Pneumonia (Etiology & Risk Factors)

Рет қаралды 347

Ай бұрын

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Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative agent in adults
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae often causes milder cases, especially in younger patients
• Risk factors include advanced age, chronic diseases, smoking, and alcohol abuse
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
• Develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission
• Gram-negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are common pathogens
• Risk factors include prolonged hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and recent antibiotic use
Aspiration Pneumonia
• Results from inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents
• Mixed anaerobic bacteria and enteric gram-negative bacilli are common pathogens
• Risk factors include impaired consciousness, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease
Pneumonia in Specific Populations
• Alcoholic and diabetic patients are susceptible to Klebsiella pneumoniae infections
• HIV patients with CD4 counts below 200 cells/μL are at risk for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
• Neonates are vulnerable to Group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli infections
Pneumonia in Chronic Respiratory Conditions
• COPD and bronchiectasis patients are prone to Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis infections
• Impaired mucociliary clearance and frequent exacerbations increase pneumonia risk
Post-Influenza Pneumonia
• Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA, is a significant concern after influenza infection
• Influenza-induced epithelial damage creates a favorable environment for bacterial invasion
Clinical Approach to Pneumonia
• Consider patient history, comorbidities, and environmental exposures for diagnosis
• Tailor empiric antibiotic therapy based on likely pathogens and risk factors
• Implement targeted preventive strategies, including vaccination and infection control measures