Pikachu's Cry in Pokémon Yellow Explained

[@RGMechEx]

A user named Intron on my Discord server mentioned to me that I should try using dithering while down-sampling the sound effect to make it sound better. I did just that and it sounds way better! You can have a listen here: cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/287031518533124096/587755536565403812/comparison.wav

[@arashikou6661]

Wow! Those last two samples *really* drive home the benefits and costs of dithering. I feel like this should be used as an educational sample about the power of dithering in downsampling.

[@badacktor]

a commonly shared and extremely great resource on digital audio comes from monty at xiph: xiph.org/video/

[@badacktor]

a commonly shared and extremely great resource on digital audio comes from monty at xiph: xiph.org/video/

[@mrflamewars]

Get Foobar2000 0.8.3 from oldversion.com, it will allow you to output loooow sample rates and bit depths with and without dithering. www.oldversion.com/windows/foobar2000/

[@TheRationalPi]

You can do even one step better. Since you have an excess sample rate of 78 kHz, you could noise shape the dithering to push some of the residual noise out of the audible band.

[@mishapp4439]

Me: *looks at Pikachu* Pikachu: *grabs megaphone* **P I K A C H U**

[@KingDuckSauce]

This needs to be fucking pinned

[@user2C47]

A megaphone that uses a switching transistor as an amplifier.

[@solidkeys]

I like your pfp

[@giovannytorres1681]

He stole Kirby's megaphone

[@bramnemeth565]

**looks at Pikachu** Pikachu: **grabs megaphone** *_SPOTLIGHT UH MOONLIGHT UH_*

[@DivisibleByWaffle]

As awful as the starter Pikachu sounds to us today, hearing Pikachu's voice come out of the Game Boy speaker was incredible to any impressionable 90's kid. Thanks for the video - it's neat to know how this all works!

[@mikekazz5353]

The feel of joy the first time hearing that and thinking, "whoa he talks, can't wait to hear Charmander, Bulbasaur or Squirtle." Then reality hits you like Mike Tyson the moment you let your guard down.

[@vinnie6197]

I wanted to hear eevee, but alas, twas not meant to be :(

[@alienxotic5028]

Yup

[@TorreFernand]

I started playing on a non-compatible 1st gen gameboy, so I just got the pokédex cry. It was only when I put it into a borrowed super gameboy color that I learned pikachu could talk ... it got old fast

[@cube2fox]

@@TorreFernand Strange that it doesn't work on an original Game Boy...

[@aidanbae6162]

I thought my ROM was fake until I realized that Pikachu’s cry was originally eardrum-bursting loud

[@oxithotten5861]

BASS BOOSTACHU

[@nootaboot7042]

Do you have a link for the rom? I’ve been looking for one for so long

[@TakaG]

@@nootaboot7042 I think emulator(dot)games has it.

[@thatonecabridog]

???

[@augustoof13]

1234567 Subs? Like, the website.

[@NotaSkeleton]

Nintendo: Plug in your headphones and play your GameBoy games in stereo! Pikachu: **inhales**

[@firebuug]

NotaSkeleton pikachu: im about to end this mans whole ear

[@soldiergaming-n4b]

🅿ℹK🅰☪🈂⛎

[@mikuenjoyerXD]

Pïkãçhù

[@annidromeda]

_p i k a - b l o w y o u r e a r d r u m s_

[@IvoryLoaf]

@@firebuug whole carear

[@JoshSweetvale]

They literally used the _volume dial_ to morse-code out a voice clip. Now that is some next-level jury-rigging.

[@Roxor128]

You can do this on the PC Speaker, too. Sounds just as horrible.

[@SuperSmashDolls]

Tim Follin and his ZX Spectrum say hi

[@thewhitefalcon8539]

EVERYTHING on these old consoles more advanced than Mario Bros 1 is like this

[@GGigabiteM]

@@Roxor128 It really doesn't. The PC speaker can be bit banged to have 8 bit audio at a varying sample rate, depending on the host CPU. While old DOS games using it for samples didn't sound great, the later Windows 3.x PC speaker driver sounded fairly good. Linux has a sound driver for the PC Speaker called SND_PCSP, and it can sound very good. I use it on some of my servers that don't have speakers to provide sound output. It all depends on the host CPU, just like in the Game Boy. A 486 isn't fast enough to bit bang audio at a decent sample rate, but when you have a modern multi-core CPU where one core can be dedicated to bit banging audio, you can get really high sample rates.

[@Roxor128]

@@GGigabiteM I think you may be talking about two different methods of sample playback with the PC Speaker. Yes, there are actually two ways to do it. Method 1 is to set up the timer chip to output a constant voltage and then toggle the speaker-enable gate on and off. Method 2 is to use the timer chip's single-shot mode with varying countdowns to implement pulse-width modulation. Method 1 is loud, but sounds terrible. Method 2 sounds way better, but is fairly quiet. Fast Tracker 2 implements both, so you can use that for comparison (and at the same sample-rate, so it's a fair one).

[@DarkonFullPower]

Nintendo: How did you make the Pikachu sound? Game Freak: *By toggling on and off a maxed out megaphone at 23301 hertz.*

[@HYP3RHyper]

LMAO

[@Eternal_Sugar_Cookie]

lol

[@austinwthompson45]

Me: (talks to Pikachu) Pikachu: (blows into mic)

[@jacobrzeszewski6527]

Then proceeds to leave push-to-talk off.

[@ShwappaJ]

PĮĶĄÇHÜÛŮ!!!

[@mizukittyakinyama]

P̃ĮƘÆÇĦÜ

[@Lumix_Corrupt]

I find it mind boggling how intricate and complex this is, just for a single sound from a game in the 90s

[@ribosomerocker]

luckily, since this is 2019, programming has became less complicated, and much better, though i plan to learn the type of assembly used in pokemon to be able to modify the games

[@djninjitsuchannel7857]

The game might be simple, but the language used surely isn't

[@mikekazz5353]

Well back then it was play these games, or hangout with the weird kid down the street that only like to play with their BB gun.

[@grn1]

Assembly code is a unique beast. The technology of the day (especially portable tech) was no near as powerful as it is today and didn't have anywhere near as many functions as modern processors do. As a result the only way to make a game was to write some form of assembly code (each system had it's own). With modern hardware it's nearly impossible to write any form of assembly code due to how complex said hardware is, how many different components are available, and the fact that a lot of the instructions (assembly code) of said hardware are intentionally obscured (so if you want to write optimized assembly code for a particular CPU or GPU you have to have an inside connection). The advantage of Assembly is that it can be more optimized for the hardware while the disadvantages are that it's harder to code with and only works with compatible hardware. Some instruction sets are common but many are not. Assembly is technically the second lowest language (it's as close to directly communicating with hardware as it gets without actually communicating directly with the hardware). Most modern code is written in higher level languages which then communicate with lower level languages which then communicate with the hardware. As a result higher level languages are easier to use and are more hardware agnostic while being less efficient/optimized for particular hardware.

[@xyzzy-dv6te]

@@grn1 uhhh... you can make a program with assembly on modern hardware, but you will have to use system calls all the time (which aren't in assembly)

[@DJBSharpMusic]

>Watching casually >EARRAPE "PIKA" >Me, bleeding from the ears: "sounds great!"

[@GapedCeiling]

it was at that moment i realized where my desensitization to loud ear rape came from

[@underbelieved]

I knew someone was gonna comment about this.

[@CodeParade]

Some optimizations: Instead of 'LD ($FF1C),A', you can pre-load HL with the address and do 'LD (HL),A' (saves 4 cycles) Likewise, the $C0 can be stored in a register (maybe 'e') to do 'AND E' (saves 3 cycles) At the end 'JP NC,.loop' is actually faster than 'JR NC,.loop' when jumping (saves 2 cycles) There may be more, but those come to mind right away ;)

[@Gameboygenius]

HL is already being used for the data source, so you'd need to use one of the other pointers. Or even better, the GB CPU's C register pointer instruction. Jp is not faster than jr, because the GB CPU is not a Z80 and thus has different timings. I invite you to look at the gist linked below for my best attempt at optimizing the routine. gist.github.com/nitro2k01/e45e47f8469009b8a43ad5e48d951442

[@CodeParade]

Ah, that's interesting! I always assumed it was z80 since it used the same instruction set, I didn't see any differences from the video other than some timings. Thanks for the info, and your routine looks very optimal!

[@runer112]

​@@Gameboygenius Great job, I really enjoyed reading through your optimization. It really got me interested in the challenge and got the gears turning in my head... I left a comment on your gist with my results. I think you'll like them!

[@RoastCDuck]

Hard to find comments like this, everything is reddit this days. Even if I don't understand what assembler code does lol.

[@PrimoHidrux]

I like how CodeParade has a comment here, Retro Game Mechanics Explained subbed.

[@siaowun9418]

Gamefreak: Put this audio file into the game. Programmers:

[@richardnoggin1526]

I sadly know where exactly were you got you pfp.

[@Atzu0110]

@@richardnoggin1526 Where is it from?

[@jackalopegaming4948]

Programmers: *surprised Pikachu face*

[@sylvierose2799]

@@Atzu0110 X-Mantis, I belive

[@PixelBytesPixelArtist]

“I’m not getting paid enough for this shit”

[@whynotanyting]

"So we can make this sound good" "Have you ever flipped a switch really fast though?"

[@Vykori]

14:03 I've never heard someone pronounce "compromise" like that... this video is super cool though. I understood and enjoyed learning about this :D

[@RGMechEx]

Apparently I'm the only one who has ever pronounced it like that. I can't figure out how or where I learned it that way, and no one has called me out on it until now!

[@InsaneFirebat]

It's really easy to read it that way, but saying it just sounds so wrong to me.

[@staglomagnifico5711]

Don't you know all the COOL people pronounce it that way? (starting now)

[@InfoManiac742]

I mean, it has the word "promise" in it, and a compromise is sort of like a promise between two parties to give up certain things, so it makes sense.

[@creature_of_fur]

I guess thats some sorta dialect?

[@Bismuth9]

Incredible editing, as usual

[@isolasion424]

the saying that this comment has no reply is a lie

[@dasutanehineri]

"So let's go look at the..--" *"SCREAMS"* "...unique sound effects"

[@CapemanProducti0ns]

Pikachu's voice actress: "Pika" 90's Programmers: Ok, this may take... Pikachu's voice actress: "Pika Pika!" 90's Programmers: See you in a month.

[@skinwalker69420]

I knew Pikachu was voice acted by a girl!

[@Vladimir_Kv]

@@skinwalker69420 _"These voiceovers were done by Ikue Ohtani, the actress who played Pikachu in the Japanese version of the Pokémon anime."_ The Cutting Room Floor wiki.

[@TheSonicFan4]

@@skinwalker69420 yeah, so did everyone else.

[@evknucklehead]

@@Vladimir_Kv Odd that the entry on that page implies that the American version uses someone else's voice. (For anyone reading this who didn't know, the Japanese voice for Pikachu is also used in the American version, unlike the majority of the other voices in the series.)

[@GODOFAWSOMENESS1]

Otacon464 makes sense why spend the money to get brand new voice actors when they would be saying the exact same thing when you can just use the samples you have.

[@martenwulf]

Pikachu: *PIKA* RGM: "Unique" sound effects.

[@LaskyLabs]

Don't play Pokémon yellow with headphones. *P I K A*

[@grn1]

Don't play any gen 1 game with headphones (enemy Pokemon used screech; it's super effective).

[@Pandalka]

too late for me 😂 "Oh yeah, I have a Pikach-" " *PIKAAAA!!!!!!!!!!* "

[@rabbit0664]

@@grn1 Oh boy the zubat.

[@grn1]

@@rabbit0664 My ears just bleed thinking about it.

[@acemortesubita]

(megaphone) *P I K A C H U!*

[@B3Rand0m]

Anyone notice the "pikachu" from 1:29 was actually from smash 64? I played smash way too many times not to know that lol

[@hetsmiecht1029]

I noticed yeah. Is that the sound of his neutral B?

[@bait_0154]

@@hetsmiecht1029 yes

[@tobyy89]

Same

[@NXeta]

0:16 holy shit i jumped out of my seat

[@lv4c863]

Same, scared the shit out of me

[@toshibatoshamara]

Hahaha pussy, im hiding in a clock

[@lv4c863]

Mr _Quilava Wtf

[@m_jaded]

The visuals on your videos are amazing, as always. Even though I know nothing about audio, you make it very entertaining to follow along.

[@meithecatte8492]

Fun fact: you can get an even better sample size if you keep all the channels at constant values (doable with a low enough frequency setting and channel restarts every once in a while) and then just enable and disable the channels with the NR51 register. As a side effect, this will give you stereo sound when headphones are plugged in.

[@amapola629]

Hello :) Didn't expect to see you there

[@BMB]

pikachu sounds like he's talking through a csgo player's webcam mic

[@Roxor128]

A more accurate comparison would be getting speech out of the PC Speaker back in the day. It uses a very similar method.

[@cheeseeits]

from "pikachu" to *"P I K A C H U"*

[@Nuclei_Breaddo4]

*P̴̘̤̯͙͐̔̍͊̑̏́̌̇̎̓̀͘ I̸̡̛̳͌̉͋͐͒̍ K̶̨̧̧̰̲̉̆ Ą̵̘̥͉̘͖̱̥̺̿̀̈̒̂̅̀̅̈́̓̏͊͘͝ ️Ĉ̵̢̢̱̞̻̣͕͈̱̥̤̳͉ Ḩ̶̳̣̮̻̪̜͍̹̭͓͍̳̼̈́̅́̄̍̀͐́̊̽͌̊̂͂͠͝͝ U̴̡̥̱̫͕̞̐͂͒̑̽̋̐͊̈́͗̚*

[@RazoredBlade]

I'm glad you tackled this topic as i was burning to know for a while how it was done. While i didn't understood half of the video, i understood enough to get an idea of what had to be done, so thanks for that!

[@YokiDokiPanic]

Me, watching this and pretending to myself that I know what any of this means: "Ah, yes, yes. I see..."

[@waferae]

SAME, then there's these smart af people who even simplify it but I still can't understand 😭

[@gavinmitchell3709]

@mintswiss There's a lot to learn, but it can be learned by anybody. Here's the very simplest of the basics (this is assuming you don't know what assembly is, if you know then that's enough to understand maybe?) Two sides: Software and Hardware. Software is the games that run and the things that happen on the screen and inside the console. Hardware is the physical electronics that link stuff together for the CPU. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) basically is a speghetti mess of metal wires so complex and tiny that you can't even see them without a very powerful microscope. It basically runs a loop around it, asking the code what to do after every loop. This is a cycle, and the time it takes for every cycle is it's clock speed. 5 hertz (1Hz) = 5 cycles per second (I'll just say cps), 5 Kilohertz (5KHz) = 5,000cps, 5 Megahertz (5MHz) = 5,000,000cps, 5 Gigahertz (5GHz) = 5,000,000,000cps, and so on. Assembly is the CPU's language. Each line of it is called an instruction, basically a word in it's dictionary. Each model of CPU has its own dictionary to suit it's needs, an instruction set. The storage holds data, ones and zeroes, wether it be code or graphics or anything else. The RAM (Random Access Memory) is a quick-access storage that's much faster then regular storage. Once it loses power, it loses all information, so it is only used for temporary stuff. Each instruction tells the CPU to direct Hardware in a certain way. Examples translated from assembly: "move the stuff from A to B" or "Write the number 10 at C", etc. Data can be sent to different modules, such as sound chips or screens. Once it is sent, it is managed by that chip for its own uses. Translated from Assembly, "take the stuff from D and E in the RAM and send it to the display". If you put things in order, you can do stuff like this (translated): Read everything in storage from A - Z (this should be graphics for a smiley face) Copy that data to the RAM at the same location (A - Z). Send A - Z from the RAM to the display Keep sending it in a loop (to ensure it stays on the screen instead of appearing and immediately disappearing). Smily face! He takes whole chunks of code and simplifies it, so you would just see letters and such and he'll say it puts a smiley face on the screen. This is the very basics, and rewatching the video when you know this helps things fit together. But if this is entirely new to you, wrapping your head around would be difficult for anyone. Don't be afraid to pause the video for a second to understand things, if you rewatch it. Please, for anyone who knows this in a little bit more depth for this specific hardware (or if I'm just plain incorrect), correct me if I'm wrong. I'm still learning too.

[@qwertyuiop.lkjhgfdsa]

All i understand is that it changes the volume a lot and taht makes the sound I think

[@JonathanChancey]

Amazing style of presentation and explanations!

[@AltName7]

That alternating between mute and not mute system is genius, what a creative way to get around that obstacle.

[@vuurniacsquarewave5091]

It is perfectly possible to faithfully recreate any sound this way if you have a high-enough sampling rate. At that point you can literally drive the voltage up and down faster than the voltage can leap from one extreme to the other, so the exact level can be driven as you please.

[@paulus2saa]

Honestly, I haven't understood anything of this. But I love it.

[@PsychoDiesel48]

Same XD

[@alienxotic5028]

Same

[@gabishgab9150]

Same here to be honest

[@ВіталійЧумаченко-о4ъ]

Same

[@philhuntsman7588]

Same

[@HalfDuck]

Junichi Masuda has a short blog post explaining how he programmed the Pikachu samples into the game, nowhere near as detailed as this though :p

[@PaplooTheEwok]

If anyone was curious to see the blog post, here are Internet Archive links to both the English and Japanese versions (the blog post is technically still live on the current site, but the image links are dead). There really isn't much detail, but it's still interesting to see that he mentioned it: web.archive.org/web/20080302154250/www.gamefreak.co.jp/blog/dir_english/ web.archive.org/web/20080314112247/www.gamefreak.co.jp/blog/dir/

[@williamfalls]

Me: "Ah, so this video will explain what makes Pikachu feel certain ways." *clicks* Video: *literally explains their sound* Me: *surprised-Pikachu.jpg*

[@meta04]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/pqmydmdqpJibptE

[@maxalmonte14]

Same LOL.

[@pokepress]

Would be interesting to see a ROM hack that made use of this to improve the sound in the game.

[@jarlfenrir]

Guess if someone does the sound in that way, there won't be any room left for actual game on cartridge ;)

[@grn1]

@@jarlfenrir Indeed though depending on the emulation method it may not matter. Most emulators I've used support oversize roms.

[@jarlfenrir]

@@grn1 If that's the case... than we just have to wait till someone actually does this ;)

[@Rutious4]

A more realistic option would be to increased the bit depth to 2 and divide the sample rate by 2 (rework the assembly so that it takes 360 cycles between samples instead of 180). I'm almost certain that 2bit depth at 11.5 KHz sample rate would sound way better than 1bit depth at 23KHz. And it would keep the ROM size basically the same (except a few more bytes for assembly modification).

[@FredrIQ]

The only additional optimization I saw was a rather trivial one: Since after AND $c0, carry is always 0, you can replace SRL A (8 cycles) with RRA (4 cycles). I've done plenty of tinkering with the Pokémon Crystal code for a romhack, so I'm somewhat familiar with the Game Boy CPU.

[@jimmyjohnjoejr]

What's your hack about? You uploading a patch anywhere? I have huge respect for you guys fiddling around with old hardware and working with all the limitations it has.

[@FredrIQ]

@@jimmyjohnjoejr I contribute to Polished Crystal, mostly focusing on its battle engine (new held items, move effects, Abilities, etc) but also worked on porting Prism's code and size optimizations adapting it to work (removing menu lag, 60fps OW, etc), as well as some minor tweaks on my own (such as being able to handle arbitrary OW sprites without forcing things like gatehouses to reload what sprites are available to use)

[@zenthichutt7071]

I definitely totally understood all of this and can definitely contribute more to this topic

[@CambriaBold]

The April 2020 Nintendo leak revealed that they were actually planning to have most if not the entire Kanto Pokedex using their anime cries in Pokemon Yellow. 74 out of the 151 Pokemon in the game had their cries from the Japanese anime found in the leaked source code. They sounded utterly horrific, which probably explains why they opted not to go forward with it.

[@Macintoshiba]

"How much gain do you want with your Pikachu cry?" "Yes."

[@GapedCeiling]

nobody: Audio engineers: YALL EVER HEARD ABOUT BIT- DEPTH?

[@olipolygon]

can confirm, we say this all the time during studio sessions

[@deepcitrus7023]

@@olipolygon no but seriously never ask an audio engineer anything about their craft because we'll hold you in that conversation til your last breath all while speaking what sounds like a foreign language with phrases that sound like words, such as "bit-depth, wavetable, & compression"

[@TangerineTux]

@@deepcitrus7023 And “Nyquist frequency” and “harmonic distorsion” and “quantization noise”

[@yawg691]

You seriously have one of the best channels on all of youtube. Thank you for all of your videos and the large volume of effort you place into each one.

[@reanimationxp]

came here to say this.

[@vaendryl]

com promise? lol good job once again dude :D

[@cullensaquarium]

Same. thought i was going mad when I thought he said that

[@wanderingrandomer]

That is the first time I've ever heard anyone prononce it like that

[@jfb-]

The pokemon yellow ACE TAS uses some cool tricks (i think it writes to the wave form data and changes the volume) to get an impressively high quality clip of Staying Alive from Portal. Since it's a TAS, space isn't an issue as it can just be input from the controller.

[@scoutchorton]

jfb-1337 you should totally link a video to that run. I'd love to hear that.

[@jfb-]

@@scoutchorton kzbin.info/www/bejne/jJvQaYNuqtmHa8k

[@danielharding3688]

Source?

[@vaendryl]

omg what have you done. if rgmechex gets sucked into the nitty gritty of that TAS we won't hear from in again in a year

[@moth.monster]

Did they every console verify that one?

[@josephlucas.44]

Bro, as a longtime Pokemon fan and a sound engineer, this blew my mind

[@youtubeii434]

There's a point where i completely lost it but i still loved it. It makes me appreciate the work that went into these

[@megatrix500]

4:36 When you play every other sample it's like reducing the bitrate of the sample instead of the bit depth, and sometimes when making music or designing sounds you can use an effect made to do that, called a Bitcrusher. Usually it also allows for bit depth reduction too but bitrate reduction has a more unique sound. You can couple it with a pitch-changing simple wave like a sine or triangle and it produces a soft dubstep-like growl.

[@Sonicgott]

Programming is an art form, and this proves that.

[@mario_9431]

agreed

[@thenthson]

Respect +1

[@Doritomurderer]

making games was hard and continues to be hard!

[@kirin1230]

Gen 1 is such an interesting art. It's awful and broken, but for the time and budget, it's pretty incredible what they were able to do.

[@thenickstrikebetter]

An art that breaks your ears

[@BalsticMaker12]

Absolute madman. Can you check how the voice acting is programmed in the Tokimeki Memorial Pocket games? The samples are quite good for Game Boy.

[@user-rb8wt6xg3f]

I don't understand a word of this, but your voice is very relaxing and I loved listening to the whole thing. It's really amazing.

[@karentookthekids1032]

me: having insomnia KZbin: 20 minute video on Pikachu's cry Me: yes

[@DevEd_]

It's worth noting that there are a couple other ways to get samples out of a Game Boy that weren't discussed in this video. For example, by writing the wave on a timer interrupt you can get really good sounding samples. This method was used in quite a few Game Boy Color games. The main downside is that the samples take up a lot of ROM space when using this method. By the way, please do a video on Gen 2 cries kthx

[@mb2776]

Can u name a few games which used that method u described?

[@DevEd_]

@@mb2776 Off the top of my head there's Cannon Fodder, the Austin Powers games, The Muppets, a couple games that used the MusyX sound driver (Wendy: Every Witch Way and Sabrina the Animated Series: Spooked! come to mind), and a few others that I'm probably forgetting. IIRC Little Sound DJ uses the same method along with software mixing in order to allow for two sample channels.

[@729MendicantTide]

I've recreated a couple through the web app using data from a Crystal disassembly. edit: An addendum for the differences between gen1 and gen2: * 30 more cry bases in gen 2 * Pitch and length shift is now a signed 12 bit integer rather than an unsigned 8 bit integer. This allows for negative pitch shift. * New commands for sound generation, e.g. a jump_channel command which seems to jump to another section of the ROM with cry data, but resets pitch transform (I've been trying to get on the discord to discuss this, but the link is down as of this writing)

[@PlantedWave5190]

Fun Fact: Pikachu's voice in Pokémon Yellow was provided by Ikue Otani.

[@audiohacked]

I love how in-depth you go into these topics! Keep up the amazing work!

[@enojelly9452]

This is not criticism, I am in awe of your videos and learned many interesting things in all of them, I just attempt to give back a little: 1) In the beginning, when you throw every second (or more) sample away, the weird artifacts you are hearing are because of aliasing. When you throw every nth sample away (this is called decimation) you divide the maximum frequency in the sound by n, e.g. with n=2 you can only represent half the frequencies (so, less treble). But simply decimating does not get rid of the higher frequency content you‘ve thrown away, instead it gets *reflected* back into the lower frequency spectrum, hence the additional weird sound. You can avoid that by lo-pass filtering the sound before decimation: If there is no high frequency content, there is nothing to reflect. 2) For somewhat related reasons, the insanely high sample rate at the end is not necessarily doing you a favor. Here’s the thing: The human ear can hear around 20kHz at maximum, usually much less. A ~70kHz sample rate gives you ~35kHz bandwidth. But does it matter if you can’t hear those frequencies? In theory not, in practice it often does: Due to nonlinearities in your audio chain, you often end up reflecting products of those inaudible frequencies back into the audible part of the spectrum. (This is also why “fancy audiophile” 96kHz/192kHz HiFi equipment can end up performing *worse*). 3) Speaking of non-linearities: The non-linear volume steps can be a big problem if you didn’t process the audio so that the volume level from the original sound does not get shifted up by that uneven step for the affected samples. Even with a ~40kHz sample rate, this non-linearity will cause very substantial intermodulation distortion, which simplified means that two tones will combine together to form additional unwanted tones (remember that any audio signal whatsoever is just a sum of-often very many-sinusoidal tones, so this affects all audio in weird ways). It will also cause or exacerbate the problem mentioned in 2)! 4) Sample rate will always affect what frequencies can be played, i.e. how much treble your sound has, and the highest frequency playable is simply the sample rate divided by 2. Again you need to filter to get rid of anything above that, or it will end up as aliasing. Bit depth on the other hand, assuming no non-linearities for now, on the other hand will simply add “quantization noise”, which literally makes it sound noisier the fewer bits you have. Any *distortion* however is the result of non-linearities. 5) You can trade sample rate against bit rate by playing with lower bit depth but (much) higher sample rate, and then filter out every frequency you’re not interested in (e.g. anything until, say, 14kHz), which has the fun additional property that it will actually filter some quantization noise away as well: The quantization noise is spread across the whole oversampled spectrum and your filtering afterwards gets rid of the portion in the inaudible/unwanted spectrum. However, you really need a lot higher sampling rate. So called 1-bit/Delta-Sigma ADCs (someone also mentioned SACD which does that) are related: They literally have a 1-bit depth as well but much higher sample rate than the original signal’s spectrum. But there’s much more to Delta-Sigma (namely a feedback loop which you cannot implement here), otherwise you cannot recover significant bit depth unless you have insane and unpractical sample rates. Still, if the Game Boy can really play back at hundreds of kHz (not nearly enough for good audio, but we’re just having fun here), maybe worth a try? It all depends on the filtering that happens after sample output on the Game Boy on what happens.

[@blara2401]

This is a very interesting engineer, and I thank you very much for it. How do these "reflections" from high to low frequency happen with sample rate reduction and decimation, however ?

[@PrimoHidrux]

I hear these types of conversation often in the audio realm, never thought they'd be applied to GameBoy.

[@BruhMoment71777]

Bababooey

[@dll9900]

The best channel I've found since years.

[@ElNeroDiablo]

Man, that was rather beautiful improvement on Pikachu's call, by cutting down on cycles spent waiting for code to be called, ran and dropped (before calling again). Sure technically you're duplicating code written as needed to perform (as it USED to be done, writing code in sequence, before you could add calls to code elsewhere), but it making for faster code and a cleaner output was beautiful.

[@InsaneFirebat]

Great video! It's amazing how much thought has to go into designing something like this. We take so much for granted. Thank you for shining some light on it.

[@FengXingFengXing]

One bit volume control sound is method from Apple 2 computers late 1970s and early 1980s. I also think about use dither diffusion method when you show black/white picture because method is very common for change bit depth for picture. Love assembly and reverse engineer code. Gameboy code look almost like z80 CPU. Like learn how Capcom System 1 do their sounds and instruments.

[@randomnerd4600]

downgraded z80/upgraded 8080... im pretty sure its upgraded 8080 with z80 opcodes

[@nil8659]

z80? sega genesis time?

[@enderjed2523]

Pulse width modulation is a crude DAC, but it’s better than nothing.

[@linktheplayer3]

I love pikachu and I can't wait to play Pokemon yellow! Pikachu: PPIIKKAACCHHUU

[@Dryon1196]

Couldn't keep up entirely in the assembly explanations part, but as always your job is incredible and extremely well done. Without all your slides, examples and your curiosity for going in-depth, a bunch of people like me wouldn't be able to even barely imagine how it all works in the end. I sincerely hope you'll keep this passion in your future works whatever they might be.

[@Cyber_Cheese]

Man when I saw 20 minutes I was confused af, but that was outstanding dude

[@skarmux1944]

Masterful editing. I was able to follow the assembly code and mechanics without pausing the video. You got my subscription for sure, sir.

[@kquote03]

20:40 Dang ! You missed the PERFECT Segway to a skillshare ad

[@juliewinchester1488]

Maybe they aren't sponsoring them.

[@markkoetsier6475]

Segway

[@tommyvercetti1481]

You've been watching too much *LINUS TECH TIPS*

[@AURORAFIELDS]

This throws me back to when MarkeyJester was developing Dual PCM. The amount of crazy insane Z80 code to run two-channel sample-based sound driver for Mega Drive... That thing was insane to watch, like so much work just to save 2 cycles to push the sample rate nearer 16khz... That I think is still the most technically amazing software written for the Z80 ever.

[@exVariaa]

2:33 what the teacher uses. 2:57 what the teacher gives you.

[@pausmth]

My god, I honestly think you are one of my favorite youtubers/content creators. Once I have a steady source of income I'm certainly sending some your way. Keep up the awesome work! And damn the visuals you make for both this and the snes series are incredible!

[@Michirin9801]

Now THIS is what I've been wanting to know about Gen 1 Pokemon!

[@ashkirby8896]

Michirin9801 Hi MIch!😄

[@ollllj]

3:04 "Obra Dinn, hold my beer"

[@adam0777T]

Absolutely fantastic video yet again. Love these. Keep them coming!!!

[@abeltrame0000]

7:39 "Things are about to get complicated..." me, who has hardly understood anything up to this point: "Ahh, this brings me back to physics in high school!"

[@DlolFace]

I was today years old that Pokemon is a shortened version of pocket monster

[@MaxOakland]

Holy crap! You are such a genius. This was an amazing technique by the original gameboy crew and you made it significantly better. Amazing video

[@crowmigration8245]

At about 5:00 my eyes glazed over. 7:43 "This is about to get pretty complicated" OH THAT WAS THE EASY PART BEFORE. I still enjoy these videos though.

[@crimson3362]

i’m a music producer and i don’t even understand half this shit

[@penapower894]

@@crimson3362 Probaly because of bits things

[@do3807]

I watch these things, learn nothing (except a few random factoids), but have fun.

[@cereal7591]

At that moment I was like "nah, don't worry, I wasn't planning on understanding anyway. Just stopped for nostalgic curiosity"

[@RiVaLBrite]

Damn my computer architecture course came in handy for understanding the assembly language and code optimization. Well done sir.

[@amyshaw893]

making a computer in minecraft has trained me in the art of assembly code =D

[@fantoast6932]

Weird flex

[@tuxedobird]

but okay.

[@kjl3080]

how long did laying out the ALU and memory take

[@amyshaw893]

@@kjl3080 I cloned a lot of the memory, so once I had a working module it wasn't too bad. The ALU was pretty complicated, however in the version I made, it was a pretty simple ALU, so it wasn't incredibly complicated. I'm kinda working on a new version that will have more operations though

[@kjl3080]

@@amyshaw893 wow thats a long project

[@Nikku4211]

Little Nicky and Cannon Fodder probably do the circular buffer method, using a low sample rate by using a low wave pitch, and then making extremely slight pauses to update the waveform. When this is done, a minor buzzing sound is created, which is definitely the case with Little Nicky and Cannon Fodder.

[@innerface.]

A video based on the differences between the GBA and SNES sound chips would be cool. The GBA chip seems so much stronger, but all of the Super Mario Advance games had heavily “compressed” sounding music. So the benefits/detriments to either would be an interesting topic I think

[@RicardoAssafTheCountryballFan]

Me: *plays Pokémon Yellow in an emulator with headphones* Pikachu: *It's time to kickass and chew bubblegum and I'm all out of gum*

[@opalpersonal]

Even back in the day, this stuff was so dang complicated... it amazes me how advanced all this coding and programming was just to make a voice come out of a machine.

[@WitchLunaEstrella]

You have a very relaxing voice, great for just chilling out with some interesting stuff like this. :)

[@jabrown]

I noticed that too!

[@BrunoValads]

ASM improvements are very welcome in the games you work with, I really enjoy seeing and understanding the possibilities

[@TinyDeskEngineer]

Player looking at pikachu: don't do it Pikachu: P I K A C H U

[@gmr_redpanda8675]

Pokemon company: * makes pokemon yellow pikachu cry and tests it out * Also pokemon company: its music to my ears

[@GoAwayStupidAI]

As soon as you mentioned the volume had 4 levels I wanted you to explore what that sounded like. You did and it was awesome. Thanks!

[@DessertMonkey]

"PIKA!!!" My wireless headset legit died as soon as that happened lol

[@paranthesisism]

"man i can't wait to play the new copy of pokemon yellow i got for christmas!" "P̴̨̤̻̩̭̔̋̌̾̐͘͝͝͠I̵͉̰͖̦̯͎̼̗̟̓́̌́̽̌̆̀́̉͌̍͊ͅK̵̨̡̨̰͓̜̼̼͇̪̀͒͐̌̌̎̄̽̀̚͠Ä̶̻̜̥̇̌̌͌̉̃̓̒͗̃̉̕͝C̴̙̮͂̾̒̈́̈́̅̾̃͐̃̾Ḩ̵̥̣̭̠͖̰͈̥̱̄̅́̚͜͝U̸̼̰̳̎̈́̂̐̑̿̔͌̈́́̕͜͝"

[@thesamplemotion]

Another great video that I could barely follow along with but understood anyway :) Nice work!

[@Soundole]

This is one of the most virtuosic things you've done. Utterly enthralling. Great stuff mate!

[@ThinDi3sel]

This is such a great explanation! Subbed.

[@kat4-tv]

“So lets take a look at the..” **PIKA** “... unique sound affect for the players starter Pokémon.”

[@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7]

I'm thinking, someone could think up some sort of algorithm to identify the best possible shape pattern to upload into the wave channel for the chosen sound effect (instead of just FF) to achieve a virtual bitdepth that way. That way it doesn't sound like it's overdriving to hell and back. Think the waveform shape setting in an additive synthesizer like Harmor in FL Studio, and you could be modulating with volume and pitch, instead of just volume to get the sound. This would sacrifice samplerate, definitely, but since we were overkill anyway, the percieved quality could still be much higher.

[@DevEd_]

Such a method could theoretically be used to get decent speech synthesis out of a Game Boy. I've considered trying something like this, but I have no idea how to approach such a system at the moment. EDIT: Some additional thoughts for using such a system for samples: While the ROM space usage would be very small with this method, it would result in a very synthetic sound, similar to Impossible Mission on C64. Like I said, it's far more suitable for speech synthesis, which is going to sound synthetic anyway.

[@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7]

@@DevEd_ Speech synthesis is a much more complex thing to consider doing. First try getting good wave sound XD

[@DevEd_]

@@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7 Way ahead of you :P github.com/DevEd2/SamplePlayer/ NOTE: Make sure you run the included ROM in mono Game Boy mode, otherwise, the samples will sound distorted. Also, this doesn't use the method you suggested, it's basically a .WAV player.

[@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7]

@@DevEd_ Alrighty then.

[@kjl3080]

@@DevEd_ if anyone sees this comment tag me, this will serve as a random duration self notification for me to check this out

[@netherwaves]

not only is this video extremely insightful, informative and well-researched, it's also amazingly edited. kudos for your work! :)

[@robin9793]

Those pikachu sound effects are low key jumpscares

[@ashurakusanaga5917]

I followed along thanks to your explanation - you're really good at explaining complicated things in a way that's understandable. Granted, I didn't understand absolutely everything, but I what I did understand was your Assembly code's efficiency.

[@TheGag96]

18:40: "When you add 0xFF to any value that isn't 0, the carry value in the F register is set." Wouldn't this happen in any case that A+B exceeded 255? Not just if one value was 0xFF?

[@DannyE33]

Yes, but given that we don't know what the exact value of register A is going to be (except that we know it will not be 0) then the only way to get the guarantee of the carry flag is if register B is 0xFF

[@DannyE33]

Plus, the value of register B is going to be some reasonably sized number that is being decremented. Eventually it will be decremented to 0, then it will immediately be decremented to 0xFF, so it works out very conveniently

[@jabrown]

AMAZING. I understood next to nothing of the assembly language, but I thought the stuff with the audio was fantastic. A thoroughly interesting video.

[@PrinceSnivy24]

This is amazing! Thank you so much for this information! It’s music to my ears and both the original and improved cries brings tears of joy! :’)

[@marisanya]

This man seriously just went "fuck it, I'm making you learn assembly" when making this video

[@PixelBrushArt]

~5:35 “Modualtion” I have spotted a typo.

[@Mainimi]

As a computer engineer, this was really interesting to watch (I like assembly, most of my work as of now has been in microcontrollers where it's vital to know some of it at the very least). And then reading the comment section really made me feel like that scene with Professor Frink at the Kindergarten: "You won't enjoy it on as many levels as I do!". It would be cool if this gets some people interested in reading about assembly. Really good video, gonna subscribe to check the rest of your content!

[@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7]

4:50 Today I learned how one of FL Studio's Effector effects is achieved.

[@Audiojack_]

You can find more information on that by searching for "bit crushing", personally I prefer the oldschool freeware VST called CMT Bitcrusher.

[@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7]

@@Audiojack_ this is not bitcrushing though. Bitcrushing is just compressing a stream into lower bitdepths IIRC Unless I'm wrong, or there's more than one kind of bitcrusher.

[@Audiojack_]

@@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7 Usually you would combine bit-depth lowering and downsampling to get that kind of a squeaky lo-fi sound.

[@3lH4ck3rC0mf0r7]

@@Audiojack_ Oh, so just throw everything in. Cool.

[@sharkofjoy]

I really enjoy these videos, thanks for making them! I love learning how resource-limited games on old systems managed to do what they did!

[@pharaohatem5832]

I love how Eevee actually sounds like the anime too