Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists - CrashCourse Biology #35

Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth and are our oldest, oddest relatives.
References:
users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultr...
www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fan...
www.genomenewsnetwork.org/arti...
biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio...
:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista...
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista...
Table of Contents
1) Archaea 03:23
a) Methanogens 04:02
b) Extremophiles 04:24
2) Bacteria 05:24:2
3) Gram Positive 06:50
a) Proteobacteria 07:15
b) Cyanobacteria 07:30
c) Spirochetes 07:42
d) Chlamydias 07:52
4) Protists 08:12
a) Protozoa 09:03
b) Algae 09:54
c) Slime Molds 11:13
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at / crashcourse
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - / youtubecrashcourse
Twitter - / thecrashcourse
Instagram - / thecrashcourse
CC Kids: / crashcoursekids

[@shrees5009]

you know you're super late to the party when there aren't only four kingdoms anymore...

[@everettduncan7543]

Soo many kingdoms of bacteria and archaea, archaea are somehow polyphyletic, protists aren't even valid

[@hansc.7002]

As a biology student at the university, knowing way more about the subject of these courses, I love your vids about biology and chemistry as a 'late night snack' but I recommend more pictures! They will improve explanation and remembering the key points.

[@osmosisjones4912]

Some found happyness in the uni signal cell form . Come on who be a germ. Can you imagine your life if you were a germ. Even outside the body. Maybe amabias are decents of white blood cells who managed to make it out side the body

[@ginevramancini483]

Tomorrow I'll take an important exam to get into Med School in Italy. I have studied for the past two years alone as an autodidact and all these videos have been a huge support in my journey. Thank you Hank and to all the members of CrashCourse!

[@oo6505]

Crash Course Microbiology would be nice!

[@cutestuff1115]

Adam St. Martin yesssss I was saying this. would've helped a lot with my class right now

[@microbiologyit]

Hi! I'm a microbiology online tutor. I am creating "Study with me" videos where I help you study microbiology. Whatever video you need currently, I can film and post.

[@microbiologyit]

I'm going through my microbiology textbook and posting "study with me" videos where I help you study micro. FREE tutoring session videos!!

[@samahhaddad9193]

ohhhh this was really one yr ago

[@myredlightspecial]

The ROC: A Strong Foundation cramming for a test Monday what do you have for fundamentals of microbiology prokaryotes eukaryote, some history, chemical principles, etc

[@hongrand]

Thumbs up if you're cramming for a test.

[@dalantawilliams1867]

App biology 😂😂😂

[@gia2804]

I'm gonna fail 😭😭😭

[@murtaghmorza1]

+iCreativity_ Love fml

[@natashanajam3499]

+Da'lanta Williams doing it this year. Is the exam really hard?

[@katrineboucher7199]

RyanHong [Hongrand] well exam

[@derkaderk124]

sad you teach better than my professor who has won a nobel prize and has multiple PhD degrees...

[@jaferization]

your teacher didnt get a nobel prize for teaching. she got it probably for her research. which goes to say, she's prob mediocre at teaching but amazing at research.

[@toxikc4189]

jafer bohra his/her lol

[@derkaderk124]

jafer bohra thank you for educating us.

[@jaferization]

TheShockerKnocker ur in some emotional pain that's why you go on the Internet letting ur hurt soul curse other people out letting out the pain. Please get help.

[@spinorama29]

TheShockerKnocker bad day?

[@kdk750]

My dear Hank, Magically you always seem to know what my exams are on because this is like the fourth time you've posted the exact video I needed days before an exam. Thank you in advance for my B.Sc. :) You're the best!!!!!!

[@jlklai98]

Thank you for getting me an A on my test.

[@mahtabuddin7960]

@@jaujau_0999 did you?

[@LocoPedro9614]

"And Daniel Tosh's Mouth" SHOTS FIRED YO XDD

[@21jillybeans12]

So I come home today, dreading having to study for my biology quiz tomorrow on... archaea, bacteria & protists. Hank sir, you have an uncannily accurate sense of timing.

[@kingdavidjapan]

This series is so well made and thought out! Thank for putting it out there for free so that as many as possible can expand their knowledge! Thumbs up, Hank. Thumbs up.

[@skylerclyne6542]

not gonna lie I’m really high and also really enjoying this. Thank you young adorable Hank.

[@RoxxyKaosGG]

I lost it when he said Protists are a "big crap circus" xD

[@Tobhiyah]

I LOVE this Guy/show!!! So glad I took Biology so I can share these with my son. Favorite quotes, "like Daniel Tosh's mouth, Crap show & piles of barf"!! Call me a geek, but there's a good chance I'll watch these for fun even once I've finished my final today! Thanks for making science fun, interesting & funny!

[@thingonometry-1460]

Thumbs up anyone with a test tomorrow!

[@LiniM1]

Thingonometry - Thumbs up anyone with a test in four hours :-/

[@diyanaljoe4389]

Thingonometry - dude, guess what???..it's me and he did cover the whole topic which is enoough for me not to read them at all.

[@ForestHuang]

+Thingonometry - i got an A on the quiz cus of this and the taxonomy vid and the fungi vid

[@1nf1nn1te]

+Thingonometry - Bi250, you know it

[@gabrielaorozco8941]

+Thingonometry - yup

[@Koalaslovesloths]

CLARIFIED - Gram Stain does NOT stain cell membrane, it stains the peptidoglycan CELL WALL

[@szhou009]

Protists are honestly way too diverse to be classified all into one kingdom. What causes confusion is that the notion of classifying all other organisms as protists suggests that they all share the same phylogeny, which is anything but true.(ie. Brown algae and amoeba do not share recent common ancestors.) A great analogy would be the former system classifying eubacteria and archaea into the domain Monera, which does not truly reflect their evolutionary history (archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes). I hope that many more scientists start to debunk the notion of classifying organisms as "protists" simply because they "don't fit" and develop a system that truly reflects their evolutionary history (ie. adding more kingdoms--sorry biology students).

[@elimalinsky7069]

@Aastha Sarwal archea is more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. It was only discovered recently (in the early 2000s) using comparative analyses of genomes. For a while it baffled microbiologists but it is now understood that all prokaryotes were archea-like when the first eukaryotes formed, and that modern bacteria developed more complex metabolism since the divergence of ancient prokaryotes into later prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

[@luigireyes1346]

My first semester in Microbiology and man this helped a lot. I'm going to rewatch this. I need to take notes too.

[@kittyk879]

You guys make very informative videos . It really helps alot to those who just want to recall these topics for higher competitve exams, it is in a concised form and the way of presentation is really good. Thanks guys , keep making such informative videos.

[@photelegy]

Wow, I only really knew him looking older. Here he looks so very young 😅😅

[@soniamartell9220]

Awesome video! So helpful! I was so confused about all three. Thank you!

[@biapedrett2913]

I love youu, You made me want to study during vacation, and that's awsome!

[@kianjt]

I love this channel, it's helping me with my AH Physics and Biology courses

[@ryansergas3894]

Thanks for the video! Hank never fails to inspire the masses with SCIENCE!

[@Hamski555]

Hahahaha just literally laughed out loud at “they’re scumbags” love this dude

[@ohmygawdbecky95]

When I'm taking my Biology final tomorrow afternoon, I just know I'm going to be picturing that Sailor's Eye and Dog Vomit slime mold

[@tachypodion]

HANK THANK YOU SO MUCH YOU HAVE JUST ESSENTIALLY GOTTEN ME OUT OF A SEMESTER OF BIOLOGY I MEAN SERIOUSLY MY TEACHER DECIDED TO JUST SHOW US CRASH COURSE EVERY OTHER DAY FOR THE REST OF THE YEAR THANK YOU I LOVE YOU BLESS YOU AND ALL YOU HOLD DEAR

[@fudgemonkeyz69]

That's awesome dude! But turn your Caps Lock off. :)

[@tachypodion]

fudgemonkeyz69 Sorry 'bout that... The Caps Lock key on that computer was broken, and I didn't notice until after I posted.

[@vidhishah5639]

lol

[@isaacme9450]

Thumbs up if you're not cramming for a test and you are just doing this for biology class

[@osmosisjones4912]

Maybe the father's mitochondrial DNA can be passed down through horizontal Gene transfer.

[@thaneros]

Neither, I'm just watching just because I miss micro. I've been out of school for about 5 years now.

[@DEvin3290]

SALTY LIKE DANIEL TOSHS' MOUTH lmfao nice

[@ayrtonwallgregg6993]

They showed they in school....

[@ashhhhlyy]

Loved this video! Wish you included Euglenas as well though. (they're my favorite) They're definitely an enigma in their own c:

[@sriampojwalam4907]

i love how you can watch these videos like 10 times and still gain a little bit of knowledge every time you watch it again.

[@Dannijay16]

wow... A LOT of information just now... but very helpful and informative! your excitement and enthusiasm made it easier to digest all of the info... thanks!

[@prohunter297]

Who’s here quarantined

[@aaniyacoley5196]

Me😔

[@exqlu]

StupidNerdGhost me

[@samsalamander8147]

Still quarantined two months later

[@olivianassef9360]

@@samsalamander8147 me too hahaha

[@carlomiranda6370]

Still cramming for my biology exam :( 2019!!!

[@KarenSelickKAS]

This is great! Thanks for making this video. Now gonna check out the rest.

[@samanthagonah8243]

You always have the EXACT info I need. Grazie mille

[@awesomeskier12345]

hank: the only person on this earth who can condense a university biology course into twelve minute videos.

[@kjbombsquad]

Can you guys do a video on viruses??

[@excelsiorcameo5295]

You think they haven't?

[@OsQuinneOsGwynneOsRobynne]

Squid Nugget They haven't lol

[@excelsiorcameo5295]

Nikkideamus Osyren Wow. I am shocked.

[@OsQuinneOsGwynneOsRobynne]

Squid Nugget Lol. Most of their stuff is at a 100 college level. You really only vaguely talk about viruses at that level.

[@bentom345]

Kayla Rooker they can do yes

[@reginamurguia4078]

Excellent video... Can't think of anything better to say. Simply amazing, nice realization, excellent teacher.

[@hanysz711]

Great! I love it. It really helps me to study. Thank you❤️

[@Alexander-bd2hk]

guess theres alot of halophiles on the youtube comment section. its the saltiest place in the universe! :3

[@nonenone51]

Best comment you will find here!

[@familyjirinchen760]

Ah hahahahaa

[@_koraki]

Alex ander guess I’m a halophile now ~

[@aeiomusic]

Oi, why are you scrolling through the comments?? GET BACK TO STUDYING FOR YOUR EXAM SMH >:(

[@amiratazkia]

Aeio Music tHANKYOU

[@huntermenge6297]

hahaha 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😎😎😎😎😎😎😎😎

[@lisatouyon1456]

Great lecture, easy to understand and very helpful. Thank you

[@lorrainegibbons2468]

loving this chanel. really helps with my studies!

[@TrishisFlabbergasted]

This guy cracks me up.

[@CloseAirSupport]

Ikr

[@QlarityP]

These videos are truly excellent! I am hoping, since you indicated on SciShow that you would entertain requests, that you would consider doing an entire series on Microbiology. Your Bio series has been an enormous help as has the Chemistry series. An entire series that really gets into life at the microscopic level would be really helpful for us pre-health care sorts. What do you think??

[@jabrock88]

Love these for teaching! Health teacher here... Many of the science videos cross over into health class given health is directly related to how the body works. Thank you for making these resources available!!!

[@microbiologyit]

There are a lot of informative videos, but I am reaching the microbiology student who cannot afford a tutor or their schedule is too jammed pack. I 've created "Study with me" videos where I help micro students study online for FREE!

[@StacyLopez]

Not only are your videos a life saver but they are entertaining as hell. Thank you so much for making me laugh while I learn!

[@nguyenjennifer4344]

They're old they're odd. Get use to it 😂😂😂

[@ellieedwards6304]

daniel tosh's mouth!!! so funny!!!!

[@ThatManAdrian]

They were throwing shade at him by saying he's salty? I think

[@teews4202]

Tf

[@slamber23]

Thank you so, so much! This series is helping me review for my 1st year bio exam today!

[@frederikjones8981]

This is the first vid I got sufficiently lost that I needed to go back and re-watch... So many terms!

[@conallirvine04tusifrirotsitrue]

Thumbs up if your watching this willingly after an upper pectoral workout

[@alexislotus54]

love your vids im in 6th grade and although your vids are complex they are simple big big big big help

[@bl3748]

CRISSYMAKINGMOVES WADE How is your first year of high school going?

[@nadyaguerreroramirez4340]

You make everything so easy, I love your videos

[@songthanh896]

Both knowledge and English listening, thanks very much ! I like the way you teach :))

[@Sean_Gao]

Anyone 2019 Biology?

[@itsbeanstime]

Me.

[@queensaharaice7376]

2020 baby😎👍

[@bobbyboy3558]

Apocalypse 👍

[@Fleaf13]

Prokaryotes such as bacteria have a circular chromosome, but also possess extra DNA in the form of plasmids. It would be wrong to say only eukaryotes have chromosomes.

[@Skywalker-zu7od]

Fleaf13 Yes! Thank you, as soon as I heard that I knew it was an error. Good catch!

[@Benb227]

hank you are a beast. you've helped me so much with my AS course thankyou!!!

[@kettkim]

After going to lecture and not understanding everything, watching you video reinforced everything that my instructor said but was much easier to follow. Thanks!

[@sarahstorm3110]

Died laughing when you made the joke about Daniel Tosh x3

[@meepmerp1562]

+Sarah Storm 10/10

[@jamesusmc22]

Im just here for my test tomorrow

[@samahhaddad9193]

pass it?????????

[@TheVlogWalrus]

This is so useful for the AP Bio exam. Crashcourse is saving my life. :)

[@kantipatel6971]

Ramcharoy manas the

[@captivesparrow]

Exploring the tubes for Biology classes, second gold mine i've came across. Thanks! Saved me a shitoad of reviewing in my head.

[@mcnaughty1000]

omg hes a genious, i wish he was my lecturer.. damn he knws his thing..

[@marywagner7120]

Lol, this video was only produced 4 years ago and it's already going out of date! The Kingdom Protista was determined to be polyphyletic and is getting broken up.

[@jasminthorsted6251]

This guy is awesome, I enjoy every video

[@lifeasklar]

This video has helped me understand this subject more in 12 minutes than my teacher for weeks. Even though english is my second language I understood this better. I just hope I'll pass my exam!

[@dr.jsmith8347]

HEY EDITORS! There is a glaring error in your section about bacteria. The gram reaction does not stain the cell membrane, it stains the cell wall. I'd love to link this video to show my class, but I can't because it is inaccurate.

[@kylekyle38]

+Jenny Smith You ma'am are a savage. "I'd love to link this video to show my class, but I can't because it is inaccurate." SAVAGE. Carry on.

[@konstantinostassis382]

+Jenny Smith I thought it stained the peptidoglycan in the cell

[@jasperian5697]

+Konstantinos Tassis bacteria's cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, and j think that includes prototists

[@konstantinostassis382]

+Sara Nina thanks for the confirmation, already had my test though.

[@troyjesse7833]

Protists do not have cell walls. And are eukaryotes, so would not have peptidoglycan anyway

[@PacificCircle1]

The miracle of evolution!

[@Lunari_wolph]

You have just changed my life...thank you.

[@sprayonsarcasm4174]

Just wanted to say I found what you said very interesting, thank you for helping me with my biology classes.

[@JC111414]

Tomorrow is my test. Let's see if this really helps.

[@lizziegeorge3603]

Bruh, required to watch this for online school, loooooving quarantine :/

[@bluefairyme14]

This is so much better than my school keep the micro lectures coming please!!!! :D

[@rachelh6215]

This is a perfect short review for me, thank you!

[@Andronicus_of_Rhodes]

Protists are no longer considered a kingdom. That said, I would not have gotten a 'B' in my bio course last semester without your videos.

[@LoydAvenheart]

Three years later and the school system still hasn't caught up xd.

[@thecorporation7249]

The only thing that people comment is "Thumps up if you're cramming for a test." Its dumb... Just study way before hand.

[@daryllblackburn6900]

Thank you for making this video- very helpful! I have a better understanding of everything, and it's not stated in a boring, kill me now, kinda tone. Well done!

[@AntiMatter324]

Amazing as always. You're the best at this internet education thing.

[@omega9290]

actually my bio teacher said that the largest cell is 3 meters long and is present in the neck of a giraffe

[@nonenone51]

Thumbs up if you are just curious how life works!

[@LayZeeBro]

As a college graduate from a distinguished University, and now teacher's assisstant at said University, I can honestly say that this is EXACTLY what they teach at the college level. This is called CRASH COURSE for a reason; of course the college level will go more in depth talking about apicomplexa's pseudopods, or ciliophora's radula, but this is the basis of the chapters in our bio books. FUNDAMENTALS is what will take a student far, not just expecting to be spoon fed. Thank you so much Hank!!

[@TheInkdancer]

That is fascinating. Thanks for the explanation!

[@Hollowwsstory]

Thumbs up if you ARENT cramming for a test And just like to learn :D Side note- sick 2012 burn to Daniel Tosh

[@macjsus]

"How is that thing one cell"?

[@aiseng206]

This is an awesome video!! Thank you so much!

[@presentlymine]

Thank you so much for these videos, been going through them for my med school. #respect

[@sophiea8937]

my test is in 20 minutes...

[@stephancalitz7113]

how did that test go?

[@isaiahheyward4419]

sophie a lol did you pass

[@justarando7916]

sophie a try 3 minutes

[@user-iz6ny8vk3u]

It’s been 3 years how was you test

[@elliotleitner9847]

It must be noted that he says Archaea are the oldest life forms on earth. This is FALSE. Bacteria are the oldest life form on Earth. They have fossil remains the predate archaea (3.6 billion years ago). Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree indicates that bacteria came first, then archaea, then eukaryotic organisms.

[@barbaric37]

Its like you use the exact same biology textbook my class does, everything in this video was so helpful!

[@kennedylyn2556]

Thank you for saving me from the typical long, drawn out, boring videos that you see on here lol. Thank you thank you thank you!! :)

[@irenehomere2135]

im not the only one who got the part about daniel tosh's mouth right? lolol

[@irenehomere2135]

SevNation if you knew who Daniel tosh is you'd understand

[@irenehomere2135]

then you should understand

[@ThatManAdrian]

Was the reference supposed to mean that Daniel Tosh is "salty"? Because I don't really know the guy but that's the only thing that would make sense to me hahahah

[@sep222]

Why did Hank chirp Daniel Tosh?

[@jennamelman4269]

this stuff is so cool it would be awesome to see someone talk about it with awe and not sarcasm

[@karlalabama]

Yay, microbiology! I do research on bacteria, so I'm glad you're teaching folks about them. One point: Gram negative and Gram positive refers to differences in their cell wall, not cell membrane. (All living cells have membranes, made out of phospholipid; bacteria also have cell walls made out of peptidoglycan.)

[@javi-ec2re]

who watching in 2019

[@y__h]

It's 2019 and still no satisfying video for Archea other than this.

[@georgeblue9271]

Bro why’d he gas Daniel Tosh like that tho

[@macmarty2025]

And another excellent crashcourse video. Thank you so much.

[@jasminegirgis6381]

this helped a lot and made it easier to understand, i just wish there were more visuals and pictures to help