Paris 1944 in color, during world war 2 [60fps, Remastered] w/sound design added

[@NASS_0]

Like And Share Please! Join as a member to support our channel 👉 kzbin.info/door/1W8ShdwtfgjRHdbl1Lctcwjoin

[@jeffron7]

Beautiful to see Paris...the center ofnour universe.

[@wladyslawbukowski]

This is not the Paris of 1944. Instead of German soldiers, the streets are full of representatives of the Allied forces. Please do not mislead us.

[@TA-dg6tf]

@@wladyslawbukowski This is probably Paris after August. Paris was liberated from the Germans in August so this could be accurate.

[@wladyslawbukowski]

@@TA-dg6tf Thank you for the information and I apologize for my mistake. Somehow, 1945 was stuck in my subconscious as the year of the liberation of Europe. Regards.

[@heliedecastanet1882]

Cher Nass, au vu de la présence de costumes militaires alliés, ça ne peut pas être l'hiver (janvier, février, mars) 1944, Paris ayant été libéré le 25 août de cette année-là. Il s'agirait plutôt de l'hiver 1945 🙂 Mais merci en tout cas pour votre vidéo et félicitations pour l'énorme travail accompli !!! 👍

[@giova3026]

Somewhere in France there is a 80 something year old , who has no idea their parents are in a video pushing a stroller w their child in it. Be incredible to find that person!

[@clovismcpony]

I always wonder if I’m unknowingly in some content capture someone will view in 200 years

[@cw2gtc]

…And THEY, were the infant. Now the 80yr old. Hmm…

[@giova3026]

@@cw2gtc the circle of life and if we are lucky enough to get old , its beautiful. But stay active!

[@giova3026]

@@clovismcpony A friend once found himself in a book of the times at Studio 54, he was shocked.

[@jeffron7]

@@giova3026 I see what you're saying here 😏

[@patdam5422]

Félicitations pour votre travail de grande qualité. C'est un très grand plaisir de voir de telles images parfaites.

[@NASS_0]

Merci à vous

[@edouardb4267]

Amazing ! Feeling paris 1944 spirit.. even if travelling in the past is not possible, we are witness of the past with your video good job ! Thanks a lot

[@fdrstan]

It’s been 13 years since I visited Paris, and I have missed it ever since. Unbelievable beauty and there’s just something in the air there that I haven’t experienced anywhere else. Hard to put into words, but truly magical. Can’t wait to visit with my kids one day soon.

[@enjolras76]

Wow. What a moment captured. Thanks so much for restoring!!

[@fredericbryla6412]

Rare vidéo nous montrant la vie au quotidien, sans commentaires ajoutés, avec Son & Lumière de l'époque . MERCI

[@lcx7313]

パリの貴重な映像をありがとうございます💓 ファッションも建造物も素敵すぎる✨

[@olrikm]

While mostly out of focus, your clip still shows how beautiful Paris can be. You prove that without any technical quality involved, beauty will emerge anyways. Thanks!

[@lindafrazier8092]

My Dad's pictures out of focus too passing through Paris after liberation 1945! Love and cherish these little pictures and followed his footsteps around this beautiful City of Light❤🎉

[@arjivar]

I was in Paris 11 years ago. One of the most beautiful cities my eyes have ever seen.

[@jorgkaczmarek291]

Paris is realy wonderfull, but look dresden or prague, nearly beautiful

[@petek7822]

I lived there for 30 years

[@madelynrosaxoxo5490]

My dream is to go there one day 🤍

[@apfelprincess45]

@@petek7822 Very jealous of that! I love Paris, have been there four times, I'd love to live there.

[@apfelprincess45]

@@madelynrosaxoxo5490 You won't be disappointed!

[@irini4658]

Hello NASS from Athens Greece, When unexpectedly discovering your channel scrolling through the videos, I could not but follow your incredibly wonderful work that you made here. I like all that is vintage so all of these are just wonderful to watch!

[@williammontana3895]

Another great time lapse video. The architecture looks stunning. Paris looked good near the end of WW2, and I guess its population was more relaxed and relieved knowing the nightmare was over.

[@nilsen589]

time lapse?

[@williammontana3895]

@@nilsen589 Yes " a considerable lapse of time" from 1944 to 2023 , of 79 years.

[@chandramouli362]

awesome - war trucks moving around - buildings were stunning and glad it survived the second world war

[@user-pf3ev4ws7u]

Nightmare? France: about 90000 killed. USSR - about 26 000 000 000 killed.

[@williammontana3895]

@8 8 That's why I had called it a nightmare, and it was almost over. Don't be so literal.

[@chiconeededthemoney]

So this is after the liberation. Awesome. And I'm also going to assume that it's before The Battle of the Bulge. So this is in a window between late August to mid December, 3 and a half months. They cleaned up the damage and the city so fast. I love Paris.

[@petek7822]

What damage? The city was barely touched. Why should it be before the Battle of the Bulge?

[@chiconeededthemoney]

@@petek7822 because it's in 1944 and it doesn't look cold. It looks like a fall day. And all those soldiers would not be walking and driving all over the city, they'd have been rushed to the front.

[@PANCHOVILLAMATO]

@@chiconeededthemoney The video says Winter 1944, and most of the men & women are wearing gloves and jackets as well. I will assume further that the soldiers in Paris at this time, were on much deserved R&R. A few days away from the raging war. The battle of the bulge was far away enough to have little impact on Paris. What a wonderful video...

[@chiconeededthemoney]

@@PANCHOVILLAMATO I have to disagree. The Bulge took everyone by suprise. They would have cancelled all leaves and would have recalled all soldiers from whatever R&R they would have been on. They would have recalled soldiers even from London and England and sent them to the Belgium. If they couldn't have gotten to their units, they would have sent them somewhere else.

[@petek7822]

@@chiconeededthemoney It looks very cold to me 🤔

[@achille8545]

Il y avait beaucoup, mais alors beaucoup moins de circulation que maintenant ! 🤣 Merci pour cette pépite et le magnifique travail de restauration.

[@louisselouisse4730]

Tres ibteessant comment

[@christophegermain9069]

Une France belle de français qui aimaient leur patrie

[@shaunwest3612]

Great video nass, incredible footage of Paris, amazing work, thanks 👌👍😀

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much

[@JamesWoodring-mu2iz]

thanks nass. i love these videos . thank you for all your hard work. they are a small glimpse of our past . but they mean so much to me. i want to go back and relive some of these times in our past

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much

[@Kwright304]

I’m here again letting you know your soundscapes may not be historically true to the scene as it’s new, but it’s pretty accurate. Historical accuracy can be something that’s replicated

[@tubebunge]

I have a video of one

[@ELViejito100]

All those people just living their day by day, no clue they were living in the most important historic moments of humanity, just incredible footage.

[@spikespa5208]

They had a clue. They were living *in* it.

[@lindabenstead6672]

I felt like I was there. Beautifully done! I had to watch it twice. ❤👍

[@BR-kv5kj]

Merci énormément pour ce travail. J'ai revu mon enfance à Paris, début des années 50. La noirceur des monuments était due au chauffage au charbon. Je me rappelais de Notre-Dame toute noire.

[@goncasworld]

I feel I have to thank you especially for this video. I love your other restorations (particularly the ones with cars, love old cars hahah) but as an European it's special for me when you restore European footage, even more in such a central historical period (again particularly the one with cars, but its always awesome anyways hahah). Hope you keep restoring this kind of videos. Keep it up, thanks a lot!

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much for your comment, it made me really happy to read it

[@garyhowtobluetoothjblheadp3583]

There will always be a place for beautiful Paris in my heart! ❤❤💥

[@stevennevins6643]

Must have been filmed sometime in the fall of 1944. Paris was liberated August 25th, 1944.

[@petek7822]

It looks like it was filmed in the dead of winter to me.

[@stevennevins6643]

@@petek7822 If it was filmed in the dead of winter it could not have been 1944. The Nazis still occupied Paris in the winter of ‘44.

[@petek7822]

@@stevennevins6643 Er, Paris was liberated on 25th August 1944.

[@stevennevins6643]

@@petek7822 Er, that’s what I wrote. So, the first winter following liberation was the winter of 1945. Either the title of the video is wrong, or it is from late fall of 1944.

[@debraballmichianagirlcampe1773]

Could be November 1944, maybe

[@henji_6331]

Merci pour votre travail. Fun de voir qu'il y avait encore des chevaux dans les rues en 44.

[@thierrymilan2039]

Il y a encore des chevaux de nos jours. La Garde Républicaine et quelques fiacres touristiques.

[@henji_6331]

@@thierrymilan2039 Bien sûr. Mais bon quantitaviement c'est anecdotique. :-)

[@thierrymilan2039]

@@henji_6331 C'est vrai, c'est juste pour remarquer qu'il y a encore cette tradition aujourd'hui. 🙂

[@TA-dg6tf]

Thanks so much for this video. So nice to see this part of history

[@Ирина-у1э3х]

Замечательные кадры, замечательный город и люди.Очень хорошая работа оператора.

[@asd36f]

0:32 - Peugeot 402 at the kerb, with the distinctive headlights mounted inside the grille. On the other side of the kerb is a Citroën Traction Avant. 1:35 - Peugeot 401 at the kerb.

[@johnp139]

What is a “kerb”?

[@asd36f]

@@johnp139 The kerb is the concrete strip at the side of the road.

[@cecile7216]

Magnifique, merci !

[@NASS_0]

Merci à vous

[@alexhauser405]

Merci beaucoup , très émouvant ! je connais bien Paris pour y avoir passé une grande partie de mon enfance et c'est touchant de la voir ainsi à cette époque . 💙🤍❤

[@cw2gtc]

Amazing… eerie… every single soul you see, except perhaps an infant, has passed.

[@CessnaDriver2]

I think the dead outnumber the living like 20:1, roughly. And there are about 8 Billion living. Many "ghosts" standing behind us all. Hard to fathom all those lives. One reason I love these videos. Somehow the ordinary people live again through them if briefly in flash of electrons.

[@JM-75003]

Indeed. My parents still kicking...both born in 1944!

[@ledrevonellyledrevo606]

Non,il ne faut pas exagérer non plus, vous enterrez trop vite les gens 🤔🤨

[@herecomesforego1787]

Other worldly for sure, but 20 year olds and under there would still be less than 100 today

[@mirden1953]

My mom was 12 years old in 1944. She is still alive and well!

[@luc5798]

Today the Eiffel Tower is bunkerized, you can't even walk around it freely anymore without being thoroughly searched! This was not yet the case in 2006 I remember... We have entered a world of fear!

[@pfranks75]

We are viewing war weary people walking the streets. Many French citizens gave their lives during WII.

[@ronaldmiller2740]

THANK YOU GREAT VIDEO!!! THE PARIS AREA AND THE GREAT ARCH LOOKS SO REAL TO OUR DAYS TODAY ,,. WE ARE SO PROUD OF THOSE MILITARY MEN AND WOMAN IN THOSE DAYS !!! AS I WAS IN THE MILITARY IN THE LATE 70S--80S AND I AM A VETERAN ... THIS BRINGS BACK THE HARD TIMES IN THOSE DAYS THAT WE SHOULD BE PROUD OF... MY SON LOVES THE CARS !!! MY WIFE SAYS LOOK AT THOSE CLOTHES PEOPLE DRESSED UP....THE PEOPLE ARE SO BEAUITFUL ,,..I BELIEVE MOST OF THOSE BUILDINGS ARE STILL THERE HISTORY...AGAIN ,,THANK''S...GREAT ON BIG SCREEN..

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much for your comment,

[@J-ellO]

Beautiful, the city is so clean looking! ❤

[@dandana4647]

was !! come and check by yourself the rats and the filth today .

[@johnp139]

Just like Cleveland.

[@jamesrichey2434]

the sound although not accurate, brings life to the video. it feels like you are there. very god job!

[@NASS_0]

Thx ;)

[@mariokarthotwheels]

Beautifully made as ever. I love your Channel since a long time now. Big bravo.❤

[@NASS_0]

Thank you very much

[@franckieparis16]

L'élégance des femmes, la tenue des hommes, la beauté de Paris...un rêve... mais ça c'était avant...

[@almarn]

L'élégance des femmes..des semelles en bois compensé, les bas dessinés sur les jambes, etc..il y a eu des tickets pour le rationnement alimentaire jusqu'en 1950....et ca c'est après le départ des allemands...probablement la diversité n'est pas votre tasse de thé....ayant vécu dans de nombreux endroits les parisiennes sont encore très élégantes...blanches, noires, asiatiques...Paris est la ville la plus visitée au monde pas sans raison.

[@buktab1791]

les femmes autonomes à cheveux bleus fières de leurs dessous de bras velus ont quelque chose en plus que les Françaises d'hier n'ont pas, pour sûr.

[@almarn]

@@buktab1791 Justement dans le passé....les cheveux disons..étaient abondants partout....pour les cheveux de couleur..le poète Baudelaire se teignait les cheveux en vert..au 19 ième siècle...

[@elisa7881]

"Le rêve" en 1944? Vraiment?

[@Maxyukii]

@@elisa7881 je vous jure il y en a qui n'ont vraiment rien dans le cerveau

[@williamd.costigan3]

GREAT CLIP!!! I think those are American soldiers? So by "winter" of '44 you must mean December 1944. Paris was liberated in Aug '44.

[@MickeyKuyo]

Toujours parfait.

[@NASS_0]

Un grand merci !

[@py8554]

Paris was liberated Aug 25, 1944. This was filmed in the winter of 1944, according to the description. Was it early months of 1944, or the final month?Looking at the video probably it’s the latter.

[@TheRealOAFs]

Paris is so liberated we now have to deal with third world garbage

[@sunny_zeddy_cy]

title may need to be edited to specify the month , though my guess is December 1944

[@WhalerGA]

So this is "winter 1944" as in December, I guess. Just a few months after liberation in August 1944. Very cool.

[@akapasokopo]

It can be January, as December doesn’t have such environment

[@WhalerGA]

@@akapasokopo Paris had not been liberated in January 1944. Not until August 1944.

[@sylvier9548]

une belle vidéo du passé🤎🤎💛💥🐎🕊🌺🌺🌺🌺💮🦋🦋🦋🦋

[@alexa658]

On y voit des soldats américains, donc hiver 44/45. Beau travail de restauration.

[@davidcorbin2092]

Paris will always be Paris as the song goes.

[@floropierre6970]

Merci de nous Faire voir des videos historique. D epoque j adore voir 😮

[@NASS_0]

Avec plaisir 😁

[@389383]

Thanks to General Dietrich von Choltitz not in ruins.

[@389383]

@@jeanproffitte201 He was in charge of Paris, not the Luftwaffe.

[@389383]

@alainterrieur5915 To "destroy" Paris the Germans would just have to destroy it's most iconic buildings and bridges.

[@thierrymilan2039]

@@389383 "would just have to" is easy to say, but I don't think the nazis would have success to destroy many main monuments of Paris considering their hazardous situation at summer 44.

[@ael-brezelour]

Bravo pour la colorisation, mais comment se fait-il qu'il y a des véhicules des alliés (jeeps, GMCs...) en hiver 1944?

[@miamicool666]

Je me suis effectivement posé la même question en ne voyant aussi aucun allemand. Je dirais plutôt 1945.

[@mymyn69]

Décembre 1944 peut-être 😅?

[@Poisson4147]

Paris a été libéré le 19 août 1944. Comme on dit, Google est votre ami 😀

[@Jose-dw4ho]

I don't know Paris, thanks for the videos, from Venezuela José .

[@cw2gtc]

That photo is stunning. Its an eerie thought. Maybe 60-75km away, right at that moment… my mum and her parents, and all of the Sovereign Duchy of Luxembourg, are being held captive in-place by the Nazis and German SS (read: Brutal factions of Nazis, the Mustardshirts, the Blackshirts heavily armed, roaming the streets. Infiltrating businesses. Poring through banking records to investigate the lives of citizens. Forcing themselves upon many to most families. To be fed, boarded and “entertained” in homes and businesses, as it were of the locals. Fear so thick it could be cut with a knife. Bloody beatings in the streets. Locals shot dead for the slightest infraction or mistaken remark. The Nazi war machine was fed by many means of criminality. Businesses and banks kept operating to contain the people, but also so the SS could come in and scrape out the cash registers. Nazis went so far as to literally recreate new family trees for the fortunates. Less fortunates simply disappeared at night. Painstaking research (or not…) went into these new family trees, wherein all relatives were renamed on record. Converted to only germanic names. All that was allowed in the new Master Race by the Nazis. Church records, birth and death certificates, all served as evidence. Of course, the Nazis were probing for any hint of Jewish blood in the researched personal and familial histories. The Nazis did not invest this level of time and effort into those not already pre-identified as “pure”, and “desirable”. As a conquered, occupied nation, it was FAR different than when Germany became the occupied nation to the Allies.

[@StalinLovsMsmZioglowfagz]

“Held”.

[@jody6851]

Don't forget the Battle of the Bulge was still to be fought or possibly is raging at the time this film was made -- mid-December 1944 through the end of January 1945. The far eastern fringes of France up to the German border were probably also still under Nazi control at the time of this film.

[@stargazer1359]

I thought the same right before I read your comment. 🕊

[@mediterraneandiet2483]

I was fortunate enough to be born there many years later. 🇫🇷

[@peterclarke3990]

Excellent, absolutely excellent! Thanks so much. Loved every minute of it and so much more seeing that the war was coming to and end for those poor Parisians who’d had to endure so much at the hands of the nazis.

[@rodrigogarces2254]

Lindas imágenes del pasado en el presente ! La vieille cité a Paris !

[@midastouch1507]

Magnifique vidéo de l ' époque

[@3978-Dc]

Merci pour ces images fantastiques.

[@grgr3074]

Quelle sérénité quel calme malgré une période bien sombre

[@gabriellyonnet]

Même aujourd’hui en période de paix Paris n’est pas aussi calme 😕

[@francedabord7173]

@@gabriellyonnet Paris etait blanche a l'epoque

[@maurogonzales2872]

Maravilloso

[@ОксанаПригожая-р5с]

What an interesting shoot) Thank you🌷

[@jimfesta8981]

This is after August 1944 when the allies took back Paris from the Germans. Many of the French people in Paris resented the Com Z American officers for taking all the hotels rooms in the city. Some even said the Germans treated them better.

[@vivianvaldi7871]

I wonder how you organize your travels in the past. Do you take train or bus ?

[@Adam-tm7lm]

Remember. París 1944 Classic. Video. !!!! 👍👍👍. 🇨🇵🇨🇵🇨🇵. 👍👍👍

[@bernardcarrier]

Magnifique document.

[@skibee50]

Thank you

[@Broadercasting]

Overall it looks good per frame, but consider a closer relationship with the original film running speed for improved motion portrayal, either 36, 48 or 72 fps depending on the film stock used.

[@KCOliver1960]

Every time I watch these videos, I feel like I stepped into Irwin Allen's time tunnel.

[@missaghkebria6965]

Muy interesante.Gracias.

[@gillesaccarier6130]

Probably Autumn 1944…with a lot of military vehicles , maybe December (trees without leaves)

[@MrMisterock]

No cell phones or internet ? No Mc Donalds and fat people ? OMG how could you live like that ?....man, those baguettes @ 2:30....yammmmmy

[@Elijah-Bailey]

We still have baguettes, even if we now have mcdonalds and fat people

[@MrMisterock]

@@Elijah-Bailey non GMO baguettes ? awesome !

[@Elijah-Bailey]

@@MrMisterock every village has at least one boulangerie and most of them use local products, so it's certainly not GMO

[@MrMisterock]

@@Elijah-Bailey excellent then. Here in N America the food is not what was it used to be. Cancer cases have tripled in later years, many cases related to bad food, products from land and water. Eventually only the stronger will survive, it's a natural law. Sad.

[@Elijah-Bailey]

@@MrMisterock sorry to hear that. But I don't think it's natural law since some rich people poison food to maximise gain, that could easily be avoided, it's not natural law it's simply poisining / murder imo

[@maxpayne2574]

One of the great unsung heros of WW2 Dietrich von Choltitz the German General who refused Hitler's order to destroy Paris before the allies could liberate it.

[@thierrydesu]

Dietrich von Choltitz presented himself as a hero but he actually lied. The truth is that he was not controling Paris anymore. His men were unable to move freely in town in order to proceed to the destructions ordered by Hitler.

[@Fat_cat_hunt]

No destruction. If there would be no soldiers on the streets it's hard to imagine that it's war period

[@thierrymilan2039]

No more war in the center of France at that time.

[@elsat-france8170]

Ça me fait mal de voir ça, la France occupée 😢. Mais c'est très intéressant vraiment, ces images.

[@sunny_zeddy_cy]

ces images datent probablement de Décembre 1944 après la liberation de Paris en Août 1944

[@ibraheembirniwa4339]

I don't really get it when the intro says "not historically accurate". Are these computer generated images in motion based on historical facts or was this video actually filmed back in the year 1944?

[@onlythebest3311]

Is this taken before or after the allied forces retook Paris? It looked surprisingly calm so I assume it was before the battle? See some soldiers but can’t tell by their uniform if they are german or allied forces

[@TheRealOAFs]

Now Paris is a third world hell hole. Great job 👍

[@ericripley9739]

Obviously after liberation. Many American Jeeps and Army trucks on the streets.

[@onlythebest3311]

@@TheRealOAFs you welcome

[@Poisson4147]

The Allies liberated Paris in August 1944, so this would have to be from the winter of '44-'45.

[@flormartinez2994]

Love your video 😍

[@ВячеславБелолипецкий-р8ь]

Amazing Paris

[@mikeharley3136]

You can see other videos (films) of many of these same streets and buildings that just six months earlier, were covered with swastika flags and the residents looked dejected after 4 years of brutality, looting, starvation, and culture shock. August of 1944 must have felt like the nightmare was over, finally.

[@stefanschutz5166]

Thank you from Amsterdam.

[@MrGTX23]

Amazing Architecture

[@mustimusti742]

This inspire me for the future.

[@fobwatchful]

Any idea as to the exact days of these moving images. Pictures taken _after_ August 25, 1944 would be showing a much happier Paris than otherwise. I'm assuming it is, because nobody looks miserable, but I'm not entirely certain.

[@grahaml6668]

No leaves on the trees -- I think likely December, maybe November, 1944.

[@jean-paulpotet1988]

Paris was liberated in August 1944.

[@gonzoexpress9885]

About 5.3 million people then in Paris i.e. ca. 1944 /1945. In 2023, over 11 million now in the City of Light with its intense social issues and hustle. Granted, the wonderful architecture remains the same but the romanticism and slower lifestyle of the past can never return. Old World Paris would be my choice - that's for sure.

[@redclover1027]

Winter of '44 - so a few months after liberation. If this film had been taken a year earlier, there'd be zero smiling faces!

[@cynthiamincher5154]

Love watching

[@lecros2485]

there is a dominant blue color that is too strong but the whole is pleasant to watch

[@anteuzel5324]

GREAT VIDEO SUPPER NASS YOU ARE THE BEST KING SUPPPORT FROM CROATIA

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much my friend

[@CandycaneBeyond]

Were these used for news reels in movie theater?

[@Larkinchance]

Suggestion... A world's fair series going back and up to 1958 Brussels and the Atomium

[@carolynhoffman9757]

This is after the August liberation of Paris, so it must be November or December 1944.

[@hurryandleave9680]

The Germans did not leave Paris until late summer (August 25), 1944. You would not have seen non-German military uniforms in Paris during the winter of 1944.

[@Poisson4147]

Winter 1943-44, yes. Winter 1944-45, no.

[@jeanlouis7527]

There is no 🐒✊🏿. This was the paradise

[@IgorProkhorov111]

Superthank you!!! Best wishes to you from Moscow

[@vladpewt5896]

Quality of life better than now

[@TheRealOAFs]

We beat the wrong enemy

[@smugram5937]

They were brothers, not enemies

[@zoobrizz]

Not if you were a Jew

[@laurentdavid6414]

Génial vraiment bravo

[@sistergoldenhair2231]

Wonderful thx NASS!

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much

[@maladetts]

This video looks amazing without the bars. Thank you for this.

[@IgorProkhorov111]

God bless you for such a wonderful work 💖🤗💖

[@android61242]

looks like it was nicer then even during the war.

[@jayg4424]

It was.

[@TheDanEdwards]

"looks like it was nicer then even during the war." - because the person filming is showing on a select portion.

[@thierrymilan2039]

Yes, no more nazis signals, check points and other offensing views.

[@ronaldmiller673]

NASS,, Again Thank You,, Great video 👍..

[@NASS_0]

thank you very much

[@onigercent]

Je pu visite Paris et raliser les meme parcourt sauf ce fut en 2019 vivre la villeLumiére !!

[@BoomVang]

which 1944 winter; it makes a big difference