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The gothic novel was born out of the 18th century's fascination with the Middle Ages and gothic architecture, which trail-blazers such as Horace Walpole merged to create not just a new genre of literature, but a new kind of book: the novel itself. Gothic literature contains iconic characteristics such as crumbling castles, the supernatural and extreme emotion, but it also explores more subtle psychological concepts such as the sublime, the uncanny and the grotesque. After Walpole's text came now-famous gothic texts including Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Stoker's Dracula, cementing the genre in the public consciousness and giving rise to countless reimaginings across a wide range of media.