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To substantiate who the Islamic prophet named Muhammad really was in the 7th century, we need to return to that century, and look for the first historically referenced "Muslim" which we can find from that century.
According to the Islamic Traditions that would be their prophet Muhammad himself; but as we have noticed over-and-over again there is no 7th century historical references to him whatsoever, nor are there any references to the first "rightly guided Caliphs" (i.e. Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman or Ali), at least not in the 7th century.
Ironically, the first historically documented "Muslim" whom we can find in that century is the caliph Muawiya, who was the first of the Umayyad Caliphs, and ruled in Damascus from 661 AD until 680 AD. There is a good bit of material on him from that time, including coins, Chronicles, and rock inscriptions which he had written about himself.
But was he a Muslim as all of the Traditions clearly state?
Not when we look at the evidence "on-the-ground" and from that time.
To help us underline that point Mel introduces the Maronite Chronicle, written in 664 AD, yet referring to events concerning the caliph Muawiya four years earlier, in 660 AD.
The Chronicle states:
"AG 971 (i.e. 660AD) many Arabs gathered at Jerusalem and made Mu'awiya king and he went up and sat down on Golgotha; he prayed there and went to Gethsemane and went down to the tomb of the blessed Mary to pray in it. He placed his throne in Damascus and refused to go to Mhmd's throne".
If Mu'awiya was truly a Muslim, as the Islamic Traditions say he was, why then would he go to Golgotha to pray, or visit Gethsemane, as well as the tomb of the "blessed" Mary; all which are patently Christian places and Christian customs? No Muslim would even think of participating in such strong Christian traditions, nor would they dare to refer to Mary as "blessed".
This Chronicle suggests pretty clearly that Mu'awiya was very much a Christian.
To support this, we can go to the coins he minted during his reign proving once again that he was a Christian. They all have him holding a cross with another cross placed above his head.
No Muslim would dare to carry or place upon himself the most distinguishable symbol of their competing religion, suggesting once again that the evidence "on the ground" and in that time all point to the fact that he was a Christian and not a Muslim.
What about the reference to his refusal to go to "Mhmd's throne"? Would that reference to Mhmd be the prophet Muhammad of Islam?
Here again Mel says "no". One needs only to refer to the famous coin minted by Mu'awiya between 664 - 679 AD showing his image with a cross on his crown, while holding a cross in his hand on the front side of the coin, and on the back side the letters "MHMD" written in Arabic below another cross.
Obviously no Muslim prophet called Muhammad would have his name on a coin sporting 3 crosses, the most Christian of symbols.
Even on Mu'awiya's equally famous rock inscription situated at the Dam outside of Taif, where his name is written in Greek, with a reference to him as the servant of God and leader of the believers, one can see a cross chiselled on the upper left hand corner, proving that he was the leader of the Christian believers, and certainly not any Muslim leader.
So, what then was the reference to "Mhmd's Throne" in the Chronicle all about?
Mel suggests that this throne, which is in Jerusalem is a reference to the 'Ark of the Covenant', where under the terms of the old covenant the "mercy seat" which was situated on the top of the ark, represented the place where the invisible God sat, dispensing mercy to his sinful people.
It was such a holy place that only the high priest could enter it in order to make atonement for himself and for the sins of his people.
When Jesus came to earth and died on the cross, that cross became the symbol of the mercy seat, as it was here that Jesus made atonement as the "high priest" for the sins of humanity.
Mel, suggests that Golgotha, where Jesus was crucified, in Jerusalem, is where the Christians in the 7th century called "Mhmd's throne".
Thus, he concludes that in the Maronite Chronicle, when referencing Mu'awiya refusing to go to Mhmd's throne, it is referring to either the temple itself or to Mount Golgotha, as either one works, proving that the Islamic Traditions, yet again, got the wrong man at the wrong place doing the wrong thing, and at the wrong time.
© Pfander Centre for Apologetics - US, November 30, 2023
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