The NEW Crisis in Cosmology

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I have good news and bad news. Bad news first: two years ago we reported on the Crisis in Cosmology. Since then, it’s only gotten worse. And actually, the good news is also that the crisis in cosmology has actually gotten worse, which means we may be onto something!
The most exciting thing for any scientist is when something they thought they knew turns out to be wrong. So it’s no wonder that many cosmologists are starting to get excited by what has become known as the Hubble tension, or the crisis in cosmology. The “crisis” is the fact that we have two extremely careful, increasingly precise measurements of how fast the universe is expanding which should agree with each other, and yet they don’t.
Original Crisis in Cosmology
• The Crisis in Cosmology
Sabine Hossenfelder's episode "Do we travel through time at the speed of light?"
• Do we travel through t...
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[@mjhzen8313]

Glad to know Cosmology is in a crisis; it can join the rest of us.

[@donaldjohnson257]

......@mjh zen.....Yeah, cosmologists think they have it bad?......They should read about the struggles of the Cosmetologists!!

[@quantumbubbles2106]

1:09 - "the tension is now even tensor" - and I always thought we live in a matrix... 🤔

[@estieglandwr]

😆😆😆👍

[@rvfiasco]

Noooo doubt!

[@nodozhit]

Lol

[@JonKukur]

"Baryon acoustic oscillations" has to be one of the most Star Trek phrases spoken on this channel.

[@JJs_playground]

Lol... So true

[@burtosis]

@@JJs_playground after years of measurement and careful signal analysis, the original baryonic acoustic oscillations have been accurately recreated in the sound frequencies humans can hear. kzbin.info/www/bejne/moLaZapvjMyLmbM

[@cthulhuhead]

@@burtosis I’m so glad that it was what I expected. :D

[@Russo-Delenda-Est]

I wonder if our scientists have tried reversing the... polarity.

[@DFloyd84]

@Peter Rabbit Interplex the electromagnetic oscillators. That should clean up the signal.

[@ravenatorful]

Love this quote: "Love being wrong, because finding the source of that wrongness can only lead to greater understanding."

[@worfoz]

He is right about being wrong. I guess.

[@chrisbaker2903]

@@worfoz He is correct if the "scientists" are not competing for a grant because being "right" is where the money is.

[@mx2000]

I'd argue most scientists prefer *other* scientists to be wrong, and themselves to be right 😉

[@worfoz]

@@mx2000 I beg to differ, science is a team sports, you want other scientists to give you the best assists. `You didn´t see it but I did`

[@SuperCatdoll]

@@worfoz l

[@Rep0007]

All my t-shirts and mugs from the 80s are now too small. Clearly showing how the Universe has expanded since then.

[@hongjiansha4272]

Hahahaha

[@madbrad6282]

Too funny!!!

[@valkeriancreator]

Funny, but what if the universe, or even the multiverse, is (similarly) just a part of an ultra gigantic being that is growing? Dang! (bring on the theories, lol 😂)

[@Rep0007]

@@valkeriancreator Pass the weed... it must be good stuff...

[@tristanband4003]

@@Rep0007 Most of the great scientists were and are potheads. That's right, you're paying potheads salaaries.

[@savandesouza6766]

Sometimes I lament the loss of my job due to covid, but combined with a reignited passion for physics and astronomy from this inspiring channel, I'm going back to school to pursue a different degree. Thank you Matt and all the fantastic digital artists of PBS!

[@nursesophie5254]

good luck

[@tempemail4622]

Good luck to you bro!

[@coda821]

Question: Could space time be considered to be a lens?

[@KyleODonnell5645]

That's really cool! Best of luck to you

[@mercy1441]

I might do that.. just study away for pure pleasure as the world we know crumbles around us

[@joecaves6235]

The cosmological constant, constantly changing.

[@colejohnson2230]

These new young constants don't know how to behave properly yet!

[@nohbuddy1]

In Futurama they increased the speed of light to allow faster than light travel

[@mathieuxlaflamme2322]

@@nohbuddy1 9001 IQ move right there.

[@cadebritt8001]

You didn't need THE

[@higherbeingX]

Which tells me that CC doesn't exist. The theory is wrong

[@meinbherpieg4723]

"The most exciting thing for any scientist is when something they thought they knew turned out to be wrong" - this is also the most depressing thing for any student taking a test.

[@Robert_Keel]

Points to one of the failures in education and popular media. There are hypotheses and theories on which we build understanding, not immutable facts of the universe.

[@mekoeneko]

Except this is not true for the vast majority of scientists.

[@jettmthebluedragon]

I wonder 😐if the universe were to end in heat death then a universe we will never live again 😐but some how we are living as we speak you could say our lives are random but it would not make since if life was really that random i would have Ben something else but it does not seem to be the case 😐they say evolution only goes one way but what about the universe? And if earth is the only planet to have complex life it would not make since as to why our lives are not random 😐

[@enverse244]

Manbearpig.

[@Mitch-gu3dz]

7:12 Thank you for recognizing that I am too lazy to hold my finger up in front of my face.

[@jouhannaudjeanfrancois891]

it's 1AM and according to my latest measurements, the distance between the couch and my bed has augmented

[@mikedoni714h4]

2 am for me and my couch just moved on it's own so now I'm sleeping on the dining table

[@estieglandwr]

😆😆😆👍

[@josephdahdouh2725]

@@mikedoni714h4 3 AM here and the distance from the bathroom to my room has severly been blocked by two doors and a loooooong hallway

[@outlaw.2535]

It has

[@stevefromsaskatoon830]

Lol

[@michaelupdike-bz6rg]

As much as I love theoretical work you gotta hand it to those experimentalists for making my life harder and harder.

[@redacted5035]

You work in the field?

[@iainballas]

@@redacted5035 Which field? Higgs, Electron, Gravity, Magnetic.... Left?

[@yegersr4844]

Navy SEAL astronauts right 😹

[@thepowerman8952]

Narcissistic false-modesty detected! You're not Witten, and you feel it. 🙂

[@Zafersernikli]

@@thepowerman8952 Is that a term? If not, you’ve just described a definition I’ve been looking for years :)

[@DrPOP-jp7eb]

I love the fact that "Dark Energy", "Red Dwarf", "Supernova" are all real scientific terms. JRR Tolkien could not have come up with anything better.

[@johnnamkeh1290]

Seriously, the technobabble that scientists have come up with is more than what any Star Trek writer could come up with. yes Mr Data, please continue measuring baryonic acoustic oscillations to verify the distance to my standard siren produced by merging neutron stars, to disprove the theory that the cosmic background radiation is a better measure for cosmic inflation than predictable supernovae.

[@frenchguitarguy1091]

@@johnnamkeh1290 yo have you ever wondered if bush did 911 to save America

[@dr3754]

@@frenchguitarguy1091 have you ever wondered if bush did 911 to save america or to save halliburton?

[@tristanalain9239]

@@frenchguitarguy1091 No. Because I'm not that detached from reality

[@edwardtobiasen3386]

We will never know if the universe is getting bigger until someone actually gets out there. Different lenses go at different speeds. When you go past different lights and temperatures your view will bend. Then you add that what you are looking at is going back in time. Lastly the universe has different densities. Not saying it can't be done and wish you good luck figuring out all these and more calculations

[@peterhaywood4111]

If I listen to this episode an infinite number of times, I'll probably understand it.

[@joesphmontgomery9362]

I think we should give this “giant space ruler” a more legitimate effort.

[@annoloki]

...and I, for one, welcome our new giant space ruler

[@Tom-fh3zg]

I second that idea....... What material should we make it out of?

[@midgetsow]

@@Tom-fh3zg Pretty sure Chuck Norris has something long enough to measure interstellar distances. Or maybe they measure him, instead.

[@markredacted8547]

@@Tom-fh3zg I say Hydrogen plenty of materials in the universe, what paint should we use to mark out the cm and m marks?

[@Nivleknosnhoj]

@@Tom-fh3zg Organically sustainably grown non-genetically modified PC vegan friendly legumes. The material of choice in these enlightened snowflake times.

[@DanielTaylorOCMD]

The beginning of this video reminded my of Carl Sagan's quote about scientists - “In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again. They really do it. It doesn't happen as often as it should, because scientists are human and change is sometimes painful. But it happens every day. I cannot recall the last time something like that happened in politics or religion.”

[@thinkabout602]

case closed 👍

[@genegray9895]

Underrated comment

[@cytonicstarspren4384]

Absolutely true

[@konfunable]

Oh... it sure does happen in Politics.... when a large donor with different opinion supports a politician, politician's opinions change instantly.

[@VidsnStuff]

I agree

[@MagnaMater2]

Dear me, I fell asleep, the Algorithm choose what I should sleep to, but I woke on somebody telling me about 'duck energy'. I had to scroll backwards, and the energy turned out to be only dark, not duck, but at the same time much stranger than a LED powered by ducks could ever be.

[@walrus4046]

Duck energy is the result of sub atomic particles called quaks

[@akale2620]

😂

[@shilohauraable]

LOL 😂

[@adamgardiner5869]

Well if it walks, talks and looks like a duck, it's probably an exotic matter we can't detect, that helps explain our universe.

[@leonardhinkelmann5629]

@@walrus4046 just... Thanks

[@blub0137]

I find it interesting that both methods using data from the big bang give different results than the other methods based on more recent events. it gives credence to the theory that dark energy changes over time.

[@stapler942]

If the acceleration of expansion was different at different points in time, you might say the universe has been quite a jerk.

[@khalilrahme5227]

Agreed, although it is more likely.

[@Morilore]

Booooo :p

[@death_parade]

And if Universe has been a jerk of different magnitudes over time, you could say that the Universe is snappy.

[@aniksamiurrahman6365]

That rather hails the original ideas of General Relativity in a pretty deeper level.

[@HaydenBirch]

Maybe even poppy

[@chrisb1805]

"It is increasingly clear there is a hole in our understanding of the universe," is such an understatement.

[@Mosern1977]

I'd put it about 96%...

[@derrickcox4233]

It was always clear to me.

[@neildown7231]

It clearly works by electrodynamic principles. The galactic electric and magnetic fields show this unequivocally

[@thealphabutcher1048]

@@neildown7231 every time I heard dark matter I cringed hard

[@neildown7231]

@@thealphabutcher1048 Me too. Absolute nonsense. This guy is all over it: kzbin.info/www/bejne/f362aKl8r9aabbM

[@DerangedTechnologist]

This is particularly splendid; thanks. (It tipped me over the edge; I am now subscribed, and supporting you on Patreon.)

[@szalaierik]

Oh, this is just beautiful...! I love science. And this channel.

[@mugin11223344]

A crisis in science, is always a good thing. It means we learn new things.

[@sloshed-rat]

200 years from now they'll probably think we're stupid for not seeing the blatantly obvious signs the universe hints at us.

[@ViratKohli-jj3wj]

@@sloshed-rat right

[@hobbelwobble8744]

Can be similar to the pandemic ;)

[@juhajuntunen7866]

"Oops, these measurements dont match" means something interesting is hiding there.

[@robertt9342]

@Shneldon . Nah at most they might think our current understanding as simple, but understandable.

[@verdatum]

Stormtroopers _never_ miss. They are just firm believers in the utility of the warning shot.

[@nolan412]

Fresh clones instinctually miss their first shots.

[@MelvinCruz]

The explanation hit me so hard,that's why as a Stormtrooper when attached to a planet had so good aim,practice with the exact same G and when moving to different planet had bad aim at least for some time....I love physics

[@drew-horst]

Several warning shots

[@sonnykhan228]

An excellent and comprehensive summary of the crisis, thanks a lot.

[@amyers2141]

Thank you to PBS and all of you for these cosmology talks. I always learn something new and exciting.

[@minagica]

The tension is now... tensor 😂

[@donkeyhobo34]

We should get married

[@ericeaton2386]

Glad I'm not the only one who thought that!

[@djSchauberger]

@@donkeyhobo34 blergh

[@carloseliasbravo]

He said "tenser" not tensor

[@dAvrilthebear]

Given that we're talking about dark energy, tensors really come in handy!

[@keyboardkungfu]

Science: Bad news = Job security

[@alchemist6819]

That's kinda true

[@gavinriley5232]

Soooo: bad news=good news

[@jonatanlindmark]

@@gavinriley5232 it's a conundrum

[@redacted5035]

@@jonatanlindmark I love drums 🥁

[@corrigenda70]

@@jonatanlindmark Either that or it is a fraud.... Even NASA has had to apologise for manipulating temperature data ...

[@MrDino1953]

The progress in particle physics and cosmology since the 1950’s, when I was born, has been truly amazing to watch. I just hope to live long enough to see if, and how, this crisis and things like quantum gravity are resolved.

[@brucecarolbull3712]

Meollisa manders and tight hobble th of

[@brucecarolbull3712]

Moo

[@susanbengston3208]

Great Gratitude for your clarity of Universal options to “This is what we’re eternally stuck with?” An incredible relief…

[@jgseg6828]

Bro, your ability to explain complex concepts in a simple and elegant way is remarkable. I've been learning quite a lot, thank you very much!

[@MattCookVideos]

Are you certain he writes the scripts? I don’t know either way.

[@MrDJAK777]

He's credited in the description

[@BillyViBritannia]

14:08 Simply put, the spacetime interval: "It's the minus of the sum of the squares of the x, y and z spacial intervals plus the square of the time interval times the speed of light." Elegance.

[@sgringo]

"The tension is now even tensor." Generally speaking, that was relatively funny.

[@milanstevic8424]

haha slow clap

[@erikawimmer7908]

That actually was good

[@MrEnjoivolcom1]

Ha❕

[@suran1556]

That is how we asians speaks english normally to make more expressionfull

[@thetruth45678]

You have a warped sense of humor.

[@davejones9469]

My cousin is almost ready to release his theory that potentially solves the hubble tension problem. I'm excited to see if his work ends up on your show.

[@BayaMalay]

I find it strange we think uniform distance light that originated from the recombination time would measure the same as light coming from different times and distances in space. I would almost expect a difference. Curious what the paper will say.

[@Timrath]

"Scientists love being wrong!" More like, scientists love OTHER scientists being wrong.

[@eclipse369.]

when they base their entire life on something majority of them simply refuse to be wrong

[@internetenjoyer1044]

Yeah I hate this line. They may be individually more open to being wrong than the average person, and science itself in principle wants to prove itself wrong, but scientists are people, the incentives in science often dont encourage proving yourself wrong, and theres a huge amoutn at stake, particularly from young researchers just establishing themselves, to be right

[@ericcampbell2086]

Some scientists have made a science of being wrong. Ask fauci.

[@snoozley853]

@@ericcampbell2086 It's always weird running into a right winger when it comes to anything intellectual based. But it's a 100% guarantee that when you do, they bring up something wildly off topic and political. Good job, you've yet to surprise anyone with your behavior.

[@753238]

The solution is to consider that the Big Bang Theory is actually composed of Multi-Big Bangs and not One Big Bang.

[@lfroncek]

I've found that when a scientist has built his or her career on an idea and a new idea emerges that threatens their work, they are not excited in the least.

[@someonehireme]

If that happened, that person would be a bad scientist

[@szalaierik]

Some. True explorers are.

[@bryanjk]

@@someonehiremeI agree but that would also be being human as we can all succumb to it. Psychologically criticism of their idea turns into an attack on them as a person.

[@cashglobe]

It many “scientific” fields, this is exactly the case. They make all their money from just following the status quo. Not real scientists

[@shitocodone8940]

@@someonehireme research and you’ll see nearly all great scientists eventually have this happen to them. Even Einstein to an extent

[@m00kism]

The UK has been rough today. So nice to have these fascinating and barely comprehensible videos to escape into.

[@TheIronicRaven]

One question I've always had that I hope some of you smart people can help me understand, or at least point me in the right direction, is: why is the expansion rate of the universe never talked about as an outer force acting on the universe? I am most likely completely wrong, but the internal model of the universe I have used for a long time is to think of it like a balloon in a large vacuum chamber. If the balloon were in the center and were to pop, all the air would go flying away from the center. I imagine the rate of that air would be increasing the further from the center you measure it. So the vacuum pressure would be "expanding" the air to be larger. Typically when I hear talk about the expansion of the universe it sounds more like a force within the universe that is pushing everything away. Why do we believe there is a pushing force as opposed to a pulling force? I'm sure there is a great explanation, and probably a Space Time video or two that I should watch, but I have yet to find it. Any answers would be great!

[@ChromeDaimao]

I like that you're thinking outside the box. Or universe, rather.

[@hissyfits]

Currently working on my cosmology-based thesis and I can try to help a bit. This is a possibility! It's just nearly impossible (or actually impossible) to measure because we cannot see beyond the outer limits of our Universe, where said pulling force would be. So in short, while it's cool to think about, it is nearly impossible to tackle. We try to explain this with dark energy, a 'pushing' force within the universe, counteracting the combination of ordinary, dark, and relativistic particle matter's gravitational pull. We can explain that dark energy makes up 70% of the Universe based on CMB measurements, but we struggle to explain its position because there is no physical evidence of its 'location'.

[@TheIronicRaven]

@@hissyfits thanks for the response! Intuitive and informative 😁 Definitely an answer that makes a lot of sense. I guess since there really isn't a way to establish which one it is, it makes more sense to think about it as an expanding force since that's closer to what we see.

[@SoundzAlive1]

@@hissyfits Hi Diego, I agree with your answer but there is some evidence that it could be an external to the universe, force. That is the fact that the Universe expansion is increasing like anything that is attracted to a force in a vacuum. The closer it gets the faster it moves. André in Sydney

[@hissyfits]

@@SoundzAlive1 Great comment! Thanks for adding that in there :) A very good point

[@shauryaparasrampuria6217]

Your explanations about cosmology is so clear

[@overthehilldill3626]

After all of these astro physical videos I've watched i have become the greatest astrophysicist who barely passed basic math. Ty YT.

[@xavariusquest4603]

No...not really. Consider that the present state of science is like that of the 1860s to 1880s. Science was dogmatically adhering to theories in the evolution of organisms, the Earth, and the universe. The number of scientists vilified by the mainstream community was so vast as to create the greatest concern in the community...has science as an investigative discipline failed. We are in that period once again. The failure here is that there is such an adherence to the value of the cosmological constant that they are breaking their necks to hammer the square pegs of observational data into the round wholes of theory. There are a number of resources that describe this in sufficient detail and at an approachable level. It suffices to say that this issue is having far greater repercussions in the general scientific community because again many are seeing dogmatism when a more pragmatic approach would be to re-evaluate the underlying theory. Up until about 15 years ago thats what would have happened. Today, the egos of the "great minds of our day" rule discourse. Not very scientific.

[@mitchhak2]

Only one Miles Mathis is dating to do any rework on physics, check him out.

[@bigsherk42069]

Lol flat earth community beware lol

[@science.and.beyond]

Every answer always leads to two more questions

[@nihlify]

As long as we getting one answer we're still learning.

[@eloniusz]

The most famous example for that is the answer for the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything.

[@dankuchar6821]

This is why I find Physics so very interesting. There is always more to learn and know!

[@MsZeeZed]

Scionce!

[@Jesse__H]

That's a beautiful truth!

[@bobbysilver272]

Never fly into a nebula and always have some spare conduit relays.

[@nickandres7829]

I always thought of "moving through time at the speed of light" in terms of the spacetime diagram in regards to time dilation. Light moves through space in the most "space-like" way possible, and thus experiences virtually no time. Something then that is not accelerating at all and is "stationary" moves through space in a maximally "time-like" manner and thus crosses the least space while experiencing the most time.

[@AllTheFishAreDead]

"The tension is now even tensor." Nice.

[@carloseliasbravo]

He actually said "The tension is now tenser"

[@UtilityHarvest]

That makes no sense at all dude

[@paullee4619]

🤔😁👍🤔🤯✌🏽

[@SolaceEasy]

Maybe it can be described mathematically now.

[@OmnipotentO]

I see what he did there

[@sawyerengholm7743]

man just casually drops that giant sound waves are forever baked into the universe itself

[@quillaja]

Long time watchers will know he did a previous episode about it.

[@InDeepPudding]

your profile pic matches perfectly lmao

[@ghableska]

@@quillaja what was the title of that episode?

[@jorgepeterbarton]

THE UNIVERSE WAS MUSIC ALL ALONG DUDE

[@quillaja]

@@ghableska "Sound waves from the beginning of time" I posted a comment with a link to the video twice, but it kept disappearing.

[@chuckronin8242]

I feel a bit of a masochist when I watch Matt's videos... it hurts my brain, but I get so much gratification from it.

[@PenguinDT]

"No pain, no gain" 💪🧠

[@Mr.Nichan]

14:25 "Your velocity through spacetime, also called your 4-velocity is just the change in the spacetime interval divided by the change in time." It's important to note that it's spacetime interval per unit of your, subjective, or "proper", time - time from your perspective, in your reference frame, the reference frame of the object whose 4-velocity you're describing.

[@Jesse__H]

There's some strange artifacting going on in this video. Horizontal green bars and weird flickering. 🤷‍♂️

[@augustoo.5099]

Good. I thought I was the only one seeing and no one seemed to comment about it.

[@krishyfishy1]

Haha I thought my phone was dying… had to scroll too far to see this comment!

[@fuckgoogle6716]

Glad it's them, because at first I thought it was my monitor.

[@kirilkirilov6241]

I can confirm. They are really a part of the video. If you pause and use "," and "." buttons to move between individual frames, you can see frames of them clearly.

[@derrickcox4233]

be sure to take notes of these artifacts

[@quantumbubbles2106]

1:09 - "the tension is now even tensor" - and I always thought we live in a matrix... 🤔

[@ottoweininger8156]

Perhaps we do. But to know, you're going to have to make a choice: do you want to take the red pill or the blue pill?

[@peterb9481]

These past few episodes have been brilliant. One postulates the appearance of a possible pattern between those measurements where the light takes longer to reach us being broadly consistent vs those where the light takes less time to reach us being broadly consistent. If so this may indicate possible differences in the properties of space (gravitational field) as it is stretched, giving a less energetic Hubble constant (similar to how light has less energy as it is stretched out). Thus the energy of space itself lessens over time as the gravitational field dissipates. If so this may be what dark energy is, or part of it, or part of the effect of dark energy. Dark energy may be linear, or exponential, or oscillating etc...

[@scottdahneke1031]

The explanation of this new crisis, and the Star Wars pun at the end *chefs kiss*. Perfection.

[@Taco1011]

I only recently started learning more about Physics, and there's still a lot I don't understand, but from what I have learned, all this is beginning to make at least a little more sense.

[@tomkop213]

i suggest you start with small doses. I made a mistake and went on a quantum series rabbithole and it fried my brain cells. im still recuperating with lighter themes and now i can at least get asleep within half hour while before the brain was in constant thought mode and it took me two hours to calm it and fall asleep. So...baby steps :)

[@0ptimal]

You know I'm no Einstein but I've spent many years learning in my spare time, with a lot of thinking when I'm not learning, and even now I have those aha moments, where I feel like I finally see some aspect of physics/qm clearly(more clearly anyways). Like someone can tell you exactly about something, but you may not have the right perspective(which can require many other understandings) to make total sense of it. You may think you do but years later it really falls into place and you realize you didn't. For me as a casual learner, it's a process, but well worth it, especially when things click and your understanding grows.

[@MrAlRats]

@@0ptimal By solving problems you can make sure you have properly understood what you think you have understood.

[@derrickcox4233]

sure...I believe you

[@tomkop213]

@@0ptimal same for me. I usually look at many videos describing the same thing to understand it fully

[@DrWHO-jv5qi]

This is like putting your dog in one place and using his leash to measure a distance. And then the dog moves lol

[@LordOfTheBing]

and the leash stretches.

[@davidkincade7161]

@@LordOfTheBing yes! Lol

[@neildown7231]

@@LordOfTheBing Space can’t stretch just like area doesn’t stretch. It’s immaterial

[@Bassillixx]

Are you Sirius ? . . . Talking about the Dog star ?

[@donaldjohnson257]

@@Bassillixx......No, and don't call him sirius..--.---..-.

[@abcde_fz]

Shouldn't they rename the "Hubble Constant" the "Hubble Factor", or the "Hubble Coefficient", since it's not constant?

[@josephgilliand4]

the hubble shuffle

[@halweilbrenner9926]

A variable constant?

[@abcde_fz]

@@halweilbrenner9926 That's my point. They're saying it's not constant. So it shouldn't be called one. Like "coefficient of lift", which is something that depends on factors that are subject to change. There's no such thing as a "lift constant". If the universe is expanding at an increasing rate, the "Hubble constant" isn't constant. They didn't know that before, when they named it. Now they do. So, change the name to reflect the facts. Or not. It's not like the average person uses the name every day...

[@vtrandal]

Love it! Two independent methods are not enough. We need more!

[@iowafarmboy]

A month or two ago, Dr. Becky put out a video saying that there was a ballpark number put out for the gravity wave measurement. And it put it right between the two measurements. But ya, that more data is needed when Ligo goes back online.

[@hugofontes5708]

that's interesting, considering the refinement mentioned in the video didn't go that direction I'm anxious to hear more news

[@iowafarmboy]

@@hugofontes5708 her video. About 13 min in. kzbin.info/www/bejne/hX2vkGt3p698n9U

[@derrickcox4233]

a lot of "ballparking" in science, lately

[@rafazafar82]

It seems like the cosmic ladder depends heavily on the speed of light through a vacuum. Is there a chance that much of space isn't a pure vacuum, causing the discrepancy?

[@oidpolar6302]

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation

[@seionne85]

I had never considered that, nice! For the speed of light to be affected even slightly I think it takes a very high particle density, but even so the universe has a way of exaggerating even the tiniest nuance into a blinding brilliance!

[@studtistics2448]

Big brain concept.

[@dillymcdamm]

Candle wax

[@dentoncrimescene]

Hopefully, this gets answered next week.

[@god_damn9661]

there are times that i watch this guy at 0.75 of normal speed!!! nothing against him, he is a very good communicator!!! but sometimes he talks fast as the last train is leaving and he is trying to catch it!!! two thumbs up...keep going the great job!!!

[@arcadiastarship]

best channel of all! simply the best explanation on the topic

[@pufthemajicdragon]

"Shot first, Han did" - I don't know if I should be happier that I got that joke or that I understood the setup for the joke....

[@chrisa.1740]

Just be glad you are watching a video where not only will the presenter eloquently provide a relevant physics-based reason for the inconsistencies of a remade sci-fi movie, but that also those in the comments will appreciate and approve of the nerd-cred exhibited.

[@hilux0094]

I would love to see all this stuff worked out someday. It’d be great to see more funding for the science community.

[@johnboze]

I think it may already have been: Here is the Real Crisis: The Larger Universe is Not Expanding. Photons loose energy via EM Dipole Dispersion and "evaporate" the same way as Blackholes do, due to Hawking Radiation. Hawking Radiation is the evaporative process that "unstable" particles, large or small, experience via EM Wave Energy Dipole Dispersion: EM Dipoles "Escape the Particle and Enter the Void". The Hubble Constant gauges the rate of Photon EM Dipole Dispersion, or how long it takes Photons to evaporate, not the rate of expansion of the Universe. It is not Expanding: Similar to electromagnetic radio wave energy dispersion which is governed by the "quality" or Q of the EM Wave, the Photons loose EM Dipoles over time carrying away energy. This loss of energy causes the Photon's wavelength to increase or to Redshift. This is Cosmic Redshift: Photons losing energy via EM Dipole Dispersion which take about 30 billion years to "evaporate". Cosmic Redshift has Nothing, Nothing, to do with expanding spacetime! When Photons redshift into the microwave range the rate of dispersion exponentially increases and the Photon evaporates in the microwave range. No Photons Larger Than Microwaves Exist! As the Photon finally evaporates, the frequency that the Photon evaporated at reverbs through the EM Field and will travel as microwaves (Non Photon EM Waves). This is the CMBR! The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is the ripples left from dying Photons. Normal wavelength Photons evaporate in about 30 billion years. Some Gammas can live longer! The Observable Universe is actually ~70 billion wide as all Photons "evaporate" in about 30+ billion years due to Hawking Radiation similar to how Blackholes loose EM Dipoles to the Vacuum! The visible limit is gauged by Photon Evaporation through the process EM Wave Dipole Dispersion which can take 20 - 40 billion years depending on initial emission wavelength !!! Only stable Local Cosmic Void Expansion is occurring, no Universe wide expansion is occurring. The Universe has been stable for 100's of billions of years, if not forever! The so called Dark Energy / Zero Point Energy in the Vacuum is just the energy of the EM Dipoles Particle of the EM Field. EM Dipoles Particles have a mass less than 1x10(-118) kg each all travelling at an RMS velocity of the Speed of Light "c" and there are more than 1x10(105) EM Dipoles per cubic meter in the EM Field on Earths surface! These dipoles are in a gaseous phase while in the Vacuum and are in a liquid phase inside the Quantum Super Fluid inside all particle. QSF is a Bose-Einstein Condensate of EM Dipole Particle flowing inside all particles including Photons. Blackholes are Bose-Einstein Super Solids of EM Dipole Particles (EM Fields and Waves). After the elementary particles collapse under pressure, only super fluids of EM Dipole Particles remain! As the last inter dipole distance disappears the dipoles can no longer vibrate locally, core pressure drops to zero, collapse occurs. Blackholes are fast spinning blobs of EM Field Dipole Particles void of any other volume other than the volume left because the EM Dipole Particle packing factor is about 84% meaning there must be at least 16% of the volume of a black hole as true vacuum space! Join other brave closet physicists at BRAVE - Bożeon Research And Æther Verification Eταιρεία on fb @BozeonResearchAndAEtherVerificationEtaireia

[@BRUXXUS]

@@johnboze Interesting theory I've never heard before. Although, all the exclamation marks and stating everything as facts makes you come off a *little* whacky and hard to take seriously.

[@johnboze]

@@BRUXXUS I agree. I have had these as unproven facts for too many years to count, so to me they have become the closet thing to fact! It is all Theory! Not Fact! I would actually tell you the mass, volume length and width of an EM Dipole but it is unproven fact and only an estimate based on many converging systems of physics equations. * Mass of a Dipole ~~~ 1x10(-118) kg each. * Length of a Dipole ~~~ 1x10(-42) m head to tail. * Width of a dipole is directly proportion to the Fine Structure Constant which is a ratio of effective area of rotating dipoles relative to its unit head to tail length of "one quantum length unit". * It's 3D shape of a "drop" has natural log and inverse natural exponent curves that govern collision forces and thus the properties of EM Fields and Waves like coalescence of dipoles. I have kept actual values close to the chest because they are wrong (incomplete estimates). Of course they are not correct, but they are getting closer as we rediscover simple logic about particles long forgotten. But as far as me stating things like fact, Neil deGrasse Tyson states as fact that "time" itself flows backwards in Blackholes. That is not a fact! The first short papers will get into simple Kinetic Dipole Theory and how small Planck Scale colliding particles can create the EM Field itself. Eventually showing how EM dipoles colliding with you causes the momentum transfer force of gravity! Yes momentum transfer from colliding EM Dipoles causes gravity and it is so simple. Math Eqs, Images, charts and animations will make the case almost full proof in most peoples minds. I am sure of it! In the mean time, ask yourself what EM Fields are actually made off. What in EM Field actually carries momentum? Your answer will change your life forever, trust me!

[@BRUXXUS]

@@johnboze I'll admit, I'm definitely not a physicist or great at the math behind almost any of the stuff I'm fascinated with. I've just always been a huge science nerd since I was very little. One of my parent's best friends, who was almost always around as a little kid growing up was a literal rocket scientist, LOL. I'm much better at internalizing and understanding concepts and abstract ideas than working through the math. I also don't think any ideas or theories should be dismissed flat out just because it doesn't align with the status quo of current scientific understanding (unless it CAN be disproven). My question for you is how testable are your theories? If your theories are correct, I'd imagine it would be almost hilariously easy to create some technologies that were only in the realms of science fiction.

[@danh945]

Late to the conversation, but regarding the question "do we travel through time at the speed of light": I think it was one of the first PBS Space Time episodes I watched where you skilfully explained that c, the speed of light, is actually the speed of causation. And in that sense how can we travel through time at anything other than the rate at which anything can cause anything else to happen?

[@MrUtak]

In my experience, variance of such magnitude tends to be more than just measurement error, but a variable that is not being observed. Could the density of these galaxies count for as co-variance? Or perhaps the age? Or perhaps something more obscure, like dark matter density?

[@SLYdevil]

Or spacetime is more fragile than we think & galaxy's mass kinda breaks off a shape like a vynal record, spinning in the sugar-glass like surrondings

[@daboss640]

Maybe gravity? Other celestial bodies or maybe even our own gravity warping the light a tiny bit? The errors would stack up after multiple measurements to become more substantial.

[@VivBrodock]

given that the measurements of the early stages of the universe confirm one another (CMB and BAO) and the modern day measurements also confirm one another (Type-1a supernovae and Gravitational Lensing), that would suggest a rate of change in the constant being measured. You don't really need a more complicated explanation then that.

[@aetius31]

It seems that the links in the description for the Merch and Patreon are broken in the latest videos. I dont think it is just me as i checked it on several computers, thumb up so they can see it.

[@windrunner9158]

yeah it seems to be not working..

[@johannaverplank4858]

Agreed. It’s not working for me either.

[@culwin]

Yeah there's a bunch of "Zero Width Space" characters at the ends of those URL's (which translate to %E2%80%8B)

[@maxvazquez9351]

Dis they fix it? Works for me

[@aetius31]

@@maxvazquez9351 Yup it is fixed on this one but still broken on the previous videos

[@moosemaimer]

Han appearing to shoot first is just a time-dilation effect of home cassettes being out in stores before the movie is finished.

[@brianjlevine]

Go back to the evil mirror universe from whence you came. 😉

[@MrEnjoivolcom1]

@@brianjlevine True. Because he [Han] so incredibly and obviously shot Greddo first!

[@brianjlevine]

@@MrEnjoivolcom1 the fact is: Greedo never even got a shot off. Han punked him.

[@krevor4095]

@@brianjlevine Charges were never brought. SCOTUS refused to review the evidence.

[@neildown7231]

You know time dilation is nonsense right?

[@RubelliteFae]

The fact that the constant is observed to be lower based on the oldest structures (CMB & BAOs) and higher when we look at bodies in already formed galaxies (cepheids, supernovae, & black holes) and therefore later in time, that seems to indicate that H doesn't just "change," but is increasing over time. If that's the case what happens to v =Hd? Because the larger the distance the further back in time we are observing and the lower H would also be.

[@gabiausten8774]

When I look at the Hubble tension…it blows my mind, it is so insane. I marvel and wait.

[@marcinwozniak6901]

Scientists love when OTHER scientists are wrong to be precise XD

[@nihlify]

Not really true.

[@bluemamba5317]

@Erik Nilsson Scientists are human too so it's probably true in most cases :) At least until they accept it

[@danieljensen2626]

In this case everyone is possibly wrong, so then there's no need to be embarrassed about it.

[@MeadowBrook2000]

Planck said one time that generally takes too long before new concepts become accepted by new generations

[@tekrunner987]

"We don't really know what time is... nor space for that matter... nor matter when you think about it... and what even is thinking... I'm gonna go lie down now."

[@ashemgold]

So true. 99.99% of what can be known has never been observed and therefore tapped. All these assumptions are just that. And we know what happens when we assume. An arrogance that blinds wilfully...

[@vsm1456]

"How does one be a cat?"

[@Rep0007]

Pass the weed as you shuffle by. Thanks mate.

[@govindanraman4301]

A great insight to the world of cosmology with precise explanation of galactic rate of expansion and it's evolution .

[@gregmellott5715]

As someone else touched upon. There may be a simple reason for the variance in the results that are derived from the very old information of the background microwave. One factor that may be involved is the fact that the signal propagates at the speed of light; yet that speed is referenced from the local gravity field's sources that it is passing by. This may make the signal appear to actually travel less distance (especially as it has travelled so far and has more time to be effected); so the standard intensity may measure stronger than the actually distance it has travelled would suggest. The nearer it gets to us the more it speeds up as it relates to the local speed limit. Another factor I'm pretty sure they already figure in is the accepted expansion-rate's effect that has it closer to us when it was generated than it is now. Another factor I can think of is the fact that all interactions progress slower in a higher intensity energy environment that a low intensity one. At the time the microwaves were generated, the universe was smaller with more energy in less space. That would have the expansion progressing slower then than it presently does. Another factor that may also be involved is that the gravity from what was in the area before will still persist in its propagating even though the sources have moved on. Admittedly, it would also propagate like the light does, as described above. Yet one may note the effect that what is nearer the center of all the sources of gravity will receive less of a total effect from it than what is near the edge of it all. If you could be in a bubble at the center of the Earth you would float as if in outer space. And there is also the possibility that there is something of a cold remnant of a former universe, or multiple ones, that our presently visible universe is propagating into an being effected by the persisting gravity from it that it runs into. In that effect one may note that should our present universe be moving at a relativistic speed compared to the sources that are presenting the gravity to us there will be an intensity increase shift as it interacts with our universe heading into it at such high speeds. This very effect may also explain why propagating energy will always move at the speed of light in an environment, even if it requires the speed to increase from what it was before. The gravity it meets always has a stronger attraction in the direction of travel.

[@567secret]

Ahh, it's great to see a shout out for Sabine Hossenfelder, she makes great physics content and deserves a lot more attention.

[@ThatCrazyKid0007]

You mean a shout out? Call out usually means something bad, as in calling out your bullshit.

[@567secret]

@@ThatCrazyKid0007 That's what I meant! I knew something didn't sound right when I wrote that comment! Fixed now.

[@twonumber22]

She's kinda crazy, to put it nicely.

[@torbjorn.b.g.larsson]

She seems fringe on many topics. But she has some platforms. Caveat emptor.

[@williamm374]

We don't listen to nuts, we listen to Alan Guth and Andrei Linde.

[@ArtturiSalmela]

Those glitchy effects are really convincing! I wonder if they were even intended

[@samulivento940]

god damn I started to question my computer's well-being because of them lol

[@GrungeMaster92]

DARK ENNNNNNNNNERRRRRRRGGGHHHHHHHHHY

[@ArtturiSalmela]

I just found another video from another totally unrelated channel with the glitchy effects. I'm 99,9% sure the error is in youtube's system.

[@mohammadazad8350]

@@GrungeMaster92 We can call the force that wants to break the universe apart , "The Dark Force"

[@pbsspacetime]

It seems like there is currently a small KZbin compression issue. We found that if you try refreshing the page more than once it diminishes the glitches giving you the classic "Smooth Space Time" rather than "Chunky Space Time"

[@vitovittucci9801]

Some authors suggest that the diameter of the temperature spots (baryonic acustic wavelngth) on CMB may appear slightly smaller than real if universe is a little bit closed, therefore the light rays reaching us could be curved, and that may affect the distance measure, and H value.

[@kengilmore2563]

New crisis Dark Darkness. No one knows what it is but we know it’s dark.

[@darkloki3819]

I am glad this channel exist.

[@clarkh3314]

What a fantastically built explanation of the disagreement and its evidence. You guys are very needed in humanity today, thank you, much love.

[@jimmy5634]

Choose God. All of this will still lead to the grave where it will be meaningless.

[@vintinoo1924]

@@jimmy5634no

[@drdzdd]

Probably doesn't mean much for other viewers but seeing the 7:30 black hand was soo hearth warming to me.

[@zioo3117]

The old Gravitational Lensing trick! Why didn't we think of that sooner!? I'm going to take a picture of it with a Vietnam-era Nikon Camera in the Infra red spectrum.

[@the-chillian]

I'm starting to think that a good deal of Feynman's genius was less in coming up with creative ways to look at things, and more in saying them out loud.

[@fivish]

Mathematicians have ruined science. They threw away infinity as the correct answer to many sums. The universe is infinite in space and time but they had to get the Popes approval so they made it have a beginning.

[@sasshole8121]

Half of genius is knowing what to say out loud and what to keep to yourself.

[@huckthatdish]

@@fivish what? Do you have an example of a sum mathematicians deny is infinite which really is? Are you saying you don’t believe some infinite series can converge to finite sums?

[@rodrigoserafim8834]

You would be surprised at how many genial people stay quiet, while many dumb people just can't shut up.

[@nielskorpel8860]

@@fivish Ah yes, the good old changing your objective analysis for the approval of the pope, standard procedure! (rolleyes)

[@valr2guy]

When you want to go to bed but see a new video, then fear going to bed cause you've now got new worries you never thought you were worried about

[@John-jc3ty]

when you know so little about this that even after being enlightened you still have nothing to think about

[@lucidbeing618]

Augmented complexities - Love it!;))

[@elysiumchaser7799]

Two years later and JWST comes back with a vengeance for the tension in cosmology

[@flyingnorseman]

"The most exciting thing for any scientist is when something they thought they knew turns out to be wrong" I think we've got a ton of excitement ahead of us then.

[@HSMak]

Do we, though? You might be surprised at how rarely new theories are able to disprove and overtake previous scientific consensus. That’s what makes it exciting.

[@mitchhak2]

You mean how quickly and violently a new idea gets shut down? Gosh I wonder why.

[@tupera1]

You got that right...1 Corinthians 1:25 - Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men

[@Unethical.Dodgson]

@@tupera1 Some idiot herding camels thought that sounded incredibly profound.

[@mwils51]

@@Unethical.Dodgson Your statement is a perfect example of "when something they thought they knew turns out to be wrong". But "exciting" may not be the best description of when you find out you were wrong.

[@FGain]

I do not think I can handle another crisis. Not after the you know what crisis of 2020. 🙂

[@nickhowatson4745]

yeah that Taco bell night back in 2020 was a real crisis in my bathroom. damn toilet paper hoarders. never forget.

[@trucid2]

2021 isn't over yet. I hope you're ready for 2020 dialed up to 11.

[@Danny_6Handford]

Dude! There may be some crises hear on earth but, I really do not think there is a crises in cosmology or any branch of science or physics. I think what we have been able to learn about the universe so far is amazing! I am sure we can keep learning more and maybe learn enough to avoid any crises here on earth.

[@kataseiko]

Shouldn't these dense masses in the early universe have really messed with the flow of time? The colder parts of the CMB might have been a few thousand years "older" than the warmer parts. I have a feeling that this might have to be taken into consideration when you think about the path that the light took to get here.

[@elizabethwinsor5140]

You have a point....

[@HakaiKaien]

This and the fact that light might have it's own lensing effect or displacement effect traveling over such large distances and times.

[@CFalcon030]

So let's imagine that they find the acceleration isn't the same in all directions. That would be fun.

[@danieljensen2626]

Would be very interesting, but so far I believe any variations are within the margin of error.

[@bane4743]

I mean what would cause space to expand at different speeds at different locations?

[@bane4743]

@@danieljensen2626 I do agree with you I just think that's it's just mistakes made on trying to get a perfect answer on something so massive.

[@socialparanoia149]

No I'd be interesting if they find out that the universe isn't actually expanding. But there's massive Galaxies or black holes that are slowly pulling everything to them along with us being pulled to one of them

[@wilj3722]

The acceleration has to be even in all directions. Observable universe = finite mass - beyond the observable universe = infinite mass. So the weak force of gravity (locally) can't fight the infinite force of gravity in all directions around it. Regardless of the distance matter is stretched apart from each other (galaxies etc.), there will always be infinite gravitation in every direction from any point in the universe. That's your 'Dark Energy' - gravity. Which is also handy as expansion is good evidence that matter is infinite throughout the infinite spacetime of the unobservable universe. I'll collect my noble prize on the way to the bar.

[@Tight_Conduct]

The lead-up to that finalpun was exceptional

[@Pencil0fDoom]

Finalpun? Have you been reading Beowulf?

[@RAVENBIRD88]

They are both correct. One method measures the past and the other measures the present. The difference is "e" (the natural exponential function) over the time from formation of the CMB to present time.

[@thesimulationai7907]

It's like counting seconds between lighting and thunder to determine the distance of the storm.

[@N7_CommanderShepard]

I’m currently in my last semester as a physics major, taking a course in cosmology. These videos are excellent supplements for our lectures, its nice to get away from the math a little bit lol.

[@discblaster9210]

Uh huh. Physics major at Jagoff Uni...

[@N7_CommanderShepard]

@@discblaster9210 Huh? Lol. I’m currently at the University Of Arkansas.

[@discblaster9210]

@@N7_CommanderShepard i bet you are, Panama Red... lol

[@sagetmaster4]

"The tension is even tensor" GalaxyBrain puns here folks

[@nolan412]

Heavy stuff.

[@120Luis]

As it turns out, JWST may make the crisis worse Pretty exciting stuff

[@benedictifye]

Han was able to dodge Greedo’s laser beam, meaning that he can travel at superluminal speeds without a spaceship

[@richteffekt]

"What is it dear? ", " I'm looking at space wrong.", "There, there. You take your big telescope and try again tomorrow, you will do this. ... So, can I have the standard candles then? Your dad and I want to take a bath. ", " Mom! "

[@killroygbv8439]

//y

[@killroygbv8439]

//yyy

[@russellstephan6844]

"We're all traveling at the speed of light..." Actually, everything, including light is moving through Spacetime at the speed of Causality. I do wish we'd drop this speed of light fixation in the general population. It kind of puts a big roadblock into understanding things.

[@einsteinx2]

Totally agree, especially since “speed of light” when used casually really means “speed of light in a vacuum” which just further confuses people the first time they hear about light moving slower in different materials, or things moving faster than light (in a certain material).

[@spaztor7723]

If i run faster then the speed of light away from earth 500 million light years away and use sweet binoculars to look back at earth, will i see our first born ancestors?

[@bluemamba5317]

@spaz tor If you would get to the spped of light. Then you would drain all spacetime and create the next big bang

[@TheSCPStudio]

@@einsteinx2 you guys are literally over complicating things in a very pretentious manner.

[@kadourimdou43]

No one will understand that.

[@MrCharlesdick]

When we point the JWST at apparently empty region of space and look for the most distant standard candles, such as type 1A supernovae at the farthest perceivable reaches of the universe, then we can look at the spectra emanating from those standard candles. Once we get a fair amount of that data, we can build a clearer picture of the expansion of space over time. Perhaps a repeating cycle of expansion and contraction? Looking for a distant blue shift maybe?

[@pilotactor777]

Gravitational waves ...have info on expansion rates. Would love more explanation on this.

[@stefansneden1957]

I love this series. I also love that I find it the most difficult to understand. Eons? Got it. Deep Look. No problem. Spacetime? Wait, what?

[@derrickcox4233]

I love not understanding things...wait, what?

[@midas2092]

@@derrickcox4233 same bro

[@elultimo102]

You think you're "smarter than the average bear," until you see this. Then realize you may not as smart as you thought, but smart enough to know, that you are not smart enough. Kind of inverse Dunning-Kruger Effect?

[@stefansneden1957]

@@elultimo102 this is a big part of it. I find physics to be so cool, but Quantum and Einsteinien physics are just so complicated and deep I enjoy keeping up without truly understanding.

[@elultimo102]

@@stefansneden1957 Unfortunately, I was ruined by the fiasco called "new math" by age 13, along with many of my generation. Thus, anything beyond long division is impossible for me, and why I'm not an engineer or programmer. I was "volunteered" for the experiment, without any input from my parents.

[@aspuzling]

10:19 *Baryon Acoustic Oscillations* definitely sounds like Matt's old band name.

[@betterlifeexe4378]

If there was a wave of space-stretching, like a peak "stretch" zone, except formed like a skin of a bubble that it itself is expanding, could that account for the discrepancy between something that is at the skin of the expanding universe (CMBR) and RELITIVLY close measurements that we could elsewise do? Also, could it be that there is just more or less mass in open space than we think, and that gravitational lensing factors for observing relative position is off? is this part of / one of the dark matter related arguments?

[@agimasoschandir]

I am not following you on all that you are asking, but will point out that the CMB is not a skin of the universe, it is the universe, just in a different configuration. Don't know if this will help: "Due to the toy model nature of concordance cosmology, some experts believe that a more accurate general relativistic treatment of the structures that exist on all scales in the real universe may do away with the need to invoke dark energy. Inhomogeneous cosmologies, which attempt to account for the backreaction of structure formation on the metric, generally do not acknowledge any dark energy contribution to the energy density of the Universe. " -- Wikipedia

[@dontnormally]

I am eager for an update on this