Prenatal Development (Intro Psych Tutorial

www.psychexamreview.com
In this video I discuss prenatal development from conception until birth. This can be divided into the germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage. Conception occurs when a sperm cell and egg cell join to create a zygote, which then travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterus. This then develops into an embryo with a heart and the beginnings of a body, then a fetus as it develops a skeleton and muscles. The womb environment can have important influences on development, particularly in the case of the negative effects of teratogens like lead, mercury, viruses, or drugs. Learning also begins to occur before birth, such as a fetus learning to recognize the sound of the mother's voice.
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[@chasingtides_yt]

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[@PsychExamReview]

Hope it helps, make sure to test yourself and see how much you can remember on your own after watching!

[@chasingtides_yt]

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[@chasingtides_yt]

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[@PsychExamReview]

@@chasingtides_yt That's great to hear, congratulations on your improvement and thanks for sharing the channel with others!

[@marionsanchez1706]

Thank you this is very helpful!

[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome!

[@pabloperales8252]

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[@miguelninoolaguera5952]

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[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome, glad to hear that!

[@ethanjohn7638]

Thanks a lot!

[@PsychExamReview]

You're welcome!

[@ishpreetkaur8452]

Doubt: How does the 1986 study control the extraneous variables? The infant could have learned to recognize the mother's voice just because of hearing it at other times when she is talking (not because of the story)

[@PsychExamReview]

Great question, I didn't fully explain the study design here, but it had a number of controls and several conditions, including having infants hear their mother's voice reading either the same prenatal story vs. a new story (to assess if there's a preference for the prenatal story, not just mom's voice), as well as having control subjects listening to the same voice (which is not their mom's voice) reading the stories (to ensure there isn't just a preference for that story read by any voice). Hope this helps! sci-hub.st/doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(86)90025-1

[@Ag-bk1zw]

Doubt: the time of pregnancy is counted from fertilisation or from the last time a woman gets her period?

[@PsychExamReview]

Weeks of pregnancy are generally counted from the last period, since conception may be more difficult to pinpoint, but the estimated timelines here are focused on the development of the fetus starting from conception. Hope this is clearer!

[@Ag-bk1zw]

What is the difference between critical prenatal period and a sensitive period during the prenatal stage of development?

[@PsychExamReview]

A critical period refers to a time window in which something must occur or else there will be permanent developmental consequences, while a sensitive period refers to a time window in which the influence of something is greater than it is at other times. Hope this helps!

[@Ag-bk1zw]

Thank you! Could you give me an example of this in the case of prenatal development, please?

[@Ag-bk1zw]

Also, is it possible for critical periods and sensitive periods to overlap? For eg. a time window is needed for the development of limbs, this is a critical period and this period is also sensitive to the influence of teratogens…

[@PsychExamReview]

@@Ag-bk1zw Sure, many organs and body parts will have a critical period during their early formation in which exposure to a teratogen could cause major permanent problems or loss of the pregnancy, but a sensitive period later in the pregnancy in which the same exposure might only cause minor defects.

[@PsychExamReview]

@@Ag-bk1zw Yes, these can overlap and timing might vary, so sometimes a sensitive period can also be called a "weak critical period"

[@Ag-bk1zw]

Does the survival rate of the foetus increase with each period/stage of prenatal development?

[@PsychExamReview]

Yes, the rate of miscarriage or early pregnancy loss is highest in the early stages and decreases as the pregnancy progresses

[@Ag-bk1zw]

Thank you!

[@PsychExamReview]

@@Ag-bk1zw You're welcome!

[@despacitokcm1986]

Young teacher, good evening (from India). One small doubt, at 2.31 in video where u start discussing androgen release and the default stage (females) - my doubt is - doesn't gender destined when the zygote is formed ie at this stage itself the xx, xx or the xy chromosomes would have fused during fertilisation. And again, Thanks for the crisp insights..

[@PsychExamReview]

Yes, you're correct that sex is determined by the presence of X and/or Y chromosomes present at conception, but the Y chromosome doesn't begin to influence the formation of the body from the start; this occurs later in the developmental process.