded, creating ”Old English”. Norman French invaded and did stay for a long time. Eventually, French left, but kept making all the fancy things the English didn’t have words for. Wars, Crusades, and the renaissance to follow. The Scots get tired of speaking Scottish and give up. Then! The great awakening reintroduces introduces old Greek words, and the scientific enlightenment introduces Latin into the mix for the second time. Then British to everywhere in the world, and the people they leave in different places start speaking differently, just like the different old Germanic did, starting the cycle all over again. *inhales sharply*

[@user-ht4gb2fw4e]

Other languages influenced Old English. + Latin, Welsh, Gaelic, Norse, French. Modern English is full of words from these other languages. But, Modern English still has a surviving German influence within it! = "That Is Good!" = "Das Ist Gute"! .."Good Day"! = "Gute Tag"! "Und, Der Bier Ist Wunderbar"! ="And, The Beer Is Wonderful"!

[@UKFDANEDNBGEMINIJUNEIBIZA]

interesting

[@Gaspard832011]

N: Þæt wīf geaf þām hēat þæt flǣsc. // F: Sēo cwēn geaf þǣre brȳd þā land.

[@user-hc3xc4yj7u]

Text line covers alot of words below.

[@livedandletdie]

Wait a second... Cwen is wife... not queen... as it's the cognate of kvan in Old norse, which means wife. And it isn't until late Old English that it's meaning began to differ. Old English by then would use cyninge...