Permian-Triassic Extinction Event - The Great Dying

[@geographicstravel]

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[@michaelmayhem350]

Simon we need DTU March 8 1994 Michigan Please make it happen

[@tturi2]

The Salaurian hypothesis has some cool ideas that could mirror our current progress and future, it's just a hypothesis though

[@aberdeenkiko]

Good theme for another video from Geographics. Yet, this time you dudes just went to Wikipedia and National Geographic; and copy pasted the scripting text for that video. So, here is some proper studied facts about the so called "Permian-Triassic Extinction Event". The nowadays Solar System, started of from a super massive moribund star; that crossed paths with a couple of other already ongoing small star systems from the Vialactea. Being that such moribund pre-Sun, arrived probably carried by a smaller cluster galaxy that dived into the habitable zone of one of the 3 main arms from the Vialactea Galaxy. Then after that Pre-Sun star gathered enough stellar stuff; it fired up probably into an orange dwarf star. From then on, the then young Sun; would "live" in a typical star cycle of bulging and imploding; that in the case of the adult Sun; is a cycle of about 110M years. Moreover,; just about 41M years ago; during the late carboniferous period; where the planet Earth, had just received about 23% of all ancient planet Mars flora and fauna; about 97M years before;; the Sun went, for its latest implosion. Such implosion meant that the planet Earth got temporarily striped from its atmosphere; and its day facing side god toasted wherever there wasn't enough shade. Followed by the snow ball Earth effect, caused by the orange dwarf state that the Sun goes back into, every time it implodes. Being that the Sun remains temporarily in a orange Dwarf state, for about 9M years. During the last dimmer Sun phase, some tree species, along side with some shark spieces; got a bit gigantic and mo night dweling as well. To conclude: Now, judging by how much damage the "Retardness" of most Humans is doing to the planet Earths atmosphere; in about 57M years, even before the Sun implodes from its next bulged state; the Earth will turn into Venus 2.0; quite quickly. And those still hibernating and seasonally waking up, isopods from planet Mars, will laugh at how "retarded" and "unevolved" Humans actually were.

[@aberdeenkiko]

@@AnimeShinigami13 Public domain dates are told wrong on purpose. For instance; 30% of all Europeans, only ceased their seasonal stay in rocky caves, about 40 years ago. Plus even if one studies just bit seriously, the global wind patterns of the planet Earth; one would easily conclude that pioneering seafaring started from the Southern Hemisphere; meanwhile some of the Northern Hemisphere Hominid population, still relied seasonally on rocky caves sites. The thing is that: even inside and around a rocky cave site; there has to be a certain degree of civilization; for it to work out. Unlike nowadays; in whitch some people dressed like penguins or green olive cameos; just blab a lot of horde dung, onto a mike or a cam; in a effort to de-Terraform the Earth into a some kind of Venus 3.0.

[@TimPerfetto]

NO YOU SELL OUT I DONT CARE ITS STUPID AND SMELLS AND RUINED MY LIFE

[@spinyslasher6586]

Imagine almost all life on Earth getting eradicated because two tectonic plates weren't feeling well one day.

[@ArakDBlade]

Irritable Mantel Syndrome

[@MarillSweatshirt]

I've been holding in this fart for some time....

[@joshuaeason3426]

It's still a real possibility that I feel isn't discussed much. Same with super volcanic/solar/space object type situations. All very real possibilities and we as a society are focused on how WE are changing things. An asteroid could wipe us out in a month and we wouldn't be sure until it was too late. There are no plans.

[@hochibamabinladenhusainefe8191]

@@joshuaeason3426 watch Trevor Moore there is a meteor coming. I think you'd like it.

[@joshuaeason3426]

@@hochibamabinladenhusainefe8191 I'll add it to the list 🙂

[@Mussoi7000]

i wasn't expecting palaeontology on this channel, you should cover more extinction events

[@Dave-sd7us]

They covered the Chicxulub impact event if you haven't seen it. Great watch

[@karenstubbs94]

We are expecting one now

[@bettyswallocks6411]

They tried, but the habit died out.

[@CYCLONE4499]

He has done a few of them.

[@SentientDMT]

I'd like to hear about the younger Dryas period.

[@SeenGod]

i’ve always been fascinated by Horseshoe Crabs, they’ve been around 500 million years and survived multiple extinction events, and predate dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, mammals, and even most insects

[@richarda996]

In the sixties in west Texas there were horseshoe Crabs in water holes, that fascinated me as a young teenager.

[@burnttoast2615]

Clearly they are tough.

[@simp4iniquity26]

Nautilus

[@matvangogh]

​@@burnttoast2615tough as nails

[@TheLikeButtonLMAO]

​@@burnttoast2615 THEY'RE BUILT FORD TOUGH, BABY!

[@anna9072]

The lesson I take away from The Great Dying is not the fragility of life, but it’s resilience. From the 5% or less of life forms that survived arose the abundance of life that we see today. I take comfort from the certainty that, while human activities may doom us and many other life forms, SOMETHING will arise from the ashes and carry on. It will not be “life as we know it”, but it will be varied and wonderful. And perhaps in a few hundred million years an intelligent descendant of the sea worms around the thermal ocean vents will be trying to puzzle out OUR extinction.

[@InquisitorXarius]

While I do doubt our species will wither away as others have before. Your statement as a whole fills me with happiness as it rings most true to my being.

[@Chris-hx3om]

Correct me if I'm wrong, but it seems you are resigned to the fact that we are literally headed the way of the dinosaurs. How positively negative of you. Instead of just throwing your hands in the air and saying 'Well, it's going to happen', actually doing something that might help avoid it.... We need to stop the 3 B's (Burning, buying and breeding)....

[@anna9072]

@@Chris-hx3om I’m 68 and single, I have never bred. I buy practically nothing new, I buy used and repair and reuse what I can. As for burning, I am dependent on a gas powered car for transportation but I limit my use as much as possible and I source my food locally so I’m not contributing to the consumption of jet fuel to get strawberries in January. However, I am one in, what is it now, 7 billion? and from what I can see the majority of the industrialized world is happily paying lip service to environmental concerns while doing everything in their power to avoid actually doing anything that might actually be effective because that might be inconvenient or reduce profits. I just don’t see enough real commitment to change to be optimistic about humanity’s chances.

[@perceivedvelocity9914]

@@anna9072 Our species was shaped by climate change. The last ice age forced our ancestors to become master tool maker's. Our current actions are changing the climate. There is no reason to believe that climate change will lead to our extinction. It will force our descendants to continue to master tool use or evolve into a species that doesn't spend all of it's calories on a big brain.

[@Chris-hx3om]

@@anna9072 I completely agree with you. I'm also in my 60's and repair anything and everything. I'm just getting very frustrated that a lot of companies are now building product that CANNOT be disassembled. And yes, green-washing is a thing!

[@garethhughes4437]

You should definitely do more videos on geology and geological history, this one was well presented (minus a couple of tiny errors).

[@dMb1790]

Yeah, should have stuck with that first pic of the helicoprion.

[@mr.joshua6818]

How dare you sir? You have forgotten yourself!

[@bo7341]

Helicoprion and gore gone op sid both got me. Also it's probably true that life was much closer to being wiped out during the great oxidation than the great dying.

[@ignitionfrn2223]

1:55 - Chapter 1 - Life flourished before the disaster 3:20 - Chapter 2 - Disaster from deep below the earth 6:35 - Mid roll ads 7:45 - Chapter 3 - Finding the evidence 11:35 - Chapter 4 - How life on earth changed 15:40 - Chapter 5 - The scrappy survivors 17:30 - Chapter 6 - Lessons from the great dying

[@TheEye57]

Blessings upon your house and descendants.

[@paged_8688]

Thank you

[@pirx9798]

@@TheEye57 and may they survive any mass extinction

[@Catseye189]

Thank you!

[@StoneInMySandal]

The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History has a fantastic exhibit about the Great Dying. Half of it shows all the animals that were alive in a tiny slice of the sea floor prior to the event and the other half shows what was left afterward. It’s absolutely MAD! There is so much life represented in the pre-event portion. Every time I go I spend a whole looking at it and I always see new things. It’s worth seeing if you are in Washington DC. Best of all it’s a very large exhibit and not many people find it interesting so there aren’t any crowds.

[@Jaeden_Phoenix]

I'm convinced the only reason we're zooming out on Simon is so we can fit his whole beard in the shot. One day we'll be 10ft away from him just to get the beard in.

[@klaasdeboer8106]

I have seen video's without beard.

[@WaywardVet]

The beard is his resume. All qualifications are on his face, because that's just how he rolls.

[@EmilyJelassi]

Absolutely fascinating video! Please do more of this kind of video Simon! The incredibly large numbers are difficult to grasp, but it you do a great job making it easier to understand. You have the best writers on your channels 😊 Excellent video Simon and team! 👏🏻💯😊

[@Replicaate]

Its a shame Permian-era life forms are so little known by the general public, they're all so wild you'd think they were made up by a fantasy writer.

[@semaj_5022]

Therapsids were all nuts. I'd give anything and everything to see with my own eyes what some of these creatures actually looked like alive. I'm sure the reconstructions we have are very good, but you just know they're not 100% accurate. There's n9 way they could be. I'd kill to see how these animals really looked.

[@Svensk7119]

​@@semaj_5022 We're nuts? We're therapsids, too....

[@semaj_5022]

@@Svensk7119 I know what I said. Lol seriously, look at us. Pretend you're not human, think about all the other land vertebrates you know of, and look at us. We're pretty freakin nuts

[@Svensk7119]

@@semaj_5022Aw! Thank you! That's the nicest thing we've ever said to us!

[@Paul_Ch52]

OK, you got a topic of some interest, granted, but your production values, your writers understanding, your delivery are all ... quite good on this one. Thank you. I hope this proves to be a winner for your algorithms. Congrats. Please do keep it up.

[@aips0]

Correction: you cannot date something that is 100+ million years old with radioCARBON dating. You can, with other radio-isotope dating methods. But since carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years, you can only accurately use it when measuring "stuff" that's

[@capt.bart.roberts4975]

The British Isles is virtually a complete timescale and record of the geology of earth, from the young chalk in the South East of England, to the remnants of the Lawrencian Shield in North West Scotland.

[@zerodadutch6285]

The only two pieces of land that are older are in Australia and chunks of Canada to my knowledge.

[@semaj_5022]

@@zerodadutch6285 I think there's a bit of land in South Africa that matches up to the ancient rock in Australia. But yeah, it's really only those 3 places where the oldest of land remains solid and above ground.

[@bryancaughey7507]

I remember as a kid playing with a plastic “potato chip monster” Dimetrodon. We always thought it looked like a dinosaur with a ruffled potato chip on its back.

[@johnwalters1341]

In case you were wondering, the "Siberian Traps" refers to traprock, a type of dark rock, usually basalt, used in the building trades.

[@ChurchSleazy]

I thought it meant Russian dudes who dress like chicks

[@frankmitchell3594]

Because the formations lie in a series of giant steps they got the Dutch name for stairs; Trap.

[@Cybrludite]

@@ChurchSleazy Don't judge. They gotta avoid conscription somehow...

[@phantomechelon3628]

Trap Rock sounds like some ungodly new music genre. 😆

[@SpikeRazzor]

'The Great Dying' sounds like an instant win condition in some card game that needs a few turns to setup 😂.

[@winterrye3022]

"Proper dinosaurs like triceratops and brontosaurus." Grade A trolling and plastic toy dinosaur makers finally getting some proper shade. 13:04

[@adrian_veidt]

Always a treat to watch these videos. 👌

[@dp6447]

This one was a banger Simon! Loved the part with extinct species. You’d see them as aliens in a space video game, it’s crazy they existed in the past

[@trj1442]

Excellent episode Geographics team. Thankyou for your awesome content.

[@franl155]

utterly fascinating, thank you. Can you cover some of the other mass extinction eents?

[@jakealter5504]

He already covered one, the chiculub impact

[@franl155]

@@jakealter5504 - I expected the "dinosaur" one to have been covered, and have in fact seen it. So that's two out of five ...!

[@jakealter5504]

@@franl155 The most famous mass extinction and now he’s covered the largest/worst one

[@franl155]

@@jakealter5504 - lol still curious about the other three.

[@jakealter5504]

@@franl155 same

[@3ducksinamansuit]

Glad you talked on this, a facinating subject

[@SolaScientia]

This also shows that "survival of the fittest" doesn't mean that the strongest survive as many people tend to interpret it. "Fit" meaning most suitable, not most physically fit as many might think. One thing I think of with the current extinction happening now is how it took humans thousands of years of the agriculture revolution to understand its impacts. To see how damaging overusing a field is and how important it is to rotate crops. To see how it impacts water supplies and all of that. With the industrial revolution in the 1800s, humans developed new technologies at a rapid pace without fully seeing and understanding the impacts industrialization has on both the planet and its occupants (ourselves included). Then came the more modern technological revolution with computers and then the internet, which has its own share of positives and negatives. Modern tech is helping us understand the impacts of the industrial revolution, but everything is progressing so rapidly that it's difficult for people to comprehend the impacts and also difficult to get them to care about said impacts. Many companies and countries certainly don't seem to care enough.

[@sandybarnes887]

Yes. Survival of the most adaptable is more correct. Like the vampire finches on the Galapagos

[@nunofoo8620]

Every environmental problem can be explained by the sentence "It seemed a good idea at the time"

[@recurse]

There's a view of the P-T extinction event that, if true, allows us to draw more relevant and troubling lessons for humanity from that event. As paleontologist Peter Ward details on his book, "Under a Green Sky: Global Warming, the Mass Extinctions of the Past, and What They Can Tell Us About Our Future," there is evidence for an additional phase to the exciting event that you didn't really discuss which may have dealt the real coup de grace to life of Earth and explain why oceanic life was hit so much harder than life on land. Basically, the Siberian Traps emitted a vast quantity of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which eventually led to massive global warming, which shut off mixing of layers in the ocean. The global ocean formed a chemocline, like the Black Sea today, with an oxygenated upper layer containing life as we know it, and an anaerobic lower layer dominated by sulfur-metabolizing microbes. This went on long enough that the chemocline expanded and reached the surface and repeatedly buried belched deadly hydrogen sulfide gas into the atmosphere. The lesson for us is that cranking the dials on the climate controls can have interesting and unexpected effects.

[@reconsoldier135]

Almost all life on earth was nearly snuffed out and most people have no idea it ever happened

[@blech71]

I always thought we were in the Holocene; but humans have now affected the earth so much, I now hear we are in the Anthropocene. That’s maybe mind boggling to fathom if true.

[@danteelmore9624]

I love the details I’m this show, but the thing that I liked best from a structural point of view for this video is the thing he did with Simon in a circle over the magma. That works so well, we can see him and the subject he’s talking about. Keep doing that.

[@DerptyDerptyDUM]

I have been waiting for this one SO HARD. 🤩

[@andreasrau2161]

Great episode, Simon!

[@ellenbryn]

You come into MY home and insult lystrosaurus' looks? J/K I've loved the Permians ever since I first started seeing reconstructions of these little buggers. It wasn't until the late 19th century that people began to imagine what dinosaurs would look like, and they entered pop culture. It is my fond hope that these lumpy, saber-toothed, weird and wonderful critters of the Permian will take their place in the human imagination in the next 40 years. I mean golly, who wouldn't want a cuddly little thrinaxodon? They were probably fuzzy, and there's definitely signs they had whiskers!

[@bradlevantis913]

The randomness and chance of evolution is fascinating and terrifying at the same time

[@andreagriffiths3512]

Loved this episode. ❤

[@noeditbookreviews]

I just picked up Michael Benton's "When Life Nearly Died: the Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time" and am pretty excited to get into this one!

[@mastafoo886]

NICE! Simon, while were on the topic of paleontology, have you ever heard of the Bone Wars? Would make an EXCELLENT brain blaze

[@sandybarnes887]

He did a Top Tenz video 3 years ago on it. I agree, an in depth look would be fantastic

[@the-chillian]

6:05 -- The ozone layer has very little to do with regulating Earth's surface temperature. What it does for us is to block the worst of the solar UV radiation that reaches the planet. With the ozone gone, the Earth would have been bombarded with intense UV radiation that may have sterilized entire forests, making plant life unable to reproduce.

[@hgbugalou]

There is a theory that a planetary impact could of caused the Siberian Traps. It goes a massive impact at the antipode point of Siberia could of caused shock waves that went through the earth and compressed the mantle under Siberia until it broke the crust. There is an impact crater in Antarctica that would of lined up as the antipode of where Siberia was during that time.

[@johnfox9169]

You are excellent in this type of video. Please do more.

[@TwinkleTwinkleTruly]

… in all the documentaries I’ve watched about this topic, you’re the first one who has actually explained what “acid rain” is. Legit thought it was a slightly corrosive substance falling from above. You linking it to lemon juice (at its worst) makes so much more sense!!!

[@Akechi_The_Phantom_Detective]

Bless you bud. It's a great explanation, Acid Rain is caused by the amount of sulphate such eruptions inject into the atmosphere usually billions of tons of it. Of course while in the atmosphere it accumulates within the clouds before it's redistributed all over the planet in the form of acid rain toxifying all plant life and the ocean. For reference this is why Venus is also so hostiles, it's known to have had many of these eruptions in short succession.

[@AvangionQ]

3:45 Asteroid & cometary impacts that coincide with the Great Dying? There are five which are large enough to result in an antipodal magma plume: Wilkes Land crater, Antarctica ... Arganaty, Kazakhstan ... Bedout, Australia ... Lorne Basin, Australia ... Falkland Plateau anomaly, Atlantic Ocean

[@ChuvaktheGreat]

I know this is off topic but this is why I love beast boy, he can become all these beautiful things, and more that we don’t know about.

[@Joe_Potts]

Im kinda surprised Simon didnt mention the end of the trilobites, little arthropods that had thrived in the oceans since the Cambrian era.

[@mexa_t6534]

Now that youve covered this, it would be interesting for you to cover the Great Oxidation Event, not as flashy as this one but really interesting. It basically brought the the Earth closest it ever was and probably ever will be to losing all life when it was barely starting to diversify.

[@Akechi_The_Phantom_Detective]

The thing with the Oxidation event though is the only life on Earth at the time would've been cyanobacteria if even that existed and we also don't know what caused it. Supposedly it was bacteria that distributed oxygen but where it came from or if it was even from earth to begin with I believe is unknown.

[@brianhiles8164]

(02:20) _“flowering plants would not appear for another 100 billion years.“_ _Billion,_ with a B? I think not.

[@strikebeam2344]

Now this is one I’m excited for

[@chriselyr2484]

Yeah my boy lingula getting some love. That guy rocks.

[@jonpaul857]

Steady on good Sir, well done!!!

[@FlyingJ420]

Can you do a video on the Rise and Fall of the Warsaw Pact and/or the Collective Security Treaty Organization?

[@36itaycohen]

ive waited for a good video about the permian extinction for a while. thank you!

[@jamesparker5]

Interesting that in a video about an extinction event caused by the formation of the Siberian traps, the Cretacious event was brought up without any mention of the Deccan traps that happened during the dinosaur extinction event.

[@samuelwoolwineiv7886]

He made another video about the Cretaceous extinction, and although it focuses primarily on (and is titled after) the Chicxulub asteroid, the Deccan traps are discussed as well.

[@Cat_Woods]

The actual history of the earth is so much more interesting and awe-inspiring than the mythologies about it.

[@jasonsearle7832]

Loved this one. You should cover the Toba catastrophe. When humans were nearly made extinct

[@sussekind9717]

Love the video! You should do more videos on geologic events and deep time biology.

[@wotexpat9367]

Most ELE take hundreds of thousands of years - with the exception of the KT event. We could easily be in the 6th event - caused by us.

[@EnyalienMini]

Actually there is an article in the New Yorker currently of a paleontologist who has found evidence of the great dying being caused by a meteor. It is fascinating reading.

[@johnnybravo9096]

You got link please?

[@johndutchman]

What up, Big Perm !

[@stephencrabtree4256]

Your mention of “refinements in radiocarbon dating” being used to date the Permian is erroneous. Carbon dating is only viable for organic materials deposited within the last 20,000-50,000 years, at most. You mean simply “radiometric age dating”

[@garethhughes4437]

Glad someone esle noticed this!

[@altanativeftw2625]

I hate when people make this mistake. There are so many other dating methods out there for longer timespans: uranium-lead dating, uranium-uranium dating, uranium-thorium dating, samarium-neodymium dating, argon-argon dating, potassium-argon dating, etc.

[@stephencrabtree4256]

@@altanativeftw2625 I'm actually a geology professor myself, and I just taught my introductory course's students all about radiometric age dating two weeks ago. It's a common mistake, but I'd like to think that they could have gotten the term "radiometric" instead of "radiocarbon" correct.

[@rayceeya8659]

There are more people now who believe the Earth is 6000 years old than the total population of the Earth in the 1800s. I just made that one up but someone is going to have a lot of fun proving me wrong.

[@EAWanderer]

12:55 - Yes! 😂 When I was a small boy in the 1990s I did have 1 very similar to that!

[@andrewberrocal2281]

Listing to this while I look at the basalt fragment from the Great Dying I got today in the mail. it gives me a sense of unease.

[@EAWanderer]

Oh this is gonna be a geographics I'm gonna absolutely adore! 😍👍👍 I remember last hearing about this on an old BBC series - walking with monsters - far from accurate BUT good enough This was otherwise known as - The Great Dying - 😞

[@joeobyrne3189]

Love your many channels.

[@culturedcritters]

I'd assume that I'm not the first to point this out but we defiantly have not "carbon dated" any of the rock from the P/t extinction event. This seemed to be implied at a point in the video although I may have misunderstood but I felt it needed to made clear. Why have we not carbon dated this time period? Carbon-14 necessary to do carbon date would have no longer been available, in measurable amounts at least.

[@joeshmoe8345]

Thanks

[@ThaRealChuckD]

The continents pulling apart makes sense to me. The Siberian traps being the output vents for part of it makes sense too. But the oceans being turned into H2SO4? That had to be from the huge magma vents at the bottom of the ocean in between the continents. Measure the stretch marks down there to determine the amount of activity? Not sure.

[@WaywardVet]

Came here for the knowledge. Staying to see who crucifies Simon for his judgement on what animals aren't cute.

[@andrzej6294]

After hearing the end of the video, I'd like to quote George Carling: "Earth will be fine. WE are f*****"

[@timb1412]

did u guys do a recent video on Callisto and delete it or am i trippin?

[@Boss-cv3uc]

Great video as always 👍

[@gurk_the_magnificent9008]

Helicoprion is one of my favorite examples of “go home evolution, you’re drunk”

[@vitanus]

You know what? The earth is fine. We aren´t "killing the planet", we are just killing ourselves. I can live with that. If the earth can survive 60.000+ years of apocalypse, it will survive us.

[@ThePhantomSephiroth]

The Siberian traps are still observable today. They span at least a third of Russia's Land mass. That gives you a rough idea of the scale of destruction.

[@Auriorium]

To quote someone: Life will always find a way.

[@sandybarnes887]

Jeff Goldblum

[@brettwilliamson7129]

It sounds kinda familiar to what the first fantasia movie did.

[@saschaschneider9157]

The great dying at the perm-triassic boundary is often called the great dying since it is the worst of the big five. But I think there is another extinction event that could be hold as a contender for this grimm crown: The great oxidization event around 2.2 billion years ago saw 98% of all life gone. Life did not evolved beyond the microscopic yet.

[@ryanc473]

So, I'm curious, whereabouts in relation to this extinction event can you find the mboscodictiasaur? You know, that famous animal (that's sorta hinted at being a dinasaur) that starts with a silent "m." And also, how would one classify such an animal...

[@ComaDave]

Oscar watched this intently from his position on the wall of my living room. My 260 million year old Ceratitid Ammonite fossil. He gives this video a septum up (being somewhat lacking in the "thumb" department). 👍

[@ZeoViolet]

"Flowering plants would not appear for more than 100 billion years." That's _million_ years, Simon, not billion.

[@suchendelokidottir5673]

Is there any consensus on what triggered the Siberian traps. Was it a mantle plume? An asteroid?

[@odisy64]

most likely a large mantle plum.

[@jonnywatts2970]

Simon! That beard! It's EPIC!

[@ANProductionsOfficialChannel]

One million years is an almost impossible ampunt of time for us to comprehend. Take 250 of those.

[@dennismacdonald2003]

Ty Simon

[@realbadger]

As a child, the Dimetrodon was my favourite...

[@rustythecrown9317]

I wish I had a Dimetradon when I was a kid. I was stuck with some stinking Coelurus.

[@kalrandom7387]

Anybody else ever notice that all accredited science over 20 years old is from Britain?

[@helenamcginty4920]

Er C14 dating can only date organic material, not rocks, and then only up to about 50,000 yrs ago. I looked up rock dating and find they use methods such as radioactive decay and relative dating. There are more techniques which are constantly being refined.

[@danielauto3767]

Did you say carbon dating was used to date Permian rocks? I don't think that's right. Carbon dating is not good for dating ancient rocks. It must have been either Potassium-Argon or Uranium-Lead dating.

[@gilliganallmighty3]

There is strong evidence that the Deccan Traps a massive lava field in India was more of a contributer to the K-PG mass extinction, and that the Chicxulub impacted was more of a final blow. I think Simon addressed this theory on one of his other channels.

[@danieltravis5082]

I enjoy the paleontology episodes like this.

[@Dingleb0p42]

Please make more Paleo videos, so many of the channels that do are so darn boring, and their writing can't compare to yours

[@morkusmorkus6040]

Hard disagree.

[@peterroberts4415]

What happened to your Callisto video?

[@chuckoneill2023]

The radiometric dating for the strata millions of years ago don't use the carbon-14 cycle. Carbon dating is only used for actual organic materials, not rocks or even fossils.

[@thanhvu2377]

17:10 Amongus

[@theawesomeman9821]

These critters look like awesome Pokemon!

[@maxlin3721]

We are repeating the same thing, but this time we release GHG not from the volcano, but from burning fossil fuels 😅

[@mattweir9674]

MORE GEOLOGY TOPICS FOR THE PEOPLE

[@tristanhallmark2724]

Now you have to cover the younger dryas impact!!!

[@harrietharlow9929]

I learned recently that there may have been a Ediacaran-Cambrian Extinction event. Since a large number of species went extinction before the start of the Cambrian Era.

[@cleanerben9636]

still not as dead as my heart

[@eric_the_red5600]

Apparently yellowstone has about the same size if not even bigger geological lava pool than the one depicted in Siberia beneath the earth's crust. A supervalcano or series of supervalcanos that could be our 6th major extinction event. We live on a huge time bomb..

[@millennium677]

I think the closest thing we had to mammals back in the Permian period was the Dimetrodon a distant relative of mammals including humans.