I admire the audacity of you guys even /attempting/ to explain such advanced topics and actually succeeding.
@damaliamarsi20065 жыл бұрын
Speak for yourself. This video cooked a pizza by giving my brain so much information it overheated trying to understand it up to the point I smelled cooking mozzarella and forgot what I was thinking about thus cooling my brain down and failing to completely cook the pizza. So all this video gave me was a half cooked pizza and a headache. That is not to say it was not fascinating and awesome and very well done. You can teach people things but you can't learn for them. I'm sure one of these days after I've heard it a few different ways I will start to understand it but for now I will just eat my cold pizza and sigh.
@psi.squared94485 жыл бұрын
Damalia Marsi dude stick to pewdipie
@freshhorizonswithjakub5 жыл бұрын
@@psi.squared9448 That is just rude man.
@shahedmarleen87575 жыл бұрын
That's not rude!!! That's burnnnnnnnnn🤣🤣🤣🤣
@thisis45734 жыл бұрын
I think they make these videos to consolidate their knowledge as well as pass it on
@Dw4rnold5 жыл бұрын
where discovery channel makes me bored out of my skull. this channel leaves me in the fetal position rocking back and forth. best content on youtube.
@TectonicBadger3 жыл бұрын
Thought I'd check out Brian Cox's recent BBC documentary supposedly on the physics of time. Einstein wasn't even mentioned until the last ten minutes of the hour, and the rest of it consisted mainly of Brian Cox going "Woooah timeeeeee" while looking at turtles and other unnecessary on-location segments. I won't be going to TV for science content again, Space Time is where it is at
@Andrew-zq3ip3 жыл бұрын
@@TectonicBadger yep. Regular TV programming assumes we are stupid and that we want to stay that way. PBS Spacetime understands that we want to get better
@o1-preview5 ай бұрын
Soft words but I can agree with the "best content on KZbin" - I might add, for this time historic time period. After all, most are facts are bound by their time. Too bad they get many things wrong in this video, but I guess that is something that only those that have gone to the end of the universe would know.
@fobusas5 жыл бұрын
The amount of stuff scientists can figure out from something like CMB is unbelievable. And how it all comes together, independently verifying each other... Congratulations on very clearly presented video!
@thealterego177719 күн бұрын
Yes indeed!! The fact that we are on Earth eons later and are uncovering the universe's secrets just by mathematics of spherical harmonics is just art ◉‿◉
@alyasgrey93705 жыл бұрын
I will never fail to be amazed at the depth of measured and modelled evidence for the models of the universe, and frankly everything 'established' in cosmology. Anyone who doesn't appreciate the work put in by cosmologists and other professions involved in cosmology simply does not understand the multitude of information they account for. Thank you for everything, scientists and support workers.
@Mythricia19885 жыл бұрын
@shane I always wonder what the construction crews of these huge things think when they're working on it, so it's interesting to see that perspective. I wonder how many think of it as just another job, and how many stop and gaze at it thinking about how remarkable these machines and their results are. Either way it sounds like an amazing thing to have worked on!
@toxxikanshul3 жыл бұрын
Cosmologist here. My core field is cmb. Thanks for appreciation anywayss 😂
@leaturk115 жыл бұрын
That was one of the best explanations I've had the pleasure of listening to.
@kukulroukul46985 жыл бұрын
no is not
@ArakkoaChronicles5 жыл бұрын
I think I actually understood some of the words.
@patrickt45335 жыл бұрын
Not that i understand most of it but your right
@mykofreder16825 жыл бұрын
I suspect they read some of the comments from similar videos and make a video that answers not the questions of PHDs in a complex way but people with some scientific interest in a way some can understand. It is interesting they came up with the similar results, they also did the same thing to get a universe age which matches the size of the observable universe. I wonder how the equations and constants used in these models are intertwined with the numbers generated from astronomical observations. Are things liked by the value of the expansion rate or Einstein's constant linking the results, could the real unknown expansion of space time from the beginning give us false consistency, is the relativistic frame of reference for these numbers our observable universe and not the whole unknown universe.
@DanielZajic5 жыл бұрын
This was one of my favorite episodes ever. I'm amazed how we're able to find out so much from what seems like so little evidence.
@glitchwalker54225 жыл бұрын
One thing I love about these videos is that, even where the content gets more advanced than my current knowledge, they're explained in such a way that it's possible to understand the abstract concepts. Which also then makes it much easier to fill in the gaps of my knowledge. This is a brilliant series, and a great public service. Thank you.
@technocore15915 жыл бұрын
I’ve watched all of these videos and when you mentioned the geometry of the universe before you explained what that meant I knew it referred to whether triangles are 180deg or not!!! It seems the primary benefit of watching SpaceTime videos is being able to understand SpaceTime videos! 🤣🤣🤣
@only1kingz5 жыл бұрын
I love this comment haha! It's so true that I definitely understand these videos far far better now than I used to. I should re-watch the old ones now!
@Yora215 жыл бұрын
We are learning!
@technocore15915 жыл бұрын
Peter Yeah after I started watching a few that showed up randomly I decided to watch them all chronologically and now I’m thinking about going round again.
@emiliavlahos3956 Жыл бұрын
i have spent the last 2 days trying to understand this for my midterm tomorrow and this is the only helpful explanation i have found online. Thank you i feel so enlightened
@seanj3667 Жыл бұрын
How did you do?
@emiliavlahos3956 Жыл бұрын
@@seanj3667 pretty good tbh
@J.Rod_Drums5 жыл бұрын
I wish I'd've known that the Physics skill tree is required to unlock the Wizard class....
@calebmauer17515 жыл бұрын
Damn, I put all my points into Animal Husbandry.
@jdtug82515 жыл бұрын
I had a little bit in curiosity and logic prior, I invested a bit into free time and interest in physics. From that point, gathering experience into my physics tree was a breeze. I started by investing some of my time points into Neil DeGrasse Tyson, which told me how to see the world beautifully through the lens of science, and then at that point my curiosity stat exploded. I invested more into the physics tree, and I also branched into that deeper, obscure quantum tree. It's a bit difficult to master from a gameplay perspective but it teaches you to approach from a perspective of unintuitiveness that makes playing it as interesting as watching sci-fi flicks. I also branched into biology, psychology and computer science, at this point I have a lot of points invested in it, and I feel rewarded x4 every time I invest more points into the science builds. I have a sickness debuff, sadly, that keeps me from experiencing life on a "normal level" and this is my redemption. I'm hoping that one day, my skill tree investments allow me to develop new strategies against the progression bosses.
@kinhamid96655 жыл бұрын
Whomst'd've
@njdevilsforlifewoohoo55335 жыл бұрын
You don't English well. It's ok. You science even worse.
@thesuccessfulone5 жыл бұрын
Alchemy and chemistry were parallel branches until the unifying treaty to call the entire class "master of the universe"
@TheMarrethiel5 жыл бұрын
Man: the universe is flat Alien: And I guess you think dark energy exists too. Alien: [aside to other Alien] These flat universers, are they for real or just trolling us?
@wefuntw5 жыл бұрын
man: show us how you measured the universe, share your tech with us! Alien friends?
@SandhillCrane425 жыл бұрын
Ah, the impotent absurdities of flatland. What does 3 by 3 by 3 make? Why nothing at all!
@wefuntw5 жыл бұрын
@ZeOverman no , the observable universe is flat , does not mean whole universe is flat, it just means the curvature is not measurable within such distance. It's like when you stare distance
@cheapmovies255 жыл бұрын
Yeah flat earthers were on to something all along lmao
@cheapmovies255 жыл бұрын
@@wefuntw right imagine the weight of the universe bubble on space time under it it would be flat perhaps with a higher weight density more in the center
@Aidan427815 жыл бұрын
PBS Space Time has to be the absolute best Science communicator I've seen. They don't really dumb things down in any significant measure and Matt is always careful to set the record straight to avoid falsely hyping things as the media so often does (ie. "That star over there might have an alien megastructure" one of my favorite examples of the media's clickbaiting pranks)
@theCodyReeder5 жыл бұрын
ah I was wondering about this!
@SwordOfApollo5 жыл бұрын
I think it's interesting the way they use spherical harmonics in the calculations. I've always thought spherical harmonics were cool. I have a chemistry background, and I enjoyed the modeling of electron orbitals as spherically symmetric harmonics in the potential well of the nucleus. Not sure if you've done a video on spherical harmonics, but if you haven't, I think it would make an interesting topic. Maybe you could find a way to show spherical harmonics somehow. Maybe striking a hanging glass sphere filled with a colloid/gel suspension? Or playing a loud sine wave next to it?
@Vincent-kl9jy5 жыл бұрын
yo wuddup c-dog
@aphidamas15 жыл бұрын
Let us all revel in awe at the great cosmic sponge!
@megsinzoa74245 жыл бұрын
How is your fermented urine artillery shells going m8? Sorry but i Cant be asked to check.
@SpaceCadetLaC4 жыл бұрын
Annnd I still am.
@carson0myers5 жыл бұрын
"In that noise can be found, the secrets..." oh yeah here it comes "of the earliest epochs..." wait wtf "of space time." YOU TRICKED ME
@nathandaniel54515 жыл бұрын
Thanks man, you are one of my big motivations to get into astrophysics and particle physics. I'm currently at university and these videos still boggle my mind. Like "baryon-photon plasma" when I heard that I almost yelled "WHAT?!" I haven't even studied QM or relativity yet but I'm mind boggled at the idea that the speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames. Physics KZbinr like yourself absolutely make me crave my textbooks Just to be able to understand why things do thing.
@josephlau13d773 жыл бұрын
recommend Susskind's theoretical minimum for an introduction to QM and SR/CfT. Maxwell equations are also a great way to start physics and is vital to electromagnetism and SR.
@nathandaniel54513 жыл бұрын
@@josephlau13d77 I have Griffiths introduction to quantum mechanics, as well as some more advanced texts i haven't started like Sakurai's and Shankar.
@danclaydon65885 жыл бұрын
We truly are blessed to have channels like this.
@miriamgonczarska6135 жыл бұрын
Wow your programs, are becoming better and better! Thank you so much! Fascinating :)
@danielhenderson70505 жыл бұрын
Sometimes I feel like I'm keeping up with you and I'm like "yes OMG, go on.."and then I get distracted for a spit second and I've lost it. I love this channel, and I love even half understanding what you say half the time. Don't ever leave :)
@XtremeAlpha5 жыл бұрын
A tiny spot in the sky gave away the composition of the universe. What a time to be alive!
@DanFrederiksen5 жыл бұрын
You aint seen nothing yet. When man learns to hold a thought and actually think about ball lightning, UFOs and cosmic jets things will really take off. We are so close yet so far. Like Trump telling the truth.
@kindlin5 жыл бұрын
@@DanFrederiksen Ball lightning has some plausible explanations, and there are many other similar phenomenon that also have explanations. It just takes a tiny bit of research, a tiny, tiny bit. I don't even know what you're referring to with cosmic jets, must be some weird conspiracy theory... And UFOs? Really?
@jdtug82515 жыл бұрын
Well, the universe was a tiny spot. What he describes here is the minuscule shapes in that tiny spot translating to the scale of the universe as it expands, much like you still have the same traits as when you were a kid when you're an adult, but they have morphed to adapt to your growing body.
@jdtug82515 жыл бұрын
@@DanFrederiksen people already think about cosmic jets ? almost 100,000 saw this video, probably maximum 1% of which has the professional background to understand it without having viewed any other content on spacetime/other shows like this. I assume on those 100,000, many aren't watching their first, like me, and gradually worked their way through physics, at their own paces, with wikipedia/youtube/similar content.
@danfrederiksen16075 жыл бұрын
@@jdtug8251 are they? what about ball lightning? even though a stable spherical energy configuration violates known physics, try to get Matt here to take it seriously. Try to get yourself to take it seriously. When something is implied in our society to be taboo, very few can think about it. Most will shy, irrespective of apparent intelligence. Scared in a sense, it blocks their mind completely. Forcing the issue will only make them angry and blame you.
@pumpupthevolume47752 жыл бұрын
How this was even put into a coherent presentation is mind blowing which doesn't even scratch the surface on the science that went into figuring all this out. I am humbled.
@LeWille005 жыл бұрын
I always feel sad when I hear "of space time" because that means the end of the video :'(
@OctorokSushi5 жыл бұрын
I've heard this explained a few times before but it all went over my head. This is the first time it actually makes sense lol I seriously love this channel. You guys do excellent work.
@Verlisify5 жыл бұрын
Finally. A Space time I can understand
@whoisthis49484 жыл бұрын
Other than Palkia and Dialga? lol
@Zeegoku10073 жыл бұрын
@@whoisthis4948 What ?
@whoisthis49483 жыл бұрын
@@Zeegoku1007 oh damn I forgot about this comment XD
@whoisthis49483 жыл бұрын
@@Zeegoku1007 Verlisify is a pokemon youtuber and palkia and dialga are the space and time pokemon
@Zeegoku10073 жыл бұрын
@@whoisthis4948 Ah I see 😁
@copacetic64405 жыл бұрын
Of all the videos that he does this is by far my most favorite one it's something I you can relate to as a kid when you look at the static on the TV and wonder where does that come from.
@LordAlacorn5 жыл бұрын
"You Will Be A Wizard" - way to roast somebody...
@SimWyatt5 жыл бұрын
Do you think he knows what he said there?? ^^
@yaldabaoth25 жыл бұрын
Still better than a bard.
@chrisgeorgakopoulos75195 жыл бұрын
Well, depending on the definition of "done", you very well may be a wizard.
@RyanSandorRichards5 жыл бұрын
Man, I loved that little quip at the end XD
@sahilbaori90525 жыл бұрын
@@SimWyatt Uhhhhhh Yes?
@Th3EpitapH5 жыл бұрын
the music you guys have had in the videos for the past couple weeks has been great. really nice touch, and subtle enough to not distract.
@NewMessage5 жыл бұрын
Oh.... Oh, 'oscillation stacking'... No wonder my calculations are so off the mark! * puts down the ocelots and frowns at the chalkboard *
@fuckoffannoyingutube5 жыл бұрын
wait. you're here as well? it's always good to run into you :) you're one of my favourite internet strangers
@tiresias33425 жыл бұрын
New Message this isn't comedy
@tabaks5 жыл бұрын
Tiresias, he isn't smart enough.
@tiresias33425 жыл бұрын
tabaks what
@account13075 жыл бұрын
Hkllhihlilhi
@ananths59055 жыл бұрын
Just wanted to say thanks for providing something I look forward to and also something that actually excites me all the while explaining some of the most advanced concepts in such a simple and elegant fashion. Million thanks to you Matt for making me feel alive and also question my place in this wonderful space-time
@AbeDillon5 жыл бұрын
Wouldn't the "moment" of recombination depend upon the local density? I would expect high-density regions to reach recombination a little later than low-density regions. It also seems like the speed of sound would be density-dependent.
@cjfontaine92065 жыл бұрын
He does mention at 6:22 that the "speed of sound" in baryon-photon plasma is half the speed of light, which is way faster than it is on Earth.
@AbeDillon5 жыл бұрын
@@cjfontaine9206 Yes, I saw that. I'm still curious if the speed of sound was uniform and if not, how much it vary.
@AbeDillon5 жыл бұрын
@@jacobpilawa203 Thanks for the reply. I think the more relevant measure is how long after the Big Bang the moment of recombination happened. He says (~ 0:59) that the CMB formed 380,000 years after the Big Bang in which case +/- 1000 years is a more significant number. Though I'm curious what the actual time-scales were.
@user-vc5zt9ci125 жыл бұрын
I think it may be due to the vast majority of the energy being bound up in the photons, which were more homogeneous, rather than the baryons. However, I still think it is a valid point which deserves a shout in next weeks review!
@mal2ksc5 жыл бұрын
Yes, the moment of recombination was different from place to place. The question is if that would leave enough of a trace to be discernible now. If not, there's no sense worrying about it.
@mbreiner085 жыл бұрын
Sometimes I feel like an ant waving it's antenna while watching these videos as most goes over my head. I still love them so much tho
@TheJulioToboso5 жыл бұрын
The combination of oscillations of many sizes... sounds like Fourier Analysis
@SolarShado5 жыл бұрын
I thought that too! Was kinda hoping he'd mention it so I could be sure.
@gm6835 жыл бұрын
Was about to comment the same
@TheRealFlenuan5 жыл бұрын
Well it literally is the reverse. Fourier analysis is what is used to rewind the clock
5 жыл бұрын
@@TheRealFlenuan ... and your background is? I feel pretty confident that Fourier Analysis is waveform analysis, and these are spherical waves they are looking for.
@TheWasimu5 жыл бұрын
It is very similar to Fourier analysis. With Fourier analysys you decompose your signal with trigonometric (sine, cosine) functions. This is good on a flat space (line, flat plane,...) but since in the present case you want to do the analysis on the surface of a sphere you decompose your signal in functions called spherical harmonics.
@tuseroni60855 жыл бұрын
i'm with you on that feeling, i LOVE that feeling, when you peel back the layers of the world and discover more new and amazing things. when i learned to program, when i learned how to use sockets, when i learned how to use ajax, when i learned C and C++, when i learned how to make leather, when i learned how to smith metal, when i learned about the fourier transform, when i learned about the lorentz transformation, when i learned about Noether's theorem (thanks btw), and many many other discoveries that have changed my view of the world, not radically in most cases, but like...shifted, like when you finally see the image in a magic eye....or when the you are looking at a picture of a duck and then you look at a certain spot and it becomes a rabbit. and the best is that feeling like "I AM INVINCIBLE!" to quote boris from goldeneye, like armed with this new ability you can do anything. when i learned about sockets the entire internet opened up, complex things became so simple, insurmountable problems became trivial, when i learned about ajax i finally had a way to bridge the client side and the server side, my code became simpler, my server side code became less and my client side code became more, but overall my code became simpler and complexity fell, i no longer needed to maintain some state from one load to another every time someone interacted with an element, i didn't need to load the whole page again. when i learned C i became able to control my computer at a deeper level, not just use other people's programs. it's just an amazing feeling.
@adzaaahhh4 жыл бұрын
Big fan of the Lorentz transformation. A man so ahead of his time, and (in my opinion) underrated in the pantheon of physics; arguably, without him, Einstein would not have been able to formulate his idea of special relativity and we'd probably still be stuck in the relativistic dark ages.
@bonob01235 жыл бұрын
im a biologist, this is like the "omics" approach being applied in physics (to great results!)
@duggydo5 жыл бұрын
This was your best video yet. Truly great inference from minimal information. Very well presented. Thanks
@TeddSpeck5 жыл бұрын
Wow, Matt, that was really great. And I thought the last CMB video was amazing. This was a really interesting extension love the confirmation of the relative amounts of dark matter, baryons, and dark energy.
@reclavea3 ай бұрын
No Big Bang….the universe is spinning The CMB is not from a Big Bang Genesis 1:1 👍🏻
@krelion4 жыл бұрын
The best video on the CMB power spectrum in KZbin period.
@gardenhead925 жыл бұрын
But can I use the CMB to microwave my leftover pizza?
@danielkirk47555 жыл бұрын
Only if you like your leftovers at 2.7 Kelvin :p
@crackedemerald49305 жыл бұрын
But what if i use a big lens- No... It would be 2.7 Kelvin... Only faster
@bastawa5 жыл бұрын
Sorry I have already used it and that’s why it is only 2,7 kelvins
@kennyhoughton5 жыл бұрын
Call me ‘Kennedy G’ but I was wondering if this uses the scaling term at all (1- 2c^2/aΘ) In the tensor calculus for the early universe?
@DANGJOS5 жыл бұрын
@@crackedemerald4930 Magnifying microwaves on pizza wouldn't cool it.
@phdaddy75 жыл бұрын
That project must win a contest for the most important information taken by one series of observations. And the most amazing.
@jureculic97375 жыл бұрын
I always wanted a video on this, great content!
@drew84435 жыл бұрын
Good luck with your future physicist career!
@sahilbaori90525 жыл бұрын
Is that complex or a compound sentence?
@TheCimbrianBull5 жыл бұрын
Y'er a wizard, Juki! 🧙🏿♂️
@RADlX5 жыл бұрын
This is such an insane channel. Thanks for blowing my mind each time.
@urf19855 жыл бұрын
My brain feels better when I'm here.
@IanTheTroll5 жыл бұрын
i’m totally down with the collared shirt. you’re making physics look fresh
@Nozomu5645 жыл бұрын
17:04 he still have whole 17 years to rethink his career choice.
@tuele43025 жыл бұрын
Or be able to realize his dream.
@AlexanderLouizosLouizos5 жыл бұрын
@@tuele4302 its all about dreams
@Noman10005 жыл бұрын
:^)
@tuele43025 жыл бұрын
@Alexander Louizos Louizos Sometimes, dreams can come true.
@DvDick5 жыл бұрын
It's hard but definitely rewarding if you're into it
@natsune095 жыл бұрын
You know, these guys do a good job at explaining things. I am a smart guy, but due to laziness when I was younger, I never really pushed myself. When I did go to college, it was for criminal justice. But you don't have to be super intelligent or educated in physics to understand what is going on. Clear and concise explanations and the great visuals (I am a visual guy) really make it easy to follow.
@SunriseFireberry5 жыл бұрын
Those early Rings. Sauron was there.
@anthonydavolio9813 жыл бұрын
I love PBS spacetime, without it I would be purposeless, existing in a reality without the slightest idea of the rules that govern it
@TheExoplanetsChannel5 жыл бұрын
Great video! Is it me or they are using a new microphone? It sounds really good.
@mahditr50235 жыл бұрын
Ikr
@aygwm5 жыл бұрын
I think they’re using more compression.
@BenoHourglass5 жыл бұрын
They changed volume with the answers segment.
@brandonboilard19565 жыл бұрын
I can hear every breath he takes its making me go crazy
@johnsonandjohnson105 жыл бұрын
Amazing episode! I've tried to read about the CMB power spectrum a number of times and have always had my eyes glaze over. Thanks for making it approachable, you guys rock!
@nicksawyer43713 жыл бұрын
This explains wandavision
@levbobrov13985 жыл бұрын
The fact that we can make such observations and calculation about the entire (observable) Universe, while still sitting on our tiny speckle of dust, is absolutely mind blowing.
@betiedu5 жыл бұрын
Im in love with these radiation videos lel
@rohlodendronfilantropis10405 жыл бұрын
Matt you are great. I enjoy this non-dumbed down scientific divulgation immensely: the audacity of what scientists do is inspiring, and the conclusions are breathtaking. When I was little and watched Cosmos on TV I was equally fascinated by Carl Sagan's voice and presence and the message he conveyed. It's beautiful that Cosmos, as his wife says in the anniversary edition, needs little revision. Since then, I have read lots of divulgation but only the Feynman lectures have fascinated me so much, with his approach of explaining QM how we know it but without the mathematical machinery. I'm glad to be able to say that you continue on that tradition of accurate divulgation, obviating the maths. Your work is wonderful.
@flamur.dyrmishi5 жыл бұрын
Thank you for explaining physics in clear English. What do you think of Quantized Inertia vs Dark matter?
@inertia1865 жыл бұрын
I'm curious about the notion of quantized inertia as well. Specifically, how does QI hold up to this presumed verification of a Dark Matter / Dark Energy audit that the CMB appears to reveal here in this video? In other words, does Dark Matter / Dark Energy explain this CMB data better than QI does, if at all?
@gabor62595 жыл бұрын
Someone commented that the theory of QI ignores the things that contradict it and it can't be true, though it's very elegant.
@dziban3035 жыл бұрын
Best episode of Space Time right here.
@leeparker58225 жыл бұрын
How's the cosmic neutrino background coming? That's very exciting
@nafrost27875 жыл бұрын
Wow they should totally do a video about it. I’ve heard something like those early neutrinos are lighter than current ones. Do you know anything about it?
@leeparker58225 жыл бұрын
@@nafrost2787 I've seen a few videos .. I think we're a bit away from finishing it but sounds like we could look back to seconds after BB not years with sooo much more information. I hope he does a video it's very exciting
@nafrost27875 жыл бұрын
Yeah that’s the idea that because neutrinos hardly interact with matter, they could have decoupled from matter much earlier. But also I have heard something like that those early neutrinos would have been much lighter than neutrinos today. Do you know anything about it?
@leeparker58225 жыл бұрын
@@nafrost2787 lol no I'm just a carpenter from London done qft qed 101 tho
@nafrost27875 жыл бұрын
Nice, the fact that you’re interested in science is good enough. I’m 17 years old, and I want to do something with science in my future, my direction is the theory of everything.
@tomschmidt3815 жыл бұрын
Fantastic program. I've seen the power spectrum graph before but did not understand what it meant. Amazing how much information scientists are able to tease out of the CMB. That this analysis agrees with other estimates is awesome. It indicates our understanding of physics is on the right track. Considering we have barely left our little planet and our brains evolved to keep from getting eaten by tigers being able to figure this stuff out is a testament to our capabilities.
@cholten995 жыл бұрын
If the universe is currently geometrically flat but still expanding due to dark energy, does that mean in deep time (post the baryonic / dark matter era after all particles have broken down) there will eventually be enough curvature introduced purely from dark energy to cause it to folk in on itself?
@only1kingz5 жыл бұрын
Since dark energy is constant regardless of expansion, I think it will remain flat. I think..
@kazedcat5 жыл бұрын
@@only1kingz But the universe is flat because of the total energy. As all baryon, dark matter and photons gets diluted the total energy will be less than the required number to remain flat.
@carloguerrero65835 жыл бұрын
Dark energy acts as our expansive force. Since as far as we know it doesn´t dilute, it leads to an ever expanding universe. This is the accepted theory on the end of the universe. I´m not sure about the curvature tho, i think that IF it changes, it´s going to go towards negative curvature, so the oposite of collapsing inwards
@cholten995 жыл бұрын
I've been thinking about this and actually it was a pretty dumb question :-). If mass-having particles have radiated away and all that is left is dark-energy filled space then each cubic meter of that will have exactly the same energy and therefore space will be *very* flat.
@jaydienparks56585 жыл бұрын
@pyropulse we don't actually know that it could change with time
@gaemlinsidoharthi3 жыл бұрын
Physics has always been a fascination. If only I could have seen a way, in that time before time, to be able to earn enough with it to be able to stay alive. Admiration to those of you that find that way.
@BelgianGeneral5 жыл бұрын
Question - I'm more of a layman than most in this comment section, having never studied any science but actively following this channel, so this might be a dumb question, but: could we literally spot on an image of a lot of galaxies these circular ring patterns, and if so, where can I watch that picture?
@AlemitoFilms5 жыл бұрын
BelgianGeneral good question, actually I’d like to know too. Maybe the circular pattern is so faint in the apparent random disposition of the galaxies that only a computer algorithm can detect it. But if someone can link an eye visible example I’d be very interested
@psykkomancz5 жыл бұрын
Theoretically, yes. I did some math, and considering how big those rings are , it would be possible to see them at the distance around 500 milions of light years withnin a 10 degree span of sky. The true problem is that there are so many objects until that distance that to capture photo where those rings would be clearly visible is practically impossible.
@TheHellogs44445 жыл бұрын
Didn't PBS show such a real-life-image picture in the last episode?
@danshultz115885 жыл бұрын
Watch the video that came out before this one on this channel and he goes over it. It's not nearly as complicated as this one was.
@danshultz115885 жыл бұрын
kzbin.info/www/bejne/hoHThqulmtSikM0
@my3jeeps5 жыл бұрын
This episode reminded me of the time he mentioned that the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light. At some point those galaxies won't be observable because they are moving to fast. Our ability to peer into the darkness keeps expanding. Will we ever be able to "see" beyond the threshold of light speed?
@ohtheblah5 жыл бұрын
no
@Corbald5 жыл бұрын
[Contains Question] You say it jokingly, but it has been my belief, since I was a small child, that Science *IS* Magic. It's the only form of Magic which actually worked! We tried so many forms, and we *did* find the 'One True Magic'. We then went on to miscatagorize all the ones which *didn't* work as 'Magic,' though Science more fits the definition. Mighty Google defines Magic as, *"The power of apparently influencing the course of events by using mysterious or supernatural forces."* 'Supernatural' is a non-sequitur, as 'Nature' is really a synonym for "The whole Universe, excluding stuff we make, but not really." So we'll replace 'Supernatural' with 'Natural'. Mystery is merely a matter of perspective, as something can be Mysterious to the uninformed, but old-hat to the expert. We'll replace 'Mysterious' with 'Understandable.' Our definition is now, *"The power of apparently influencing the course of events by using understandable natural forces."* So, Yes, you *ARE* a Wizard, though I've often thought of Physicists as 'Sorcerers.' You work more directly with the Primal Forces. Engineers are Wizards, and we make Golems and Enchanted Tools, Weapons and Armor! ;P [*Question Begins here*] Now, with all that said, I have a question to be of the Grand Sorcerer Supreme: It has to do with Black Holes, I'm afraid... It seems to me, in all the explanations I've ever heard, that crossing the Event Horizon of a black hole is actually on the Table as a reasonable question, but it only makes sense, to me, if you don't factor in Time Dilation, especially as we now understand that black holes evaporate. Imagine that we had a probe with a magical warp shield. It is immune from outside gravity wells, though it can still experience time dilation due to being in one. Again, it's magic. Doesn't matter how it works, all we want to do is track a single 'camera' inside the black hole's region of affected space-time. Now we line the probe up with the middle of the singularity and give it a nudge. As it falls in to the gravity well, it'll experience time-dilation, relative to the outside universe. It'll see stuff 'out-there' speeding up and we'll see _it_ slowing down. But the part that never seems to be discussed is, "What does the probe see the Black Hole doing, time-dilation-wise?" Well, we know that the Event Horizon is shrinking, via Hawking's radiation, if ever so slowly from our point of view. However, the probe is now much closer to the Black Hole, so it's deeper in the gravity well, so it's clock is running at a speed more comparable to the one in the Singularity, so the Black Hole appears to speed up, to the probe. We see the Event Horizon shrinking more quickly, pulling away from our probe. Let's speed up our probe. As we do, we see the Event Horizon slip away even faster, because we're falling deeper and deeper into the gravity well and our internal clock is slowing down so much that even the glacial timelines of a Black Hole seem fast. We'd never be able to cross the Event Horizon, because accelerating (or even drifting) toward it would cause it to zoom away, until it was a tiny as the matter inside could be compressed to be (whatever the minimum 'packing distance' of 'stuff' is in our Universe) then it would explode as a GRB. But our probe would be billions and billions of years in the future. If our probe could hover just beyond the Event Horizon at the instant of a Black Hole's creation, and 'follow' the Horizon in, the probe wouldn't even notice a 'Black Hole' at all, or only for an instant; the length of time it takes the Horizon to sweep the space from the edge of the Schwarzschild radius to the edge of the 'Sphere of Minimal Packing,' at [C-(distance from Horizon)] or nearly the speed of light. Ergo: Black Holes both Exist and Don't exist, depending on how close you are to them?!?
@iestynne5 жыл бұрын
Corbald very interesting thought experiment! So you suggest that nothing can enter a black hole because doing so requires traveling further into the future than the actual lifespan of the black hole. How would this account for matter that is already inside the event horizon at the moment that the event horizon forms? Is there a great schism at this moment, a bifurcation of permanently diverging timelines - matter inside and matter outside, never the twain shall meet? And what would be the "experience" of matter just slightly inside the horizon?
@Corbald5 жыл бұрын
@@iestynne For the first part, yes! I couldn't (apparently) have said it better! For the second part, no, I think the matter inside the shrinking event horizon is converted to gamma radiation once it has shrunk past the point where degenerate matter can hold up. Actually, the length of time it takes (in it's own time frame) to explode is the speed of matter in the center of the degenerate matter 'ball' converting to gamma radiation, then forcing it's way through further collapsing matter as that is converted, center out. Like how light has to force it's way through the Sun to escape. Or something to that effect, I think.
@ferdinandkraft8575 жыл бұрын
It's an interesting thought experiment, but please note that Hawking radiation is a prediction of QFT in curved Spacetime, so it's not part of general relativity. It would be a very interesting calculation if you'd compare the rate of evaporation and the time to cross the (shrinking) horizon from the perspective of a falling observer.
@carloguerrero65835 жыл бұрын
Jeesh. That intro was good, changing words like that raises eyebrows tho. Very nice thought experiment and well explained to boot. noice. Though it does raise some issues this seems to be calculable. If the ratios line up just right, the in-falling matter (including you probe) could still contribute to the mass of the black hole by just being close to it while being invisible to outside beings by being MASSIVELY red-shifted by the black hole. The mechanics of this warp stuff just go over my head at the moment though. AND (this just occured to me, i saw it on a PBS NOVA episode with Brian Greene some years ago) i´ve heard that as not massless objects aproach lightspeed they ¨flatten up¨ along their c-aproaching vector while the world around them flattening up in the same way from their perspective. Sooooooo look at this. kzbin.info/www/bejne/r4iyXpasfKqHiLM Very interesting don´t ´cha think? A test could be a probe aproaching as big a black hole as possible, as slow as possible with the biggest ultra low frequency radio antenna we can hang on it.
@garethdean63825 жыл бұрын
A good question and one that can be tricky to figure out. The first issue is that you're assuming that the black hole is going to be 'sped up' as the probe's own time slows down. This is not true because the black hole itself is deeper into its own gravity well than the probe is. From an infinite distance away a probe at the horizon would appear frozen, infinitely slowed, while things further out appear less so. From those further probes then wed expect to see things further from the hole sped up, but things closer to the hole still slowed. The hole itself we would expect to remain frozen (Infinity divided by any number is still infinity.) What about hawking radiation? Well this is an effect of the space AROUND the black hole to a radius of about twice the hole's own radius. (The reasons for this are explained in another PBS video.) This is why Hawking radiation is possible at all instead of being infinitely time dilated to a standstill as it would be if it had to emerge directly from the hole itself. Now there ARE speeding effects due to the probe's speed. Imagine a probe going before, shooting photons out behind it at regular intervals. Now our second probe is going to be following the first and moving directly towards those photons, blueshifting them. So the second probe will see the first 'sped up' compared to a stationary distant observer. But the speedup can't be infinite or the second probe would catch up to and\or pass the first at some point. In fact the speedup is quite mild all things considered. So for any black hole heavier than about the state of Texas it's possible to fall into it before it evaporates. Interestingly enough the 'Outsiders can't see anything fall into the hole' scenario is actually only true in one very, very special case and most 'real' observers most certainly will see stuff fall into a hole.
@r7diego3 жыл бұрын
Being a big fan from this channel for years, i just discovered this amazing video today (12/2020) almost two years after it was pubished. So much good and well thought out content content, BEST KZbin CHANNEL EVER !!
@francoislacombe90715 жыл бұрын
I'm asking this question again. How do astronomers distinguish the very small temperature differences in the CMB from the microwave noise of all the stuff the CMB has to shine through to reach their instruments?
@Crootcovitz5 жыл бұрын
With precise measurements and a lot of Maths. I remember reading about it a long time ago, but that's all I can recall.
@cherrydragon31205 жыл бұрын
Most of it is an estimation. They can't 100% proof it because of it. They may say its a fact. But most of this type of science is estimations combined to math. If the answer is close enough to their estimation they say it has to be a fact.
@TheRealFlenuan5 жыл бұрын
By taking the measurements in multiple locations. The CMB in theory should measure the same wherever you are on Earth, but the noise originating from Earth should vary. All you have to do is use some math involving Fourier transforms to figure out the information that the signals share. Essentially the same process is used to read gravitational waves too.
@harryscrotum0075 жыл бұрын
They can't actually measure anything unless they right there to measure it. Most of astronomy and space science is make beleive. It could be real but nobody actually directly measured it therefore an idea make beleive.
@boyan30015 жыл бұрын
Basically it's same principle as microphone noise cancellation. With one or more microphone you are catichng ambient noise and when you have clear picture how that signal should look like, you can subtract it from signal that is captured by primary microphone.
@loopernoodling5 жыл бұрын
Finally! A proper shirt! I can't tell you how happy this makes me.
@dididogster99945 жыл бұрын
Lays in bed a hears static: I guess I'm studying history tonight
@rydvalj5 жыл бұрын
One of the best videos on this channel
@jajupa785 жыл бұрын
So Chuck Norris used a microwave once,so what?)
@nolanwestrich26025 жыл бұрын
All those secrets were taken from .01% variations in the brightness of a dim microwave glow. That's kinda like taking a sculpture, pulverizing it into a fine powder, and having an expert determine what the sculpture was from the powder.
@ast08155 жыл бұрын
Magic is real, but we call it science.
@jojolafrite905 жыл бұрын
It always was a matter of perspective.
@Aurinkohirvi5 жыл бұрын
I would appreciate if they worre the pointy hat and wielded a wand though.
@calebmauer17515 жыл бұрын
"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." -Arthur C Clarke
@kazedcat5 жыл бұрын
@@calebmauer1751 Yeah but what do you call a sufficiently advance magic?
@jdtug82515 жыл бұрын
...and Science makes better stories than science-fiction. =)
@johnjrgensen35415 жыл бұрын
I've watched 10^3s presentations - this is the first time I've wished that I could give more than one "like". In fact, this deserves 5. Beautiful! Thanks for the goosebumps.
@proof-xx1vv5 жыл бұрын
nice
@MrSJPowell5 жыл бұрын
It was about 8:00 that I finally understood how the math worked for the "we tested the flatness of the universe with trig" claim from all those episodes ago. I had never caught how the opposite length could be known. Cool to see.
@paradox10935 жыл бұрын
Q.does elecrtomagnatic field affect space time?
@Yora215 жыл бұрын
It is part of it.
@ferdinandkraft8575 жыл бұрын
Yes, the electromagnetic field contributes to the stress-energy tensor, which is the source of spacetime curvature: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor
@xang59505 жыл бұрын
Mind: Blown. Thanks again PBS Space Time!
@SpaceTrump5 жыл бұрын
Here before the background radiation was.
@FunScientifix5 жыл бұрын
Here Officer. This comment right here
@KanwardeepSinghNarota5 жыл бұрын
Microwave radiation 4 m she’s only I love more then myself
@tatjanagobold28105 жыл бұрын
Are you a primordial gravitational wave?
@wythaaof66505 жыл бұрын
lol best "first" comment ever
@KanwardeepSinghNarota5 жыл бұрын
t. gobold yes guid me to success
@AbbeyRoadkill15 жыл бұрын
Watched this 4 times... and I still don't really understand it. Thanks anyway. Love this channel.
@colleen94935 жыл бұрын
I’m a new subscriber
@oldmanspooky66415 жыл бұрын
Outstanding!!! We are living in the Golden Age of Astronomy/Cosmology!!! What an awesome time to be alive!
@epichdsheep5 жыл бұрын
Old man Spooky just think of the things to come!!:)
@TheWolfboy1805 жыл бұрын
I love you, Matt, but you don't have to try do hard on your Rs when you talk. Your accent is wonderful on its own.
@jppagetoo5 жыл бұрын
Finally somebody explained how the CMB shows the universe is flat. Yes, I knew about the triangles the missing piece was knowing the measured size of the hotspots verses the expected size of the hotspots. Now it makes sense. Thanks!
@foetaltreborus20175 жыл бұрын
Why is the CMB shown as an oval ?
@cherrydragon31205 жыл бұрын
Flat mapping. Flat mapping the earth is also oval like. Even tho its a sphere. But yeah... if the Universe is flat... then whats the point of an oval... unless the universe is actualy flat and rounded up as a cilinder... or actual spherical
@YYYValentine5 жыл бұрын
It one type of projection which project a sphere (sky) into 2D. You can find something similar earth maps.
@TheRealFlenuan5 жыл бұрын
Imagine a sphere surface made of infinite circles of latitude. When you project a sphere onto two dimensions, one way to do it is to take each of these circles and unwind it into a line. The resulting shape is an ellipse whose height is the height of the sphere (2 radii) but whose width is the circumference (2π radii), and so you get that shape. It's called the Mollweide projection.
@MrAlRats5 жыл бұрын
It's a map of the whole sky. Check out this article. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide_projection
@YYYValentine5 жыл бұрын
@@cherrydragon3120 Flat universe with a spherical "boundary". (It is not a real boundary, it is a boundary of time.
@waleniafs5 жыл бұрын
you explaining space and vaatividya explaining dark souls must have the same amount of big brain thanks for existing
@ytpanda3985 жыл бұрын
Since the universe is expanding, will it eventually gain negative curvature?
@bossninja06125 жыл бұрын
No. As far as we can tell our universe is geometrically flat. It's flat because the total energy we can measure is equal to 0.
@kazedcat5 жыл бұрын
@@bossninja0612 But dark energy is constantly being created. As the universe expand the new empty space created will have dark energy which makes the universe expand faster creating more empty space that have more dark energy. That is a positive feedback loop that creates more and more dark energy.
@bossninja06125 жыл бұрын
Lol I'm sorry to say but it doesn't seem like you know what you're talking about. All the energy that ever will be was dispersed during the big bang. You can't create nor destroy energy. The universe is simply expanding into itself.
@ytpanda3985 жыл бұрын
@@bossninja0612 sorry this kinda messes with my brain a bit bear with me. Is it rate of expansion proportional to total energy? As far as I understand isn't the rate of expansion increasing? Thanks for your help
Its around about 35 mins videos but took 3 hours to complete and literally explained everything I have heard about universe
@nafrost27875 жыл бұрын
After you are done with the CMB, do an episode on quantum loop gravity
@stuartvolkow92865 жыл бұрын
Great tutorial on the CMB! Our lab at UCSD is on the forefront of experimental cosmology on the CMB and collaborating on building the Simons Observatory. Polarization matters!
@CosmicBackgroundRadiation015 жыл бұрын
A whole video about me! 🙃
@bitmen12965 жыл бұрын
You guys have amazing content. I'm back in college and as I make my way through my math classes I gain just a little more insight to your videos. Keep up the good work!
@DaveXXX5 жыл бұрын
But can it heat my hot pockets properly?
@matthewtalbot65055 жыл бұрын
No, quantum mechanics forbids this
@maynardjohnson33135 жыл бұрын
The important thing is to use an analog tv tuner, not that you hook up any tv to the analog antenna. It is the detection circuitry in the old ntsc tv that you can see the cmb with.
@DavidMaurand5 жыл бұрын
I suspect 'dark matter' is a theological idea - we can 'explain' what we see but are only at a ptolemaic understanding, equivalent to epicycles and deferents.
@WanDeLay45 жыл бұрын
Forgive me if I'm wrong, but did you just use the "I don't know, therefore it's God" argument? Historically speaking, that argument is a bad bet.
@dinf89405 жыл бұрын
'suspect' hehe, when mainstream astronomy fails to make single valid prediction for nigh 100yrs, is constantly stumped witch each new observation yet keeps adding layers of complexity to prop up their obviously faulty models, id say its safe to say we are way past suspecting at this point
@kazedcat5 жыл бұрын
Did you not watch the video. You need mass that does not react with photons to provide a braking effect on normal matter oscillation. This mass must be independent of ordinary matter otherwise they will bounce with them and not provide the needed braking effect. We can measure how much mass that does not bounce based on the peaks of bouncing mass. This non bouncing mass is dark matter because ordinary matter bounce. That is Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation.
@DavidMaurand5 жыл бұрын
WanDeLay4 the opposite.. the presenter promoted dark matter as an established fact, rather than issuing the caveat 'the math indicates there is far more matter than we can detect, we don't have a clue as to what it is...or whether our math is wrong." For centuries, the math worked for ptolemaic astronomy, until Copernicus recalculated the same numbers. Confirmation bias is a powerful force.
@garethdean63825 жыл бұрын
Dark matter IS a fact. Stars in galaxies orbit far faster than visible matter allows. WHAT dark matter is is unknown but it's definitely there. And 'the math is wrong' has been tried. Modified Newtonian Dynamics was the first attempt, tweaking the math of gravity. The problem with it and other 'wrong math' theories is that they're too simple. Some galaxies are >99% dark matter some have none at all. Large galaxies have a mostly consistent amount, dwarf ones vary. Changing math fixed ALL the orbits of our solar system's planets. Changing math with ark matter can fix only a handful of galaxies. This HEAVILY suggests dark matter is a THING which you can get varying amounts of. Ironically attempting to make wrong math theories fit its observations itself tends to add epicycles. 'There's some stuff out there we can't see' is a pretty simple model. When the orbits of the gas giants seemed a little off it didn't mean that Copernicus was wrong, it meant there were some undiscovered planets out there. Once again we face some odd orbits that seem immune to mathematical tinkering. Soemthing's out there and people are desperately trying to pin down what.
@DoctorAlex12 жыл бұрын
This is a really clear description of the BAOs.
@SpectatingBystander5 жыл бұрын
1 down vote... It's been up for 4mins. Does this person like to be uninformed?
@CloudsGirl75 жыл бұрын
They probably believe there's a sauropod living in the Congo.
@trewq3985 жыл бұрын
yeah why did he do that
@Melthornal5 жыл бұрын
youtube (and all social networks) display semi random numbers of up and downvotes in addition to real votes. this os partially because its borderline impossible to measure the number of actual votes and also because they want to prevent people from gaming the system to get their content promoted.
@GeorgeD5595 жыл бұрын
fuck them assholes.
@UATU.5 жыл бұрын
Let them relish their illusion of power, it keeps them off the streets
@vast6345 жыл бұрын
When I've read the title, I first though it talks a bout: "the background secrets of cosmetic microtransactions"
@NemesisDestiny5 жыл бұрын
Wonderful words of encouragement for the young aspirant at the end! Truly heartwarming.
@Gnug2155 жыл бұрын
Holy carp! I've always heard so much about the CMB, but never really understood the implications of it. Even though I'm a fairly skeptical person, I've always had a trust in science, so I figured that when scientists were so hyped about the CMB, it had some merit. This video really shows it. My trust was completely justified. Damn, scientists are smart, and damn is science the most powerful tool ever. Thanks for making me finally understand a little bit about this!
@Gnug2155 жыл бұрын
@MySecretMessages It's fine that you're skeptical, but you're basically going in the completely opposite direction by calling it "garbage". For me, I'd always heard about this and thought it sounded a bit like wild speculation, but in this video, a lot of the underlying theory (and evidence) was explained, making it a lot less speculation.
@khaliffoster37774 жыл бұрын
@@Gnug215 Not really it means they are clever is saying smart things that make sense logically, so it is not illogical, but it is illogical in the whole system so you have to be careful to believe what they say so they might be wrong and other people which you don't believe might be right, like Flat Earth, and other deniers things. The point things can make sense logically but doesn't mean to be logical in the whole system, that is point the whole system which is everything, not something that is part. So, people have to think to make sense or/and using the computer to make sense base on what they see, but it is wrong because of foundation principle is wrong. So, you are basing that it makes sense that means people in past is right to now, so they in past make sense to now so it makes sense in higher information, not really because it is misleading information from past to now. And also you are assuming humans are trustworthy base on the system which is everything that means the person must be trustworthy to justify the system that makes sense, if one thing is wrong then the whole thing is wrong in the system. The information system that doesn't match reality system.
@avov22973 жыл бұрын
Proud supporter of pbs spacetime. Ive watched every vid
@davidmoe43845 жыл бұрын
Good follow up to last video. This is what the public needs, good explanation of how data from the last video can now prove the universe is geometrically flat. I always wondered how Astronomers were so sure of these results, but after this video it's apparent. Thank you.
@dandanner31115 жыл бұрын
Big thumbs up for the fun-yet-inspiring pep talk at the end. Nice one Dr. O'Dowd.
@robharwood35384 жыл бұрын
Suggestion for a word to describe the oscillating expansions and contractions of these sound waves: They are like the *bubbling* in boiling water. Heat and vaporization expand into a bubble, and then cooling and the ever-present water pressure collapse the bubbles again. Just like the photon pressure vs. gravity *bubbling.* Then the metaphor extends to observing the sizes of these 'bubbles' in the placement of galaxies and the CMB.