Predicting Supernovae, The Truth About Binary Stars, Creating a Pet Black Hole | Q&A 234

[@fizzmaister]

Since neutrinos are a little bit slower than light, but they get a headstart in supernovae while light is trapped inside, how far away is the crossover point where light retakes the lead?

[@Smo1k]

Depends of the size of the star: The longer the actual collapse-to-nova phase takes, the more neutrinoes are sent out and the more of a headstart the first ones have.

[@petevenuti7355]

Got me thinking cosmic neutrino background

[@918_xDx]

And is it possible to detect the neutrinos with enough time to point JWST in the right direction?

[@Smo1k]

@@918_xDx That would depend on the gap between the neutrinoes and the light-front. Without actually looking into it in earnest, my hunch is that if the gap is big enough, it would mean that the nova would need to be close enough for Earth-based observatories, and quite possibly close enough for it to be bad news.

[@cacogenicist]

​@@Smo1k- I _think_ I've heard it said that we would have time to point telescopes at Betelgeuse

[@BabyMakR]

46:17 A few nights ago here in Australia our whole town lost power at about 2AM due to a fault in one of the HV towers. I woke up because I use a CPAP machine so woke up choking. I went outside to see if it was just us or the neighbours as well and was amazed by the stars. I've been to very dark places, far from light pollution to look at stars before, and this was like that. It was, honestly disorientating because I wasn't prepared for it. I was having trouble finding familiar constellations because of the cacophony. And is was a new moon (or near enough) to boot. I spent a couple of hours outside just looking until the power started coming back on and I was quite sad that it was over, to the point that I'm starting to plan a trip out west to one of the dark places to see it again.

[@KepleroGT]

Australia is probably the best place to do that, just a few hours away in a car. In Europe you'd have to travel to Sweden or the highest peaks of the Alps

[@vonries]

I can't remember the last time I saw the Milky Way. I used to see it all the time when I was a kid 60 years ago.

[@mjmeans7983]

Question: Many counties or cities near major observatories have already enacted regulations to address light pollution by changing streetlights to ones that produce less light pollution or ones that are very easy to narrow band filter out. But there is still lots of light pollution along highways from vehicles. Which vehicle headlights are worse for light polution with respect to astronomy that perhaps states or the federal government may need regulate? Old replaceable incandescent bulbs which tend to be not as bright but have a fairly broad warm spectrum, or LED headlights which have a very bright blue/white spectrum?

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Or there's halogens bulbs for headlights, too. And there's everything from blue through green to yellow as far as the color feel of the headlights, too. 😊

[@dancingwiththedogsdj]

Woo hoo! Looks like a great show ahead! Thank you for all you do! 🍻🌎❤️🎶🕺🏻

[@mickmacy6161]

Remus- Hell yeah! Work hard. Set goals. Maintain integrity. Show up, pay attention, & participate. Become the Expert in your area of your field.

[@101virtualtours]

In Berlin the city lights since 2002 when I was there for some years, had shields the bigger lights over keeping the light pollution down. Its part of their 30% green space initiative. Now I am in the middle of Vancouver Island and its prasine viewing. Actually south in Victoria I visit the observatory every couple years when they have a special reservations (mainly due to parking) for free.

[@aurtisanminer2827]

38:00. I love Mick West’s breakdowns. He makes the conclusions seem so obvious!

[@charleslivingston2256]

Janus. The idea of a comet passing through the atmosphere is kind of cool. Whether any bacteria could survive (if they don't get dropped off within a few years) doesn't seem very likely though

[@DrDeuteron]

Only the outside gets hot, and that material is ablated

[@charleslivingston2256]

@@DrDeuteron I meant survive interstellar space (in the "get a kick from the fly by to escape velocity from the Sun"). That's a long time to be frozen and subject to cosmic rays.

[@davidshelton1898]

​​​@@charleslivingston2256not a lot of rock is needed to effectively stop all particles from having a reasonable probability of passing through and damaging any underlying structure. Following that, the main idea being that if a structure could survive being frozen and reviving (extremophiles), they would, over time, naturally fill the cosmos on space rocks. At what stage and how long for that kind of saturation...who knows. More to the story, a critical link being the abalating being a critical mechanism for those rocks to protect their inhabitants for "seeding". If they could not land and revive, they couldn't saturate the universe.

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

​@@DrDeuteronthere are areas on comets, just like on asteroids, that are never touched by the sun, and so never ablated by its heat.

[@charleslivingston2256]

@@davidshelton1898 I think that applies to rocks that are ejected from an impact. Those are hard to be ejected from the system though. A comet from the Oort cloud passing through the atmosphere could pick up some life and could get ejected (if the fly-by boost was more than the atmospheric drag), but any life it picks up will be near the surface

[@nathanaelcard]

Loved that Dark Skies plug. Great advice, Frasier

[@PSwayBeats]

I wonder how many lasers and how powerful those lasers would have to be to put them all crossed into one small tiny little point to make a black hole

[@kolbyking2315]

~1.6 Gigajoules asuming 3 spacial dimensions. Realistically, it's probably more like 900 quetta-joules (9×10^32) for one we can sustain for power generation.

[@petevenuti7355]

​@@kolbyking2315nuclear bomb powered gamma-ray lasers maybe? Using fissioning nuclear plasma as the lazing medium‽ Similar in concept to the nuclear bomb powered x-ray laser, just a few hundred thousand of them?

[@Smo1k]

We're in a double whammy with light pollution increasing and global warming: More water in the atmosphere to reflect the increasing light from below and absorb the light coming in from space... Living in a small city, it's already rare that I can see anything smaller than Venus on the night sky 🙁

[@frasercain]

Yeah that's a great point. Another reason to hate global warming

[@mrfirewoodzipline9120]

Question: When a star first starts its life and the nuclear process begins, is it a sudden event? Like just taking seconds to start giving off light? Or is it a slow process taking several days or months or more? Or is there just no way to know? I don't think we have seen this event happen yet within our galaxy. Or maybe we did but just did not know it. Just wondering. Thanks for all you do.

[@frasercain]

It takes a few hundred thousand years

[@revmsj]

How can we accurately identify a potential new planet using the radial velocity method while monitoring a given star when in fact the star may have a dozen different planets that all contribute gravitationally at different orbital positions around the star? Isn’t it more likely that we would misinterpret the hypothetical planet that we’re looking for by having observed all the additive perturbations included within the star’s “wobble”? Or are there other variables I’m not privy to that’re used to reconcile said perturbations into a more complete model of all 12 planets? If so, I’d love to know how it’s done…

[@carlfollmer1767]

You've talked about how great it'd be for far future interstellar missions to stop off at rogue planets between here and other star systems. But that would only work once b/c the planet isn't orbiting anything and would just be zipping by. Is the idea that each mission would have to wait for a suitable planet to be spotted between Earth and the destination?

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Interesting question! But I don't think they could only be used once, especially depending on their trajectory. They could even be nudged into a trajectory that makes them helpful to us for a really long time!

[@vijayvaidy6433]

Hi Fraser - love your show, ive learned a lot! It seems like terraforming will likely be a an important mechanism yo make other planets habitable in the future. Are there any experiements being discussed or planned to stury the real world effects of terraforming even in a small way? For example, I've always wondered if we can create a small model-planet that mimics conditions of different planets (like Mars ) and introduce different stimulus to see how the evolve over time. In the future these could even be placed in L4 or L5 Lagrange points to normalize the effect of the sun.

[@SuperYtc1]

Badle juice… This sounds like some kind of exotic cocktail, and now I really want it.

[@bmobert]

Wierd question: Assume a civilization with incredible control over the curvature of space time to the extent that it can create a black hole event horizon of any shape. With an event horizon shaped like a cube would there be a consentration of hawking radiation at the corners? At the flats? No difference at all? Or something else entirely?

[@MarienFournier]

About the existence of life in the universe, one logical hypothesis is that the universe is an "assembler". You start with energy. Energy creates matter like hydrogen. Hydrogen becomes the periodic table into stars and novas and the elements in the periodic table "assemble" to create life. So, basically, the purpose of the universe is to create and sustain life. At least, it seems like that...

[@noelstarchild]

Am wondering that photons produced at point of collision, should be gamma particles before decaying to leptons and bosons....or maybe top quarks? The result I find fantastic.

[@rustyguinn8929]

Aeturen-During this answer the visualization of a black hole is shown. This same image seem to be used universally. Where did this representation come from and would the black hole look the same from all directions?

[@SPR8364-0]

So, if the Deathstar destroys a planet, will the debris be a collection of closely spaced objects that the Millennium Falcon will have to dodge, or would all the debris quickly collapse back into the form of a low-density planet?

[@rulingmoss5599]

this is a good question and I need to know the answer

[@tomgarcialmt]

Off topic: Dude! OMG! Invincible season 1, episode 1 Thank you so very much for the recommendation😂❤ I laughed. I cried. I did not see any of that coming

[@frasercain]

Oh great, I hope you enjoy the rest.

[@GrouchyHaggis]

Glad you got so many questions

[@ostsan8598]

The view of the night sky from the middle of the Pacific is probably the most beautiful view I've ever seen.

[@frasercain]

Oh yeah that would be next level

[@h2o40fpv]

Love your video thank you. 😊

[@serpentineeyelash7528]

Question: If you took a Kuiper belt object and put it in orbit around Saturn, would it develop a nitrogen atmosphere and methane oceans like Titan? Could that be where Titan came from?

[@Kali_Yuga_Surfer]

How far are we from a neutrino or gravitational wave background of the universe and are there potentially other types of "backgrounds" that would allow us to see into the early universe?

[@Dragrath1]

The LHC could only have made micro black holes under a particular model of gravity involving extra dimensions so its not exactly plausible

[@frasercain]

Yeah they weren't really expecting to find them but they had to try

[@kimbarron4239]

For every season of Q&A are you going to use planets from a different universe? Or names of fictional spaceships.

[@DexLuther]

He used Star Wars planet names for a long white. Probably found it got boring and repetitive, so they switched to Star Trek names. My guess would be that they are also going to do that for a long while.

[@LarryMoore-hc4tk]

It would be both geeky and fun to use planets from Ursula K Le Guin's universe.

[@cmdrcrimbo]

Question : If we were in a spaceship + time machine combo and we went back in time to the moment of inflation where our ship was say 1/100th the size of the universe at that point, as the seconds passed would the spaceship, us and everything we brought along get ripped apart at the molecular level as the universe inflates or maybe the door to the room next to you stretch and a few seconds later be light years away from you so the space inside the ship itself become a contained space 100th the size of the universe by today? Maybe the ship sits in the fog and space expands around us or somthing else strange i havent thought of?? Thanks. Chris. UK

[@robwalker4548]

Dr. Who would prevent that from happening.

[@stevetupper6548]

My vote is for Janus, fascinating

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

47:10 Thank you SO MUCH for this! The International Dark Sky Association sounds like an EXCELLENT group that I will HAVE to check out!! Thanks for all you do, Fraser, but fighting for people everywhere to be able to see the Milky Way, and the Big & Little Dippers, and more of at least the brighter stars & planets for themselves. Light pollution makes me so sad, frankly. I remember some of the meteor showers when I was young when I could see hundreds & hundreds of meteor streaks a night. Even out in a rural area where I am now that is very much changed, and it's heartbreaking that I'll never be able to show my grandchild[ren] a night like I could see just right outside my own door when I was a child. Knowing there is at least one international group working to help fix this problem gives me hope! ❤❤

[@frasercain]

What makes me so mad is that this is a solvable problem. Just point your lights down. Don't point them up. Problem solved

[@cmdrcrimbo]

@@frasercain Question : If we were in a spaceship + time machine combo and we went back in time to the moment of inflation where our ship was say 1/100th the size of the universe at that point, as the seconds passed would the spaceship, us and everything we brought along get ripped apart at the molecular level as the universe inflates or maybe the door to the room next to you stretch away and a few seconds later be light years away from you so the space inside the ship itself become a contained space 100th the size of the universe by today? Maybe the ship sits in the fog and space expands around us or somthing else strange i havent thought of?? Thanks. Chris. UK

[@Budinky]

8:53 a pet black hole 😂 reminds me of “Bobo’s Star”…

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

9:55 10 to the minus 83 seconds? That would be _far_ shorter than a Planck time. Are you sure you got that number right?

[@brainbark]

Question: why was the icecube neutrino observatory built at the south pole?

[@Aki990.7]

Are there going to be exciting space news coming up cause I feel like new scientific discoveries regarding astrophysics have been drying out lately

[@DexLuther]

Since The Risa question involved creating black holes and the planet names are based on Star Trek, I feel like it would have been a good opportunity to use the name "Romulus" as the planet name in honor of the Romulans, who use (if memory serves) "micro singularities" to power at least some of their star ships.

[@DrDeuteron]

IRRC, we detected 7 neutrinos from 1987A, which was a HuGE signal at the time.

[@DavidsDreamFactory]

Can the radial velocity method detect multiple planets? Does it have to be a massive planet for this method to work?

[@Lmao69spaceboi]

Hey There! May I Ask you a Question? Do you think that a Rocket (any Rocket) can Launch a Kilometer-Sized Structure in LEO?(Before I Continue, I just want to tell you some things: first: aerodynamic drag: on the Echo Project, The Echo Satellites changed their orbit significantly due to their size. The structure that I will show later, could rotate itself to be looking upwards relative to Earth's Surface, minimizing orbital changes. Now, Let's Continue!)Also, I know it would be hard to launch THE ENTIRE Structure At Once.So as You can see in the Image Below,(or not) it supposes to dock some "Sticks" to Each Other.(each being hundreds of meters long,buuuutttt...just let them unfold themselves!)once the docking is done,they deploy the "skin" of the antenna. And them just deploy the other things, and....tadaa! You have a brand new Kilometer-Sized antenna ready to be used! I hope this project is possible to do with current technology! Thank you Very much! (Actually, there isn't any sketch cuz it was supposed to be sent on e-mail)😅

[@larryrossi3219]

Question: Why are there no green stars? Isn't there some temperature at which blackbody radiation looks green?

[@BabyMakR]

47:31 It may just be one of those internet memes but wasn't there a story that during a blackout in NY or another major US city, there were a huge number of calls to the police that ended up being people seeing the milky way for the first time in their lives?

[@vedranb87]

Vendikar - so essentially, dark matter behaves like a bunch of neutrons that got shot out away from stars at escape velocities in the stellar nuclear processes?

[@JustinSheridan-ex2hu]

Question. Hi Fraser If consciousness is a factor of our universe, can it age and evolve? Is it likely that it’s collective? Thanks for all your really great work.

[@danbhakta]

8:58 "I'm not sure that is worded aptly..."You detonate a massive star" to attain a singularity. A star is a star as long as the gravitational forces equally counteract the energy produced from the fusion occurring in the core. Exothermic until iron. Then endo. Then gravity wins. Implosion.

[@persona2grata]

If I grow a black hole with 1 kg of mass and dump 1 kg of antimatter onto it, will that create an explosion or would all of that energy be contained behind the event horizon? Would the antimatter completely cancel out the matter in the black hole and instantly destroy it?

[@vikramkaura6335]

how would increasing the size of collider increase the change of a bigger black hole. arent the particles going close to speed of light?

[@rom26ik]

I know that its impossible to say if we're the first life in the universe because of how huge it is. But is there any peice of information or situation in which we could be a lot more confident in the possibility of us being first? Like if humanity was born much earlier in the universe

[@pureambience1714]

30:00 - If 'life is certainly not us first' then do you think that planet where it originated is still around or very distant or been eaten by a black hole or something? And will we eventually find it?

[@jaydonbooth4042]

I've heard that no matter where you are in earth, the night sky is already no less than 10% brighter than it'd be naturally, just from satellite light pollution. And there's only like 5-6,000 satellites in orbit right now, it could be over 50,000 in the next 10 years. So the amount of light pollution just from satellites will mean there are no more dark skies, no matter how isolated you are.

[@Jimjef]

It's well established the escape velocity for a black hole is greater than the speed of light. Would it be theoretically possible to escape if you have a warp drive with say a capability of 5x light speed, assuming the warp bubble remained stable in this extreme environment? It seems plausible to extract information from the black hole if this were possible, and the extreme gravity was negated inside the bubble.

[@frasercain]

The problem is that spacetime within the event horizon is tangled up, so all paths lead to the singularity even if you go faster than the speed of light. You'll still end up in the black hole. But who knows how your warp drive works, so maybe it could still get away.

[@Jimjef]

@@frasercain I say make an episode with a black hole expert on this subject. Sure, it's all hypothetical, but so interesting! Thanks for answering Fraser!

[@alexjband]

I've heard a lot of news lately about 33 Polyhymnia, I had never heard of a CUDO (compact ultra dense object) before. Are there other asteroids in the solar system that are this extreme? Would Gaia be able to observe these local objects and be able to improve upon their mass estimates?

[@frasercain]

We recently reported on the story on Universe today. I would be pretty skeptical about what is being claimed

[@BoyKissBoy]

A question about MoND: I saw in some video (I think it was the "Dark matter is not a theory, dark matter is an observation" video by @acollierastro that you recommended) that we have seen a galaxy created by two galaxies colliding, where the regular matter has "clumped together", but we can see through gravitational lensing that the dark matter has kind of "overshot" and ended up to the side of the regular matter. Doesn't that kind of disprove MoND? If dark matter was the result of gravity behaving differently from what we believe, wouldn't it at least have to be symmetric around the matter that is there? 🤷‍♂️

[@theOrionsarms]

You get confused by her explanation, she speaks about bullet cluster, that is a collision between two galaxies clusters and not only two galaxies, and what we see is that the gasses from the both of them experienced drags and stay behind, but stars on both cluster don't experience drags, and gravitational lensing is in the region of where stars are not in the region of gasses, that only says that gas cloud doesn't create a MOND effect, witch is consistent with some explanation of MOND that requires a gravity gradient that only dense objects like stars and planets can provide.

[@dylangreen6075]

Janus. I have a question that I saw in the discussion of another video, but I've often wondered this myself; how is it that the magnetic field from a pulsar gets misaligned from the rotation of the pulsar? My intuition tells me that they shouldn't deviate very much from one another.

[@abrahamroloff8671]

Some kind of merger or impact could do it, as was done to Uranus. I think Uranus has a tilt vs magnetic field of like 98 degrees from the axis of rotation that we can see.

[@BabyMakR]

Would it be better, for finding NEOs, to have a constellation of satellites at a supersynchronous orbit than just earth bound telescopes?

[@jamesfrankel7827]

Error at timestamp 10:02, micro singularity evaporating in 10^-80 seconds is vastly shorter than 1 unit of planck time 10^-43 seconds.

[@frasercain]

And yet, that's the estimate provided by CERN. How do you planck time is the smallest possible increment of time. Inflation wrapped up about 10^-39 seconds after the Universe began.

[@Wildblood]

The problem with placing Ice Cube right next to a star, is that it would melt ;-)

[@phizicks]

09:56 huh? the planck time is already 5.39 x10-44 and you said 80 times of 0's? 14:00 fusion, that is old tech. Aliens would be using anti-hydrogen with the hydrogen of the sun.

[@BabyMakR]

8:18. I think you're trying (not?) to quote the Vulcan Philosophy of IDIC "Infinite Diversity in Infinite Combinations.

[@archmage_of_the_aether]

Dude, was your patron really called "Ba-noit"? Was it maybe "Benoit" ("Ben-waa"), a common french (and french Canadian) name? I begin to get a sense of why Quebec thinks they otta be a different country 😅😂

[@frasercain]

I'll have to double check, but it seems strange that I'd mispronounce Benoit.

[@sammorrow8420]

I have a theory that matter slows down the rate of time and that rate of change dissipates via the inverse square law as distance from that matter increases but is cumulative when in the presence of other matter. Following the law of conservation of temporal energy, as matter experiences a differential of the rate of time where the rate of time slows down that matter must increase in velocity to maintain temporal momentum and is seen as the effect we call gravity. Much like wind is the result of a differential of areas of pressure from higher pressure to lower pressure, time dilation differential causes gravity. The inverse is also true in that in an area void of matter, has a higher rate of time the further away you get from any other matter and this causes the velocity to decrease as you get closer to the center of the void to the point it's relative velocity reaches zero and then starts to reverse direction. Since Sol is located roughly halfway between the center of the milky way and the edge of the galaxy, the rate of time is faster at the outermost galactic orbit and stars appear to orbit faster from our perspective but in fact are going at the proper speed and this discrepancy leads us to falsely believe that there must be "dark matter" to account for this. Also at the center of our galaxy, the time rate is slower than the rate of time here in Sol, so the star S2 is going faster if we were there locally to measure it's velocity or orbital rate, so Sag A* is bigger then we currently calculate it to be. If a strong enough super computer had every star position, mass and local orbital rate calculated, then this theory could be tested to see the difference in time rate at any position in the galaxy and see if in fact the cumulative time dilation explains dark matter and dark energy.

[@rheffner3]

Another great episode Fraser. Thanks again. Always enjoy them. My favorite subjects by far. The pity is I know/have known a lot of people. Some very smart. But they are all ignorant of physics and cosmology. All of them. My version of panspermia is that if an intelligent species wanted to propagate outside their own solar system (which is impossible via the classical version of a spaceship) one would create a little tiny spaceship and fill it with DNA. And disperse zillions of them off into space. In other words, create viruses that are not dead or alive and off they go. Over tens or hundreds of thousands or millions of years, maybe they would strike a planet and reproduce. Just saying. lol

[@frasercain]

It's okay. Don't worry about what other people are into or not into. If you enjoy this stuff it's for you

[@Kentchangar]

I've always wondered: What are the chances of Planet 9 being another star like a Brown Dwarf or some other exotic star?

[@rusticthumper5500]

Will we ever get to see JWST stare at Eta Carinae Homunculus?

[@Czeckie]

I think you've uploaded a wrong file for the audio version on podcast apps. I got Q&A233 again

[@frasercain]

Try deleting it and redownloading it.

[@HPA97]

Could a planet (earth size and bigger) rotate so fast that it gets more of a torus/doughnut shape?

[@samson1200]

Cheleb: Is it possible to measure which has more energy: A Singularity: or Dark energy??

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

Depends on the singularity, these come in lots of different "sizes".

[@hipser]

What if it's hard to make connections?

[@cosmictechguru]

Great video

[@jimmyquigley7561]

If we crack interstellar travel we'll be doing panspermia...less painful than a mega-asteroid impact.

[@vengefulsorrow]

If dark matter is a particle could it be detected in the Large Hadron Collider?

[@oamunkres2884]

4th comment I'm surprised 😯. Thank you for another great video Fraser

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

Fraser, if you really got _hundreds_ of good questions, you could save therm up for a 500K subscriber special! 500 questions for 500K subbies? Long? Sure! Would I watch it? Absofreakinglutely! 😁😁❤❤ As for best question? I lean towards Aeturen, simply because turning a star like ours into a baker's dozen dwarf stars is just mind-boggling! 😅 Then again, Vendikar exists, too. And... this is a puzzlement that has puzzled me for decades, so... that's a thing. 🤷🏽‍♀️😁😏 🖤🕳🕳🖤 ~~~~~ Please, take time to tell your loved ones you love them EVERY chance you get. Tomorrow is not a given; you're never promised the next sunrise. ~ ~ ~ ~ "And don't let it break your heart. I know it feels hopeless sometimes. But they're never really gone as long as there's a memory in your mind." _Hold On To Memories_ Dave Draiman, Disturbed 💔💔

[@frasercain]

I'm sure we'll do something special for the 500th episode. I'm not sure about 500 questions that feels like a lot of work

[@schmerlski]

Other dimension? And if we are now seeing it, isn't it now in our dimension? If so, what are the odds it popped into our dimension near Earth and not 100 million light years away? It makes no sense.

[@frasercain]

Sure, but they're saying it came from another dimension.

[@travisporco]

I thought with Penrose you are just extracting its rotational energy.

[@frasercain]

Yes, by pulling the energy from the stuff the bounces out.

[@jbjb-wf1un]

If betalgeuse goes kaboom tomorrow, Does that mean it already actually happened 640 something years ago?

[@NunoPereira.]

Can you precise how many stars are there in the Milky Way?

[@frasercain]

We don't know exactly how many stars there are in the Milky Way because we're stuck inside of it, but the estimate is that there's between 100 and 400 billion stars

[@sierravortec2494]

Fraser is it true the saying that matter is neither created or destroyed?

[@frasercain]

They can be changed into energy but not created or destroyed

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

@@frasercain Well, changing matter into energy (e. g. a particle and an anti-particle annhilating into photons) counts as destroying it, I would say. So yes, matter _can_ be destroyed. (And created - that happens all the time at particle collisions.)

[@geoswan4984]

WRT neutrinos... So, neutrinos from galaxies distant enough that their light shows a measurable red-shift, they too should show the neutrino equivalent of a red-shift, correct? While the most obvious thing about red-shifted light is a change in colour, isn't another notable thing about them a change in the amount of energy? Red-shifted light is less energetic, and blue-shifted light is more energetic. How energetic can a neutrino get? I don't understand either gravity, or quantum gravity... But then no one really claims a sure understanding of gravity. So, "gravitrons"... is this a gravity particle still taken seriously, when everyone agrees that gravity is a warping of space-time? If gravitrons are taken seriously, they too would travel at "the speed of light", correct? And, if so, does it show the graviton-equivalent of a red-shift?

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

"they too should show the neutrino equivalent of a red-shift, correct?" No. Redshift only happens to massless particles. But neutrinos _do_ have a mass. "So, "gravitrons"... is this a gravity particle still taken seriously" If you mean gravitons, then yes. "when everyone agrees that gravity is a warping of space-time?" That doesn't change in the least that like all other interactions, gravity should be mediated by a boson, too. You can view electromagnetism as a "warping", too (not of space-time, but of a so-called U(1) fiber bundle), and that doesn't change anything about the fact that it is mediated by photons. "If gravitrons are taken seriously, they too would travel at "the speed of light", correct?" Yes. "And, if so, does it show the graviton-equivalent of a red-shift?" It should. But I think it would be almost impossible to measure that.

[@geoswan4984]

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Thanks for your reply. WRT neutrinos... Don't they travel at the "speed of light"? Then how can they not carry less energy when light waves, created at the same time and place carry less energy, due to red shifts? Cosmic rays... Gamma rays travel at the speed of light, because they are very high energy light. Very high energy neutrons, protons and alpha particles, are also considered cosmic rays, correct? They travel at very close to the speed of light (in a vacuum), because they are so high energy. They may travel at FASTER than the local speed of light, in a non vacuum, and that is when they lose energy, as Cherenkov radiation. But neutrinos don't lose energy, through Cherenkov radiation, do they? My understanding is that nothing can be accelerated to the speed of light. This is why those very high energy cosmic rays merely travel close to the speed of light. And, things, like light, don't accelerate to the speed of light. They are already traveling at the speed of light, when created. You've acknowledged gravity particles would be like light, in this. Aren't neutrinos also like light in this? Those dream-like particles, imagined to go faster than the speed of light, aren't they supposed to get around the acceleration rule, because, if they exist, they are traveling faster than the speed of light, when created.

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

@@geoswan4984 No, neutrinos don't travel at the speed of light - they are (_very_ slightly) slower. They have to be slower, because they have (rest) mass. How much energy something carries does not only depend on its speed, but also on its mass. Both photons and neutrinos can have vastly different energies, you can't simply say that neutrinos always have less energy than photons. That depends on the specific neutrinos and the specific photons. Yes, cosmic rays also consist of high-energy neutrons, protons, alpha particles and other stuff (e. g. electrons). And yes, if they hit a material on Earth, they could be faster than the local speed of light and emit Cherenkov radiation. Good question about the neutrinos. I think they perhaps also could give off Cherenkov radiation (they don't have electric charge, but they do you a magnetic moment, I think), but if they do, it's only a very tiny amount and probably not measurable. "My understanding is that nothing can be accelerated to the speed of light. This is why those very high energy cosmic rays merely travel close to the speed of light." Yes, and that's also why neutrinos don't travel at the speed of light. "You've acknowledged gravity particles would be like light, in this. Aren't neutrinos also like light in this?" No. Neutrinos are totally different from gravitons. E. g. neutrinos are fermions, whereas gravitons would be bosons. Neutrinos do have a (rest) mass, gravitons don't. "Those dream-like particles, imagined to go faster than the speed of light, aren't they supposed to get around the acceleration rule, because, if they exist, they are traveling faster than the speed of light, when created." If you mean tachyons, then yes - although I never heard that they are called "dream-like".

[@rSpeedYT]

Is it possible there are elements we don't know about... Chemistry we couldn't possibly know about?

[@frasercain]

Chemistry for sure. I recently saw a study that we probably only know about 1% of the possible chemicals, but elements probably not because supernova would create elements much heavier than anything we have on Earth and we don't find them so we can kind of assume that they don't exist

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

There could be _really_ heavy stable elements, elements which are so heavy that not even a supernova can create them. That's an active area of reseach. Look up "magic numbers" for nuclei.

[@j7ndominica051]

Seems like we could make a "power station" by creating a small black hole and capturing the hawking radiation. Then we could feed material into it to grow it bigger and prevent it from catastrophically evaporating entirely to keep it around the desired equilibrium where it neither grows nor shrinks and outputs an amount of radiation we can handle. But this is too good to be true. I guess it would resist material falling in at that point. DarkSiteFinder won't show me the underlying landmass contours, and says "account limit exceeded". Everything in England and the Netherlands is "red". How weird. Like in the sci-fi story where the whole earth was covered in never ending cities. And the narrator set on to walk to find something real, until he arrived into a garden with robotic plants tended by robot humanoids.

[@MMTLP-JON]

❓❓ If we made that mountain sized black hole from the collider, wouldn't it just start sucking in this massive collider as its first meal and if the collider was around our solar system, wouldn't the speed that the collider would be doing this at be enough to cut the sun and all the planets in half seeing as we are all on the same level? You know, like if I put a strong tight wire across a road and a motorcyclist drove by and the wire cut him in half. ❓❓ Seriously, do you think thats possible ❓❓ it would be kinda Cool 😎

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

You couldn't make a mountain sized black hole from a collider, even if it is around the solar system. Even with such a large collider, you could make only a _tiny_ black hole. And then you would have to feed it quickly before it decays away. You can only reach mountain size by such feeding. "wouldn't the speed that the collider would be doing this at be enough to cut the sun and all the planets in half seeing as we are all on the same level?" Sorry, I can't follow you. The collider would be a ring around the solar system, far away from the sun and the orbits of the planets. So how could it cut the sun etc. in half? And the speed would be still below lightspeed. "You know, like if I put a strong tight wire across a road and a motorcyclist drove by and the wire cut him in half." The coliider would not be _across_ the solar system, it would be _around_ it.

[@jimcabezola3051]

I pick Cheleb...because Mick West is the best!

[@urdnal]

How often do people mistakenly call you Frasier Crane?

[@wesmagyar]

So I remember, they made such a big deal about discovering the Higgs Bosun, however, since it’s discovery, I haven’t really heard anything about what they’ve done with the discovery. So that’s my question has there been any advances since the discovery that are a direct result of the discovery, what is come of it?

[@DrDeuteron]

Uh, the Standard Model works. No Higgs means we don’t know jack.

[@wesmagyar]

@@DrDeuteron other then that. And there are still things that contradict the standard model like quantum mechanics

[@DrDeuteron]

@@wesmagyar the standard model is quantum. It describes any particle experiment we’ve done so far, with maybe some problems in the muon magnetic moment.

[@wesmagyar]

@@DrDeuteron I remember reading that the standard model breaks down once you get into sub atomic and quantum physics

[@DrDeuteron]

@@wesmagyar hmmm. Not sure how that happened. The SM is the model of subatomic particles and their interactions, and it’s a quantum field theory.

[@mickeymelnick2230]

Am I the only one who really really misses the Weekly Space Hangout?

[@frasercain]

I do too, but we just couldn't continue running it. Everyone was a volunteer and they were busy with other projects.

[@shockslice7632]

What dictates whether a tiny black hole created on earth evaporates or grows? What if you created it right at the centre of the Earth?

[@wmclt5588]

What would happen when a massive gamma ray burst lasting in duration of seconds hit either Jupiter or Saturn.

[@oamunkres2884]

Question: With all of the population growth and architectural growth causing more and more light pollution. Will this affect astronomy* and our observability of space in the coming years?

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

Err, do you mean astronomy, or do you _really_ mean astrology?!?

[@oamunkres2884]

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Oh my bad, Astronomy. Thank you for correcting me.

[@NilsExp]

Am I the only one that sees alien space crafts here on Earth in their dreams?

[@frgv4060]

You know that “dark matter” is just an hypothesis, and one that has problems with some observations. Being “the best we have” and a cool name doesn’t make it automatically fact. Edit: there is also MOND … just saying.

[@frasercain]

MOND is an explanation for dark matter. Dark matter is just the term for the collection of observations.

[@moondog6004]

Belos Really sad that a third of humans can’t see the milky way. And the way cities are developing soon the entire world won’t see what a star is. (Besides the sun)

[@checkbox9884]

Time delation, the difference between 2 observations of 'time'. Einsteinian way to explain timedelation, is; and this is literally how he explained it, Einstein is traveling in a train moving away from the center of Vienna, and in the center of Vienna ther stands a big tower with an clock in it. So Einstein is travelling away from, the clock, and vision, is protons reflecting on surfaces which hit u receptory instruments (ure eyes), tells him the time the clock is reflecting. So Einstein, said if now in a moment of a second this train i travel on, goes travelling away from clocktower at the speed of light, the particles which usually reflect on the clocks face , in the tower, cant reach me anymore, because im travelling at the same speed, thus i wont notice time passing by anymore, the protons which reflect dont catch up with my receptory instruments (eyes) anymore. And thus i will have the last receptory image which will last forever. Just like the last 1 image of a film is ever present. But then, we have more precise way of measuring time, instead of clockweel clocks, we have atomclocks, and Einstein was aware of that, what happens with an atomclock moving.. the atomclock in a (theoretical), the atoms, just bounce up and down in the shortest way possible. And we count the bounces, and verify the passing of time with that. But we on earth and our solarsystem ,is never standing still, we constantly move, in a strange not constant spirally movement following the sun's movement, inspired by other heavily bodies in our solarsystem. So the atoms, dont bounce, the (theoretically/mathemathically) shortest way, they have to keep up, with the mirrors moving in space/universe. So they bounce in an constantly different changing angle and different distances, all our atomic clocks do on earth. And thus our measurement of time is never precise. Just imagine an atom clock standing still, on a train, and then the train starts moving, u can mathematically see that the atoms have to move another distance, then just vertically, they have to also keep up with the horizontal movement of train to keep bouncing the mirrors, then when train standing still. And this train moves 3 dimensionally, in all directions irredically. So you could eject uself from earth at the speed of light, and never see time change. (untill the speed drops below speed of light, and then all protons catch up with u , and then u will see changes again.) But the biology in u body changes. So after 60 years travelling at speed of light, u return back to earth, to find u twinbrother aged the same way as u did. So on earth we all the time, have time delation, constantly, our time measurement is never precise. I did manage to fool, the perception of time, for the traveller in space, but time never changed. Only the passing/the observation of time for the 2nd observer observation stopped or slowed, or sped up. +++++++++ This is an QA for next monday. Time travel ,and time delation is only in the eye of observer.? +++++++++ (time travel is i think now not possible, or ever, but if u could travel faster then the speed of light (with an projector screen), u could see history. Since u travel faster then the reflected light on earth, u could go faster and then setup the projector screen, and see the ' film' of protons pass the projector screen, which reflect history) (one must recognize, that the time, or passing of time, is an human invention, in this inmense universe)

[@cacogenicist]

Manufactured black holes make for bitchin' star ship power sources. I guess you could grab a comet or something, and dump some of its mass into your kugleblitz. If youre doing star lifting, you might be using the mass to build a Matrioshka brain -- powered by a now lower-mass star that'll last hundreds of billions+ years. ... and if you're doing this at a large enough scale, maybe a star could shift over to the infrared from our perspective in less than millenia.

[@DrDeuteron]

15:13 is not a good animation. Stars are hundreds of times larger then the earth..length scale, not volume, and black holes are thousands of times smaller.

[@alfonsopayra]

RISA

[@rj66600]

One of the first

[@rj66600]

And yes, it makes me special.

[@frasercain]

After I removed the spammers, you were, indeed the first.

[@dancingwiththedogsdj]

@rj66600 love your pic! Have a wonderful evening internet stranger! 🍻🌎❤️🎶🕺🏻

[@mihan2d]

​​​@@frasercain Fraser, is there no point in asking questions (you know the trademark ones) under the Q&A videos? I noticed you are usually not active in Q&A video comment sections, in other words can you give a tip on how to cheat my way to success 🤣🤣

[@frasercain]

Showing up to the live show is by far the best way.

[@kingarthur1953]

Janus

[@joey_after_midnight]

I wonder if the universe, the quantum states are deterministic, but in order to prove it, use it.. we would need such a higher resolution that it doesn't matter.. we might as well act as if its not deterministic. Sort of like being a fish (in water) how would be know with no other perspective. Or .. how would we know we weren't fixed in a pattern like an insect in amber with no real choices, we were simply part of the past of some Indeterministic Future.. forced perspective like. A shadow of the future.

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

The question if quantum states are deterministic or not has nothing at all to do with "resolution".