After 15,000 years, it's waking up

[@bernardli9514]

A government dug top secret permafrost research project on the dangers of thousand year old bacteria sounds like the perfect start to a horror novel. Fascinating video!

[@word6344]

The title of this video really gives off a horror story vibe too

[@MrJimbissle]

Or Prophecy.

[@shaktiveda7041]

@bernard Li - While watching this video, I was slowly coming to the same conclusion...bacteria, potential virus...but, no, not really...then, trying to slide the "global warming" story in... In my opinion, I guess, this sweet, innocent looking girl could potentially be the perfect cover up for some of the "stuff" that might be actually going on in these areas?! Hummm 🤔💬 Perhaps, she's not even aware of that either.

[@virtualmoyda7221]

Right oh we're worried about it, let's just dig a hole so that things can heat up and leak out. Kick start our demise.

[@shixuo]

nothing like that is gonna happen tho. we are stronger than you think.

[@mitchv9677]

I grew up about 10 minutes away from this area on Goldstream Road. I was totally geeking out while I watched this seeing images from my hometown. I had to pass that collapsing house nearly every day on the way to town. One of my buddies in jr. high school lived in that same area and their house was also folding down the middle just like that. Thanks for a little visit back home.

[@AngularHavok]

Doesn't even know the difference between CO and CO2 what a sheep. Trees breath CO2 and there was a time when there was so much CO2 the the plants thrived greatly. CO is carbon monoxide and that is bad for us but you wouldn't know that because you listen to what the gov says instead of thinking for yourself. looks like I'm smarter then an MIT but I not surprised as the are a group of 3k scientists that have proven NASA wrong about 4 times on big subjects and predicted NASA's findings numerus times when they wouldn't listen to them. They are called Suspicious0bservers.

[@Uniquehandle3]

Interesting

[@carletontowne6823]

That house has been like that for 40 years I've watched it since the first time I came to Fairbanks AK.

[@markvanderstelt8999]

i remember seeing you there with you pet Polar Bear

[@briandixon8968]

I'm guessing that good floor insulation is a worthwile investment in that area.

[@roguemerlin1969]

The anthrax outbreak in Russia reminded me of a movie from 20 or 30 years ago. There was an outbreak of a disease, supposedly the Spanish flu, and they went to Siberia and exhumed a couple graves of victims from perma-frost to get living samples to work with. I know the science was iffy at best, but the premise was possible.

[@charlieross-BRM]

I watched a documentary, maybe 10 or more years ago, that was about a team exhuming specific Spanish Flu victims in Alaska. They had the whole hazmat procedures, suits, and tents in place in the middle of nowhere. That's how cautious they were about tinkering with the site.

[@ThePharaz]

There was a TV series The Last Ship (2014-2018) if I remember right a thaw uncovered something birds picked up and spread deadly desease. In short order a pandemic wiped out 5 billion people. Many died because a scientist had a brilliant idea for a cure which actually made it more deadly.

[@JohnSmith-eo5sp]

@@ThePharaz I remember that TV series, it starred Rhona Mitra. Didn't know it lasted four years

[@JohnSmith-eo5sp]

That sounds like an episode of the TV series: PREY, from 1998, only the location of that episode was a gravesite in Alaska

[@ThePharaz]

@@JohnSmith-eo5sp It went from trying to find a cure to setting up a stable government and go after those trying to end everything.

[@Calicarver]

There is another tunnel into permanently frozen ground is found on Svalbard Island in Norway. At nearly 80 deg north the Global Seed Vault protects crop seeds for the future away from war, decease and more. In recent years there was a flood incident where larger amounts of water than expected entered the entry but this issue has since been resolved but illustrates that the permafrost is more prone to melting than realized only a few years ago.

[@Ross-ql9fi]

So its not permanently frozen 😮

[@Calicarver]

@@Ross-ql9fi that’s right, I guess they didn’t expect global warming to have such an impact so soon

[@telbon8869]

​@@Calicarver Why not? Geological time is replete with cooling/warming cycles😮

[@smokerputz]

​@@telbon8869 DUDE. Because humans and their immense and immediate impact. . . We screwed ourselves upon commencing The Industrial Age. 🤦🏻‍♀️

[@mjdntn]

I lived in Fairbanks for 7 years and got a chance to go into the tunnel when it was briefly opened to the public. It's a fascinating place. I can definitely vouch for the smell.

[@domcizek]

MICROBES WORKING ON THE ORGANIC MATTER CONVERTING IT TO METHANE

[@sailaab]

But methane does not smell like dog poop😁

[@carpediemarts705]

Tell us more about the tunnel experience?

[@daveinwla6360]

@@sailaab - Yeah, methane has no odor.

[@mjdntn]

Just like the video only with an extra sense thrown in.

[@ecospider5]

My uncle is a frozen ground structural engineer. He has analyzed a couple buildings in Alaska where the pilings were failing. He said ice is not just a solid. The colder the ice the stronger it is. So buildings built 50 years ago that did strength calculations at -20 degrees will fail if the ice warms to -10 degrees.

[@toxichammertoe8696]

😲

[@user-zw5jj2uf1p]

The fall of Alaska

[@CrykorZ]

@@user-zw5jj2uf1p I can see that as a name for a novel

[@burhanuddinrabbani4098]

@@user-zw5jj2uf1p noice

[@zeroed]

why did he freeze

[@mattdrahos2662]

On a lighter note, I just want to say that Iong ago, I was once assigned to dig a hole for a septic system. With a simple shovel, in AK, as a rookie fishing guide. I kept wondering why the bosses kept checking in... Hitting solid ice at about 2-3 feet, I figured out this may be a prank... It was like hitting steel. After the veteran dudes got the laughs, they brought in the backhoe... AK has basically built on the permafrost, in my 25+ years, I have dug other holes, it is changing...

[@Barrettsims]

Pretty much what happened to "digging foxholes" in fairbanks was like.

[@catytheredheadedalaskan8118]

It is changing. VERY, VERY FAST.

[@psychosonic_misfit]

Wtf? Permafrost? What you talkin bout Willis. Mind-blowing

[@eshootziscrs2868]

Of course it's changing, did you think it was there forever, has always been there. How did organic material and remains get so deep underground unless it has changed over the years, centuries and millennia? Don't panic but things are constantly changing, the Sahara wasn't always a desert, the southwest was once under water, most of north America was one under ice. We see but a very short picture of historical time. We barely have historical record of the past 2000 years, what we actually see is like freezing one frame in a very long movie. It's not an accurate depiction of the entire movie.

[@NightRunner417]

Someone really does not grasp the meaning of "Geological Timescales".

[@notrobiunnu5872]

We did resistivity surveys in the Arctic back in the seventies and we measured 2400 ft. Of perma frost depth. The depth was important for siezemic measurements looking for oil. When mining in the NWT the first three levels at 150 ft per level were frozen solid, filled with ice and the temp got warmer as you go down. At a level of a mile down the temp was in the 90's

[@christopherjohnston989]

Thanks for bringing some attention to this. As a civil engineer in Alaska, I can attest to this being a big deal. Love your videos!

[@jesusreyes7685]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/gXuZnnSmrbSJY9k

[@ginaw8173]

Do you think an earthquake will soon crash that tunnel? Alaska I due a big one plus volcanos.

[@_LightLeak_]

I was just talking to my friend about the lack of frozen dirt content on KZbin and then.... Love your videos. Keep up the great work!

[@akakaptin6382]

Ha

[@lorenrenee1]

Siri is always listening.

[@eriknielsen1849]

Yt is listening

[@akakaptin6382]

@@eriknielsen1849 so the race begins

[@sailaab]

Prove it! Give us your friend's number... Will call them and cross check.. if you are telling the truth!😄

[@djlux149]

Actually there is a whole system of tunnels and such that reach the permafrost layer in many cities in Siberia. In particular Yakutsk has also made a museum going into the permafrost layer due to how they build houses.

[@ZE0XE0]

theres also many hundreds of tunnels in permafrost in canada and alaska that were dug as part of placer gold mining operations. "The only one in the world" was QUITE the exaggeration.

[@andybilakshow260]

we're infectively thawing the north pole from the in side out.

[@jaimeduncan6167]

I was wondering what does she means. Maybe it's unique in some way, but she did not say.

[@ResortDog]

@@jaimeduncan6167 Controlled research with history.

[@sailaab]

True

[@scottschoen3362]

I hope you are recovering. I was down for a year for torn ligaments and I'd become so weak. I know the climb to strength and health is difficult and sympathize with your illness, that was more devastating than mine. Good luck and vibes to you.

[@IAmFJ1]

I really like Amanda. She's so chill about awesome and terrible things.

[@Tesseract9630]

only because she is a woman.

[@kayfelix5054]

And she is with a kind if cold humor. She really lost 3 toes to frost bite? Brrrrrrr🥶

[@matthewwriter9539]

She is super chill about permafrost.

[@xploration1437]

I’d like to take her to a beach.

[@mattb6646]

@@matthewwriter9539 did anyone catch this pun

[@stevenkostamo1279]

Not the only permafrost tunnel, I have been in one dug in the ground below Tuktayuktuk. The locals have dug a tunnel with rooms they use as freezers for storing their meat during the summer. It had some of the most amazing frost and ice crystals forming on the walls.

[@BMarie774]

Just to be clear, ice tunnels and a permafrost tunnel are VERY different things. Are you sure you’re not referring to the ice tunnel?

[@0x53v4k]

@@BMarie774 TheTuktayuktuk site was developed for the same purpose, permafrost research.

[@2Sugarbears]

True.

[@JLowe-uu8lr]

Yep they do that in Siberia freezing Caribou carcasses!=8)

[@tealtv6995]

@@BMarie774 sir your leaking classified information..J/K...lol

[@jeremybyington]

“Coolest” episode in a while. A lot of videos on this channel overlap with topics I’m already familiar with, but it is episodes like this, introducing me to something new or something I haven’t thought about in ages, that is why I love this channel!

[@Vuntermonkey]

I wish yt would allow down votes for puns. It would be a fitting pun-ishment.

[@mudfossiluniversity]

Try my channel Mudfossil University...I discivered them and DNA tested etc...Giants were real.

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

Yeah, there are some videos that are a nice way to add on to your knowledge, but the real masterpieces on this channel are the ones that are completely different.

[@jonslg240]

*What's absolutely cool is the way she just dispelled the disinformation campaign regarding permafrost.* Everyone I've asked in the last 20 minutes thinks permafrost means permanently frozen. I got different answers from people, but literally the shortest was 100 years out of 10 people. The 2 longest were 1mil+ years. If something is frozen for 2 years can you REALLY call that PERMA frost? That's rhetoric. She's good at climate change rhetoric though, which is why the youtube "algorithm" picked her (hint, their system is half-algorithm and half-administration)

[@AngularHavok]

Doesn't even know the difference between CO and CO2 what a sheep. Trees breath CO2 and there was a time when there was so much CO2 the the plants thrived greatly. CO is carbon monoxide and that is bad for us but you wouldn't know that because you listen to what the gov says instead of thinking for yourself. looks like I'm smarter then an MIT but I not surprised as the are a group of 3k scientists that have proven NASA wrong about 4 times on big subjects and predicted NASA's findings numerus times when they wouldn't listen to them. They are called Suspicious0bservers.

[@alaskanman825]

It's pretty common for houses to collapse from permafrost melt. There are indicators of where permafrost is closer to the surface so houses are build on pilings or adjustable posts to account for the fluctuation in stability. A large number of houses up here are DIY houses though so some people don't take the precautions.

[@Average_Brad]

Finally the video about frozen dirt I've been looking for all my life! ;) On a serious note, while the reasons and implications of melting permafrost are disconcerting to say the least, the whole "opening an ice age time capsule" aspect is really fascinating.

[@ethanisnotme]

i’ve noticed a lot of people confuse “science” with the information that it produces- gravity isn’t science, for instance, it was theorized and proven *using* science. science is a practice and i’m glad to see you emphasize that in your videos

[@dragonf1092]

Science is nothing but ideas.

[@dragonf1092]

If the ideas work they call them science 🤣😂

[@dragonf1092]

They dug a hole and called it science 😂🤣😂

[@eanpoteat2982]

It is a method. That method tests ideas based on experimentation. . The results are considered fact until proven wrong

[@THeiss-O-I-C-U-8-1-2-B-4]

..and 'green house gases are total BS! It's the damned NWO chemtrails and agenda 21.

[@Nick-un1em]

Serious question Dianna, when you (or any other scientist) go on trips like this (with being exposed to old microbes, or being exposed to stuff the normal person isn't going to come across), what's required for vaccines, medical check-ups, stuff like that? Is there a decontamination process? Even if most microbes are safe, what happens if you get a cough a week later? Any big protocols?

[@calvingreen1215]

I hope she replies, fantastic questions GG 👍👌

[@0x53v4k]

Acess was originally even more stringent, but keep in mind this has been used for research for 60 years and nothing problematic has been found.

[@grimalteruism8641]

@@0x53v4k that we know of

[@TechnicalParadox]

@@grimalteruism8641 right we too often project what we know onto everything else, perhaps ancient bacteria took years of dormancy inside the genetic line of a species to have negative effects, it is probably slower at reproducing

[@petergaskin1811]

More important is the release of methane from melting permafrost. Largest source of trapped methane anywhere in the Alaskan & Siberian permafrost regions. Dreadful greenhouse gas.

[@ExcitedPunch]

Dr. Barker's voice and energy totally changed when the video went from her being "tour guide mode" to "hey explain your research to me mode". It's so dope to see someone explain their projects.

[@ArmyERDC]

We love to see our team get excited about their research! We're proud of Dr. Barker and the incredible work she's doing at the tunnel. Thank you for watching!

[@Glenn.Cooper]

That was great - thanks! I lived in Fairbanks from 1978 to 1986 and permafrost was a really big deal even back then. Plenty of roads and buildings were trashed by melting permafrost. The Alyeska Pipeline uses a very creative natural refrigeration cycle in its pilings to super-freeze the ground around the pilings every winter.

[@abradfordajb]

The smell in this tunnel begs this question: when you smell something, that means that molecules of that "something" are being released into the surrounding air. Would there not therefore be some sort of risk in breathing in this air? If permafrost anthrax can be unearthed and contaminate deer in Russia, could the smell of organic material actually contaminate one who breathes it in? (i apologize if this topic has been covered already.)

[@JohnSmith-eo5sp]

In Mediaeval Times people thought disease was spread by foul air, like from marshes, hence the name "Malaria"

[@0Rookie0]

You don't need to smell something to be infected by it. They also determined that what makes up and made the smell, in the tunnels specifically, wasn't a danger. So far. Could we carry a pathogen that lays dormant for a decade and infect everybody before mutating and hurting people? Sure. Will it happen? Maybe not ever. I'd be more concerned about something like anthrax. Though nothing will pop out of the ground and infect everybody through this tunnel or any melt. It'll spread and kill as it goes if it did come. We won't see the start of some surprise apocalyptic end of humanity event that we have zero chance of fighting. If it was that dangerous, where permafrost thawing killed all of us, nothing would have been left alive back then anyway. Evolution would have started again 50k-10k years ago when the permafrost formed trapping whatever superbug. We didn't land on this planet as aliens. We came from prior species and such. Though the idea of a dormant microbe waiting to kill us all is a great scifi story. "Did humanity dig too deep into the stability of our world?" "Chapter One: The Industrial Revolution"

[@charlesvaughan3517]

Yes

[@robertoconnor371]

Yes, definitely and not limited to bac-T or virions but various gases and vapors as well.

[@churro6160]

you're smelling bacteria farts

[@the-painted-quilter]

I watched this before….fascinating. Loved seeing it again. You’ve got this Diana❤

[@rawsaucerobert]

I work at the main lab for this location in NH. We work every day with a team that's up there in Alaska. Awesome to see more awareness about this work!

[@angelarodriguez4116]

In NH?! That’s wild! I love my home state of NH but Alaska is like nothing else! So cool that you work with Alaska!

[@tekvax01]

Fun Fact: Most Canadians that live in northern areas of Canada, are infinitely aware of what permafrost is, and how it affects your life! I remember learning about it in several of my high school Geography and Social studies classes!

[@AngularHavok]

Doesn't even know the difference between CO and CO2 what a sheep. Trees breath CO2 and there was a time when there was so much CO2 the the plants thrived greatly. CO is carbon monoxide and that is bad for us but you wouldn't know that because you listen to what the gov says instead of thinking for yourself. looks like I'm smarter then an MIT but I not surprised as the are a group of 3k scientists that have proven NASA wrong about 4 times on big subjects and predicted NASA's findings numerus times when they wouldn't listen to them. They are called Suspicious0bservers.

[@jessicaf6358]

We learned about it in the US, too. I'm assuming she was just sick that day, not remembering even though it was taught, or some other likely-innocent reason.

[@davidbeddoe6670]

@@jessicaf6358 That story had a beginning and an end but no middle. Wut.

[@scottarnold6528]

Right, I was raised in Michigan and we were taught about Permafrost. This is an example of how our education system is failing, She's a Physic Girl but never heard of it. I think this is more like let's ride this False Climate Narrative while it's a cash cow before people realize the Truth.

[@billjonesjr8718]

Unfortunately "they" do allow the teaching of this type of information anymore.

[@MrChief101]

Parenthetically, when Army engineers were figuring out the DEW Line up north, they had to freeze the foundations because they melted the surrounding permafrost. Fascinating, Physics Girl.

[@AngularHavok]

Doesn't even know the difference between CO and CO2 what a sheep. Trees breath CO2 and there was a time when there was so much CO2 the the plants thrived greatly. CO is carbon monoxide and that is bad for us but you wouldn't know that because you listen to what the gov says instead of thinking for yourself. looks like I'm smarter then an MIT but I not surprised as the are a group of 3k scientists that have proven NASA wrong about 4 times on big subjects and predicted NASA's findings numerus times when they wouldn't listen to them. They are called Suspicious0bservers.

[@donaldduck830]

I don't understand. Afaik, if there is permafrost, you just build on top of that. Ofc you need to insulate the bottom, but digging up the area you need would require too much effort.

[@carlw72]

Diana, I don’t mean to be rude but I think I have watched ALLLLLLL of your videos at least a million times, I have listened to every utterance of awe through your voice and then my own as I see what amazed you on my small window into your unique prospective of our world, which fills me with wonder and joy, and that brings me to the request that may seem rude as it will take up your time. I would request that once you’ve kicked this illness and take a minute or two to take a deep breath, or two, and give your husband a big hug from all of us, that once the formalities are sorted will you please, and this is the selfish part, will you please be so kind as to continue taking your film crew/family (I’m certain anyone who is around you becomes like family pretty quickly) everywhere you go so we too can experience the absolute childlike wonder at everything that encourages and enables the wisdom that you exude in quite, again I apologize, quite an annoying amount for someone so damn young. I apologize, it’s just that we miss you,… and cannot wait to see you up and running like usual. Be safe, we love you both! Your fans.

[@angelalewis3645]

Yes! ❤❤❤

[@jessiewhitman8688]

I think after this illness she should take a year or 3 off and just spend time with her family.

[@TS-jj1wi]

Thank you, made a statement few months ago about how permafrost wasn't being considered or talked about enough and how serious this situation really is. The more we discover and learn from. The more we realize how much of a cycle mother nature is really following. We'rejust ants on the hill along for a ride. At this point we may be learning but still insignificant..

[@williamrbuchanan4153]

Solar increase of energy to us. Earth overheat, melt was never all ice melt. Rivers dry up , methane release , sinkholes by shrinking in cooked dry crust of Earth from below. Quakes and volcanic releases of over pressures of magma . Tilting Earth axis into more exposed surface to, Solar and the -259c in darkness. Too much water in evaporation, clouds , too much precipitation . Cold meet warm . We as transporters of iron ore from Aus. To China , billions of tonnes over 20 + years . Must tilt Earth in space. .,centre of gravity shift to accommodate stability with tilt. Best get the weight back in empty holes , as they need to rebalance Earth. For normal about, the 2000 era.,

[@andrewniedziela3705]

I drive past the Permafrost Tunnel almost every day. It was so great to see my home area here and to actually find out more about what they do in that tunnel. Glad your enjoyed your trip to our little slice of ice in Alaska. Come back in the summer someday.

[@JuicyJenitals]

Repent and follow Jesus! Repent doesn't mean confess your sins buy to stop doing them altogether. Belief alone is messiah doesn't give you salvation you have to follow and obey His commands too - Matthew 7:21-23, John 3:3, John 3:36. The last 3000+ years have been a testimony to God's word. contemplate how the Roman Empire fulfilled the role of the beast from the sea in Revelation 13. Revelation 17 confirms that it is in fact Rome. From this we can conclude that A) God is real and can tell the future/ make it happen or B) The world leaders/nations/governments have been conspiring together for the last several millenia. Bible prophecy is still being fulfilled too with the rebirth of Israel in 1948 and the incoming RFID microchips that Sweden is testing out right now. Pray for God to intervene in your life and look for the motion of His hand. If you have any questions about scripture feel free to ask me

[@josiahws5]

Yo fellow Alaskan! Have a great day.

[@keithbernard1272]

Got this analysis of your home. They're digging poop out of the intestinal tract of an avian intestinal tract this link analyzes it and shows you the biology and examines it against medical journals. kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJKYamupjd6VmtU

[@PH_INFO_101]

Question. If the artifacts in the tunnel are worth so much to be deemed "Priceless", why doesn't someone dig another tunnel in the area and become a millionaire?

[@ClearwaterKB]

​@PH INFO 101 the artifacts aren't what it priceless, it is the knowledge gained from research. There are people "mining" those same physical specimens, from the permafrost on their own properties, annually in Alaska.

[@Fishboardstudios]

1st time viewer, and as a non scientist I found this episode fascinating, I loved the bite size segments, it really kept me watching. Looking forward to checking out your past and future videos :)

[@tkpeterson5418]

I am thrilled to have stumbled across this channel. I Love learning. Thank you Physics Girl.

[@amileinmyshoes24-7]

I spent several weeks in the arctic oil fields near Dead Horse, Alaska in the mid-90s. At one of the drill sites, I retrieved a chunk of permafrost that had just been brought to the surface from a level about 1,000 feet down. I still have it in my freezer. Very cool to be able to hold something that contains plant material from tens of thousands of years ago.

[@loganthesaint]

Me... holding coal. 👀

[@amileinmyshoes24-7]

@@loganthesaint Does your coal have living microbes in it? 😎

[@brightlight3520]

Better not let it thaw! You might end the world..

[@jorgegonzalez-larramendi5491]

@@amileinmyshoes24-7 no but what coal Does Have Is GUARANTEED D E A D L Y .

[@moniqueengleman873]

Make sure you do not let it melt. It could be dangerous to you and your family.

[@77godafoss]

I think I would have become a scientist if I had of had teachers as passionate and gifted as you at school. This is a truly insightful and educational video - cheers

[@nondescript2134]

Whats stopping you now? Anyone can be a scientist simply by applying the scientific method. This scientist is one that specializes in Physics. A physicist? I would guess she is classed as. Dude, what do you do for work? Maybe you are a scientist and don't even realise it :P

[@nondescript2134]

'NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA-Dianna Cowern-a.k.a. Physics Girl-has one of those invent-it-yourself jobs that exist only in the age of the internet. In 2011, she graduated with an undergraduate degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.'

[@nondescript2134]

Further research suggests, she may have a vested interest in misinformation...

[@jeffreydavis2578]

@@nondescript2134 idk bro, judging by yur last 2 comments I think yur just a science denier.

[@LennyHirsch]

@@nondescript2134 Wtf are you talking about

[@davidhorizon8401]

This is exactly the type of videos I come to your channel to watch. Things in science I had no idea about. They are fascinating. Please keep up the awesome work that you do Diana! Thank you so much.

[@jonasfermefors]

One event that may interest is from the island Gruinard off Scotland. In 1942 it was used to test the effect of a virulent strain of Anthrax. It worked a bit to well. The island was quarantined for decades until in 1986 it was decontaminated with 280 tonnes of formaldehyde allowing it to finally be safe for humans again in 1990 after 48 years in quarantine 😱

[@BruceCurrell]

as always, 100% entertaining, as well as 100% out of the blue randomness in topic! ❤️

[@wfhworkfromhome]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/iWbCmKOXYr9saK8

[@obinator9065]

Well. No. But. Actually. Yes.

[@NightRunner417]

Thanks for this, Dianna! The deep permafrost just absolutely fascinates me and every time I hear of a video about it I stop what I'm doing and check it out. It's simultaneously one of the most interesting areas of scientific exploration and potentially one of the most impactful on our future world, and yet we tend to hear so little about it even with the dramatic blowouts happening in the Russian tundra. Anyways, one can imagine how excited I was to see that you actually went there and covered it. Oh what I wouldn't do to get samples under a microscope, stinky foo foo or not. The very idea of actual living, ancient microbial life and an incredible array of dead but preserved life of all kinds spanning tens of thousands of years, just waiting there to be studied. That's the best science ever. 🙂

[@Otis-Tank]

I wish I could thank you, by name for thanking Dianna by her name. Unfortunately I'm not fortunate enough to know your name. I'm FLABBERGASTED that you know her name

[@NightRunner417]

@@Otis-Tank Wasn't too hard. I had seen her name mentioned in the comments on another of her videos. Wanted to thank her by name and had forgotten (sorry, Dianna!) so I looked in the description for this one and presto, there it was. You can call me Rick. 🙂

[@jorgegonzalez-larramendi5491]

so we are getting the blowouts too. same planet. never heard about them. same planet .

[@MrPablo1uk]

I love how excited you get to be learning new things and then to be sharing it all with us, keep up the stella work you do, we love consuming it.

[@Woodpile63]

I have spent by entire career as a research scientist and discover something new in each video. Hands down, the best channel out there.

[@theylied1776]

When I was a kid, one of my favorite movies was Ghostbusters. Specifically, Egon. My favorite line was... I study moles, spores, and funguses. My biggest fear with studying permafrost is that we accidentally unleash an ancient bacteria, virus, mold, spore, or fungus that's deadly. You know, kind of like The Andromeda Strain.

[@custommediacreations]

I love that book. (Andromeda Strain) it was an awesome read.

[@wfhworkfromhome]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/iWbCmKOXYr9saK8

[@3xceIIent]

The permafrost is melting whether we like it or not. Better we study it and if there is something dangerous we find it before it becomes a problem.

[@insertclevernamehere2506]

Unfortunately that is pretty likely. We have already experienced such issues as people push further into jungle and rainforest environments for the first time, so goodness knows what is captured in permafrost.

[@custommediacreations]

@@3xceIIent exactly.

[@StudioPluche]

I learned more about permafrost in this video than I ever did in geography classes in school. Solid informative video like always.

[@EposVox]

This was an awesome watch. Thank you.

[@chaiinspace2]

Agreed

[@chelsiewaite1606]

First time watching one of your videos, I love how real and chill you are! Thanks for the content 😊

[@gt-yr5sn]

love your stuff. I was the monster nerd in my family. Took everything apart to see how it worked, just couldn't get it back together, to the consternation of my parents. Now I'm a retired engineer and can take stuff apart and get it back together. You ROCK, love your channel. Thank you

[@martinburns7928]

Get back together better i'm sure, My Friend!

[@namedjavelin3932]

In the early 1900s there was an extreme outbreak of anthrax that killed massive amounts of reindeer. Due to the permafrost, they couldn't be buried too deep, and there are over 7,000 shallow graves full of more than a million dead reindeer. I think it's safe to say that the main disease that [melting] permafrost causes is outbreaks of anthrax. Though other diseases are possible as well.

[@dananorth895]

Permafrost does not cause anthrax. It can preserve. As can ice

[@michaelbrinks8089]

I can't wait for the Biden admins. purposely created up coming food shortages.

[@SilverFenixFyre]

@@dananorth895 OBVIOUSLY they meant MELTING/thawing permafrost, not the permafrost itself. 🙄

[@tempestive1]

It almost seemed like you concluded that from a singular event, which would not be reasonable :p So just to satisfy my pedantism, I looked it up: "Frequent outbreaks of anthrax caused death of 1.5 million deer in Russian North between 1897 and 1925. Anthrax among people or cattle has been reported in 29,000 settlements of the Russian North, including more than 200 Yakutia settlements, which are located near the burial grounds of cattle that died from anthrax." _(Thawing of permafrost may disturb historic cattle burial grounds in East Siberia. Boris A Revich et al. Glob Health Action. 2011)_

[@nicktecky55]

@@tempestive1 It's not quite the same story as "prehistoric microbes devastate mankind" is it? Perhaps people aren't aware that anthrax is still endemic in some parts of the world. Over 2000 deaths per year, including 2 in the USA. Thanks for making the effort.

[@Greenstarshadow]

That's our Physics girl, always going above, beyond and below to bring us the good stuff!

[@pvic6959]

I remember when she was a little youtuber making videos about what to do with a physics degree (one of her first videos). oh, how shes grown :')

[@ligh7foo7]

You go girl 😜

[@pvic6959]

@LeoS thanks :)

[@elisaunderlin9624]

The absence of megafauna is playing a part in the melting of the permafrost more than most want to admit. In Siberia, they are doing a study where they brought back megafauna. They are finding where they are at the permafrost is actually correcting itself.

[@justsomeperson5110]

I've seen discussions about Canadian and Alaskan permafrost "melting" and releasing methane, and that being a huge problem for a runaway global warming problem. But I haven't seen discussions about how deep the frozen water goes under this and how that could absolutely wreck infrastructure. Or microbes waking up. Well ... I mean other than in a few select horror movies like "The Thing". And ... I think it was "Trapped" maybe? (Some TV show in ... Scandinavia? With English subtitles? Maybe?) Anywho, thanks for putting it all on one plate of horrors! Finding a sabertooth tiger sure would be cool though. We can go to the moon, and soon put boots on Mars, but we don't even understand our own planet. Sheesh! LOL

[@SunLightFawn]

I know, everybody can contribute, with their own theory, on anything!

[@firebird77clonefirebird89]

the methane release is way over -hyped. Ground bacteria will break down most of the methane before it enters atmosphere. Oh, and the greenies and their global warming agenda are happily turning a blind eye to the sun entering a cool cycle. Record low number of sunspots. Going to be in a cooling cycle for at least ten years.

[@SinghAaditya]

That last statement is so true! 👍

[@brucerowe9682]

Climate change is rubbish

[@Lloocii]

Giant mounds of methane have been exploding, (not combusting), in the Russian tundra. The concentration of methane being released yearly is massive.

[@mattupham]

One of the most engaging videos I've seen in a while, great job with the information + storytelling!

[@craig0taylor]

I love your channel and always have/will, and I ESPECIALLY love the recent trend of "American Tom Scott." Youre going cool places and teaching us about wild stuff in our own backyards. Thank you so much for the content, team :3

[@jesusreyes7685]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/gXuZnnSmrbSJY9k

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

Tom Scott, but SCIENCE! Well, I guess that's just Tom Scott's "Built for Science" series. But this is EVEN MORE SCIENCE!

[@adamward9310]

Diana, please know you are in my prayers for health. God will help you through your days of healing. Your fans will always be here for you. Get well soon.❤❤❤❤😊❤❤❤❤❤

[@benjaminsissel8377]

So cool to see more creators coming to my home here in Alaska. It's an amazing place to learn with the opportunity to see extreme physics on your daily route to work. I've grown up here, and there really isn't another place like it.

[@jasondomican1991]

I absolutely adore your excitement and enthusiasm to learning it's the most addictive thing to watch ❤️

[@ski6712]

during the 1899 yukon goldrush there were countless tunnels in permafrost made by miners and large ones also, even horses were kept in tunnels as temperatures outside in winter dropped to 60 below 0 or more. they encountered many prehistoric animal bones and even some with muscle/meat on them preserved in the permafrost.there have been 5 significant ice ages in the northern hemisphere in the last 2 billion years or so and interglacial warming phases occur during these and they have melted all the permafrost many times to the arctic and have even turned the arctic into tropical forest. and then refreeze into a glacial maximum where up to 5000+ ft of ice sat on a good portion of north america ,europe,ect. and sea levels during a glacial maximum drop 120 meters or more only to rise back up during the interglacial warming phases like the one we are in now which will melt all the permafrost regardless of what humans do. geological science/earth sciences have studied this phenom extensively and have written many papers on this subject. that is quite the amazing tunnel they made ....a giant laboratory🦣

[@ianwilkinson5069]

There was an artic expedition back in the early 1900s that went bad, they were running out of food when they came across a mammoth sticking out of the snow and ice....they cooked and ate it lmao Awesome story, look it up, there are pictures.

[@janicejames3005]

@@ianwilkinson5069 Where do I get more info on your subject?

[@jamesdenton3692]

This is not the type of reailty climate alarmists want people to be exposed to.Good on you.

[@peterjones4180]

Well yes , the previous two interglacials were significantly warmer than ours has ever been. It was warmer in both the Holocene warm periods, the Minoan warm period, the Roman warm period, and most probably warmer in the Medieval warm period. So the paleoclimate data shows clearly that the peak warmings are getting shorter and cooler over the last 8000 years as we move toward, the end of our current interglacial. Permafrost melting has not been a problem in the past with longer hotter warmings , so its not likely to be a problem now.

[@glennllewellyn7369]

Yay for climate change!

[@dwellspompano]

This is a fascinating video!! I love your content !! Keep up the great work!!!

[@davidhingst7063]

Great video. I used to live near the tunnel and am very familiar with permafrost and what happens when building on it. There was some great research by one of my instructors at the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute in the 80's on detecting permafrost from the air. I think the main concern at the time was just avoiding it for construction. The most fascinating thing to me about the tunnel seeing those roots hanging down, the water and other organic material and knowing they are 15-50,000 years old. Time machine!

[@JuicyJenitals]

Repent and follow Jesus! Repent doesn't mean confess your sins buy to stop doing them altogether. Belief alone is messiah doesn't give you salvation you have to follow and obey His commands too - Matthew 7:21-23, John 3:3, John 3:36. The last 3000+ years have been a testimony to God's word. contemplate how the Roman Empire fulfilled the role of the beast from the sea in Revelation 13. Revelation 17 confirms that it is in fact Rome. From this we can conclude that A) God is real and can tell the future/ make it happen or B) The world leaders/nations/governments have been conspiring together for the last several millenia. Bible prophecy is still being fulfilled too with the rebirth of Israel in 1948 and the incoming RFID microchips that Sweden is testing out right now. Pray for God to intervene in your life and look for the motion of His hand. If you have any questions about scripture feel free to ask me

[@MikeFields83]

I absolutely looooooove your videos you definitely keep me engaged with the education on all kinds of interesting subjects and addicting to watching you explain to us 😄

[@fryday65]

Just discovered your channel. WOW. Great way you have of defining the research facts to average persons who don't understand the scientific terms and can take away a great learning experience. Great job. Going to view other videos you've made.

[@jakeosorio946]

This just took me 50,000 years or so into the past. Thanks for sharing and I'm glad I learned about this.

[@StrixyN]

I got to learn about permafrost at the U of Calgary in the mid 90's as part of my climatology studies. The textbook was literally written by our professor because he was one of only a handful of people who were studying it at that time. The class size was 12 people and you can imagine how cool that class was (sorry, can't resist a good pun! but it was true). It was a senior level class because the amount you needed to know to understand the complexities of something that seems so simple on the surface (ha!) was astounding. 30 years later it's heartening to see a video about it and the potential it has to affect our climate covered on a popular science channel like this. It's also cool to be able to call out a popular science channel so thank you for that as well. My 10 year old son and I enjoy watching your content together. Keep up the good work. It's needed more now than ever.

[@Wag2112]

good point ! I recall being REAL young and watching Jacques Coustue shows . Diana has THAT passion and draw . I have been wondering exactly what ( besides her being simply gorgeous ) what my curiosity toward her videos has been = nailed it ! btw I'm old enough to be her dad :) haha

[@digitalranger4259]

"None of the microbes are toxic." That's just what a person taken over by alien microbes would say! :)

[@WillCrawford0]

ALL GLORY TO THE HYPNOTOAD

[@WillCrawford0]

*ahem* don't know what you mean

[@Wag2112]

or The Ministry of Truth , Nina's newest catch phrase .

[@dragonladee3721]

lolololllllllll good one!

[@nicku1]

Great video! To the anthrax outbreak in Siberia - I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the Russian name of anthrax is "сибирская язва" - Siberian plague. It means that this disease was in Russia ALWAYS associated with Siberia, i.e. with permafrost...

[@RobertHenson72653]

I so wish that you get better soon so the world can enjoy your videos

[@bodystomp5302]

Alaska has a lot going for it. Truly breathtaking scenery around every corner, not too many people but many interesting people, lot's of outdoor activities, high paying jobs, and summers are wonderous, especially June and July when the days are super long. But the winters are absolutely brutal. The eight month cold season finally broke me and I moved down to the 30th parallel.

[@andreakimmel6651]

This is very cool! I went to UAF and got to visit the perafrost tunnel once. We didn't go all that deep, and visited midwinter. It's so cool that we happened to accidentally begin the process of learning so much about permafrost.

[@harrycummings2407]

This was an awesome episode! Thank you for always finding cool and important content to post. Science Rocks!!

[@OptaIgin]

I was just looking for a frozen dirt video! thank you Dianna.

[@jsturm41808]

It’s amazing to discover how connected all the parts and processes on earth are, if only we are willing to open our eyes. Thanks for sharing your gifts.

[@EcoEarthNut]

This was really fascinating! Thank you for doing what it took to bring us this video. I knew about permafrost in general, but not all these details.

[@AmplifyLearning]

Your episodes are really very informative and amazing!

[@christopherwilkinson326]

Definitely making physics interesting again. Seriously. Just like my yo-yo did all those years ago. Might get my notepad & pen out again. This reminds me of the seed factory in Svalbard.

[@iamlsusam]

I tried to get my daughter interested in your channel, but she isn’t interested in science stuff. You are a great roll model for young girls!

[@pyr3x849]

How old is she? Maybe she just needs to mature a little. Or maybe you should start introducing her to science in little bits.

[@dysfunctional_vet]

in the series of From the Earth to the Moon, in an introduction to one of the programs, tom hanks (who is he?) states that exploration is best experienced first hand, not necessarily first, but in person. (not a quote on this) you have taken us to the super collider, to other research facilities and now a hole in a hill thanks for making these videos. the wonder and the history, the drama of the events captured, all of this is why i keep coming back to watch more. while i can often understand the stuff the guy filming says he does not, i do not claim to have your knowledge base, but more than enough knowledge to realize that you are gifted in teaching. i hope you never stop making this amazing content. as for the hole in the ground, i have some 125 pound pointed eared rats that look like dogs that dig those for me. tragically they are less exciting than this one in the permafrost.

[@AngularHavok]

Doesn't even know the difference between CO and CO2 what a sheep. Trees breath CO2 and there was a time when there was so much CO2 the the plants thrived greatly. CO is carbon monoxide and that is bad for us but you wouldn't know that because you listen to what the gov says instead of thinking for yourself. looks like I'm smarter then an MIT but I not surprised as the are a group of 3k scientists that have proven NASA wrong about 4 times on big subjects and predicted NASA's findings numerus times when they wouldn't listen to them. They are called Suspicious0bservers.

[@dysfunctional_vet]

@@AngularHavok what are you talking about?

[@charlesmadison1384]

@ 6:48 "Our main goal in life here is to find a sabre-toothed tiger ..." Thanks to a visit to the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, there is no such thing as a sabre-toothed (or saber-toothed) tiger. It is called a sabre-toothed *CAT* not a tiger. The La Brea Museum has an actual sabre-toothed cat skeleton on display.

[@grzesh47]

Hey Physics Girl, love your videos, they are always super interesting and easy to watch. Need more of them !!

[@cremebrulee4759]

Wishing you well and a full recovery.

[@sinecurve9999]

I heard a very interesting story on NPR today about permafrost BURNING in Siberia. The crystal structure of permafrost ice is such that it retains a lot of oxygen. As a result, once it starts burning it can burn for months just on the methane content alone! Nothing we can do to stop it. Just extra emissions on top of an already stressed out planetary ecosystem.

[@FreeManFreeThought]

Where I grew up there are bogs, every couple of years there would be fires on the bogs. I'm pretty sure that it's the same phenomenon.

[@christinearmington]

🔥😬🔥

[@Mitchell_is_smart._You2bs_dumb]

Yeah just search for videos on KZbin like "frozen lake methane fire" or the like. It's pretty cool

[@MomMom4Cubs]

0:26 really shows differences in quality of elementary education, depending on time and place! We learned a great deal about permafrost no later than 5th grade, thanks to the Rochester Museum and Science Center, and some of the permafrost experiments submitted to Odyssey of the Mind for use in competition did quite well. Point of fact, this facet of earth science, besides occupying many pages in our 70's-90's public education texts starting in about 3rd grade, it's one of the few study-related facets of Boy Scouts of America and Girl Scouts of America that used much the same source material! It's sad that someone must attend a world class institution like freaking MIT to even hear of, let alone educate themselves in, something with the power to significantly worsen climate change! I'm glad she's definitely educated about the dangers of melting permafrost now and working to educate other people!

[@ryans3795]

Ice does not retain heat well at all, even a little bit of heat. It's hard to know what the cause is, but regardless, nothing can be done. Some places might dry out while other forests form, life must adapt.

[@MomMom4Cubs]

@@ryans3795 My point is the potentially hazardous materials and pathogens that could be unleashed upon further declination of permafrost.

[@MikeWiggins1235711]

@@marcopolo1134 As a friendly counterpoint, even if man does NOT play a role (and I believe he is at least PARTIALLY responsible), I still say that it is not a reason, or excuse, to pee in the pool!

[@Ogg13tube]

She grew up in Hawaii.

[@MomMom4Cubs]

@@Ogg13tube I thought that, what with their insane cost of living, they'd have elementary education at the very least equal to a 3rd rate upstate NY city barely able to stay solvent following the failures of Kodak and Xerox (the computer engineering part), and the acquisition of Burroughs by Unisys. This apperception is tempered by her appearance to be too young to be GenX, which was the last generation to hold their own stacked against countries that more seriously value a more complete education that's got quality that's far more consistent across the country.

[@patrickmason7402]

Thank you for the content you bring and the easy to digest way it's delivered...love the channel

[@therealpixie]

Oh Diana, we miss you so much. I’m watching everything you’re reposting in the hopes of helping financially.

[@adhardino9781]

If you donate 10€ this william be 100w times more contribution....

[@jannath1]

This was absolutely fascinating! Thank you for sharing, and it makes me curious how much deeper it could go into the past and into preservation of the planet.

[@asmaloney]

Amanda is such a good communicator! Love to see people passionate about their area of study and able to convey it to non-experts. Good stuff.

[@9_______9_______9-i9m]

Ukraine bro? Ukraine bro!!!! 🇺🇦 current thing yes!!!

[@johnkemas7344]

I'm glad to see enthusiastic intelligent people like you are teachers, you are good for students and show science can be interesting!!! Great job!!! I went to a high school in the 60's where the math, science, chemistry and physics teachers were incredibly boring!! Most were just collecting a pay check and it showed. Fortunately we had an incredibly motivating industrial arts teacher by the name of Fred Randolph who taught and encouraged many of us to appreciated everything technology and science!! I've spent my whole career in science, technology, making and electro mechanical prototype development and I'm thankful I had him for a teacher. God rest his soul!! Keep up the good work girl!!

[@scottarnold6528]

Intelligent? She just learned about Permafrost. You should be Tariffed at the thoughts of her molding the minds of future generations.

[@pip5461]

Amazing... I was aware of the issues caused by the melting of Therma frost in places like Alaska, but to actually go deep into tunnels and actually see the effects of sublimating close up was eye-opening. We really have a huge problem...

[@jessicaclakley3691]

I’ve not watched more than two minutes and I’m already on the edge of my seat!!

[@SAOS451316]

this tunnel is so important to so many fields! since the bones aren't fossilized and have been frozen i've had paleontologist friends tell me with grabby hands how cool (pun intended) the mammoth and other remains are and how much they want to study them. i want to study the grasses and other small flora down there! they are green and pliable in the mostly anaerobic environment and I Have Questions To Answer (and though i totally probably wouldn't take them i very much want to add them to my dried plant collection).

[@andybilakshow260]

isn't it fact 'parasites' live on/in live animals? That alone should raise warning 'keep out Do NOT Enter' Guess how many viruses went extinct with the dinosaurs? It's a scary thought. You have to remember, Everything on this planet came from space. Frozen. Then thawed. Then sprong into life.

[@davidlemons5650]

oh, man. oh, wow. ..but waking up ancient diseases might not be great. Risk adverse, they appear to be exploring carefully. Lot's to learn. Permafrost- the only study-tunnel in the world 🌎

[@SAOS451316]

@@andybilakshow260 a parasite is any organism that uses a host organism as part of its life cycle and kills the host. vines are often parasitic and kill trees. there are also parasitoids which harm but don't kill their hosts. the parasite relies on the host, sometimes even only surviving on a single host species. we probably won't have to worry about them in that tunnel. pathogens however, like influenzas or coronaviruses, can be more versatile and could be a problem.

[@reclusiarchgrimaldus1269]

John 3:16 New International Version 16 For God so loved(A) the world that he gave(B) his one and only Son,(C) that whoever believes(D) in him shall not perish but have eternal life.(E) 🙏

[@joemama-xw1jh]

Definitely not the only permafrost tunnel, they exist in Russia and here in Canada. Inuit here have permafrost cellars/tunnels for food storage and the Russians in Yakutia have a huge lab with many tunnels. Good job on the research

[@alaingarcia7493]

Get better soon Dianna. The world needs the physics girl

[@NewMessage]

As a Canadian, I really dig this video.

[@knowone353]

Just remember that for the flora and fauna to become frozen in ice means that in the past there was no ice there. We're just cycling through, again. As the northern hemisphere starts to shift, it'll get much worse but we can enjoy it for a little longer. Fascinating walk though, peering back in time the deeper you go.

[@mesanders1113]

Yep the earth's climate is constantly changing.

[@fofopads4450]

Of course it changes, but we humans accelerate that change to unsustainable levels that are not gonna cycle smoothly anymore. Using that as an excuse is a pathetic enabling of stupidity and greed.

[@Gefionius]

@@fofopads4450 and you know this as fact, right? Your lack of civility is sadly the new norm.

[@knowone353]

@@fofopads4450 No, it's not an excuse. It's inevitable. How's your lifestyle going? Are you contributing to the demise? I am, you are and nearly all in a developed or developing nations are. Now I understand some people struggle to do their own research and have trouble following a trajectory but I'll do my best for you. Our way of current way of life and what it took to get here, has increased the amount of CO2 being put into the atmosphere. This is a fact. The IPCC projections, are ONLY projections, some of them are WORSE case projections. They say that if we don't do anything, we will all burn up. The thing is, 'we' are doing something, everybody is doing something. So in the coming years technology will get better, we'll all get greener and the planet will be better off. What and I can say, with absolute certainty is, the northern hemisphere will get hotter in the future and the southern will get cooler. It's a cycle that takes about 26Kyrs. Not an excuse or stupidity, just looking a little further ahead than you.

[@fillfreakin2245]

@@Gefionius Yes. Yes, it is a fact.

[@montywoodley6357]

I've been into this video for about three and a half minutes. What first come to mind. Was the fact that several thousand years ago , this permafrost was exposed to our atmosphere no telling what kind of diseases that have thawed out in maybe awoken. They should be more careful in what they do. And yes ice cubes evaporate in freezers duh.

[@carbon1255]

You can accuse the US military of a lot of things, but careful is rarely one of them.

[@jimf1964]

Rain deer herders, for example, have been using caves like this, but smaller, to keep meat cold for hundreds, if not thousands of years.

[@ajmpatriot4899]

You make science fun, like it should be! ❤️

[@blackcatnh]

When I saw the title my mind went first to volcanism. A few of them around the globe are gradually waking up after long dormancy. It would be interesting if that melted some bacteria-laden permafrost quickly like Mt. St. Helens turned its snowcap into a massive mudflow.

[@richc9503]

Very interesting! I've known for years that thawing permafrost is a major issue but I never knew about this tunnel, neat!

[@comfortablynumb9342]

Maybe a good respirator would be good down there. Breathing old mystery microbes could be really bad. I'd love to have some of that old soil to put in my garden soil, microbes are the key to organic gardening. Old ones might be great, might not. It would be interesting to try in some containers.

[@smashandburnyt6938]

Your videos made me interested in physics. Great channel.

[@stanj7223]

@u know me off-topic infantile prank

[@johncranwell3783]

Top marks for this, you always present such good interesting mini documentaries... I found it really interesting but it's smelt considering it was frozen... totally fascinating if not a wee bit eerie

[@tudormuntean3299]

0:39 "i am going to take You inside" ??????

[@wolson9]

I remember that smell well! I Was the Commander CRREL Alaska in the late 1980's and the tunnel was part of my responsibility.

[@fellknight]

It's incredible to me that you never learned about permafrost in highschool. I'm an old, and I'm >20 years graduated from HS in Canada, but we learned about it in the late 1990s. It's such an important story.

[@heartysteer8752]

Yeah, it's scary how many 'well educated' people actually know so little. At least in the 'big picture' systems way. Sure we need very specialized fields, but seems they end up as people with their heads in the sand. Wholly incapable of knowing what to do to sustain civilization.

[@honey23b2]

I’m old! Your still a spring chicken!…lol!😅 never say your old. Your just you!… please don’t use the word ‘old’ …my friend!….we’re just us! 😊

[@stanj7223]

Permafrost isn't relevant in the Southwest American Desert, so we only spent a few days on it in grade school. I have the same problem today (in Dallas) with people that emigrate here from Nepal: ZERO understanding of tornadoes since Nepal has never had one in known history. We show videos so they know they're a real and potentially deadly force here.