Prof. Katalin Karikó「Developing mRNA for therapy」

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JapanPrize

JapanPrize

2 жыл бұрын

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was discovered in 1961 and the first vaccine based on mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) was approved for treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2021. The structure of mRNA was first revealed by Dr. Furuichi in Japan and then clearly shown to be strongly associated with translation and subsequent protein production. In 1978, a very important study was conducted to formulate mRNA for the first time in the laboratory. In 1984, preparation and commercialization of mRNA were successfully achieved with RNA polymerase. In the period from 1993 to 1994, mRNA-based vaccine had been developed as a vaccine for infectious diseases. However, since the vaccine was shown to be effective for only a short period of time, many scientists decided to abandon efforts to develop new RNA-related drugs, yet other research efforts continued steadily up to 2021.
I started getting involved in RNA studies from 1989, and gradually became interested in mRNA encoding therapeutic protein. In a joint study with Dr. Weissman, we identified an issue with the immunogenicity followed by measurement of the inflammatory molecules, and recognized that nucleoside modification in transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for lacking inflammatory reactions. We then purchased multiple modified nucleoside triphosphate products to add to human dendritic cells. We found that RNA containing modified uridine did not cause inflammation. The pseudo-uridine-containing mRNA, produced proteins that were approximately ten times the amount of natural uridine-containing RNA.
Unlike proteins which rapidly decompose, optimized mRNA is shown to be continuously effective as a treatment. Studies with animals suggests that repeated injection can induce immune tolerance and lower-dose injections can enhance production of a very high level of antibodies in test animals.
The COVID-19 vaccine that is the first mRNA-LNP vaccine injected in humans has also been examined for its efficacy in other clinical studies.
mRNAは1961年に発見され、初めてのmRNA-LNPワクチンが昨年、新型コロナウイルス感染症の予防のために承認されました。mRNAはまず、日本の古市博士によって構造が解明され、後にその構造がmRNAの翻訳とその後の蛋白質生成に深く関与していることが明らかになりました。そして1978年に極めて重要な研究が行われて研究室で初めてmRNAが生成され、1984年にはRNAポリメラーゼを用いてmRNAを生成・商品化することに成功しました。1993年から1994年にかけて、感染症のワクチンとしてmRNAを使ったものが開発されましたが、短時間しか有効でないことが証明されたために多くの研究者がRNAに関連する創薬を諦め、その後2021年までは地道な研究が続きました。
私は1989年からRNA研究に携わり、治療用蛋白質をエンコードするmRNAに興味を持ちました。そしてワイスマン博士との共同研究にて免疫原性の問題を特定し、炎症性分子を測定することでヌクレオシド修飾を含むtRNAであれば炎症を引き起こさないことに気づきました。そこで修飾をすでに含むヌクレオシド三リン酸を複数購入してヒト樹状細胞に追加したところ、ウリジン修飾を含むものは炎症を引き起こさないことを発見し、このシュードウリジンmRNAは約10倍の蛋白質生成を促すことが証明されました。
すぐに分解されてしまう蛋白質とは異なり、最適化されたmRNAは治療として有効な期間持続することも証明され、動物研究では、反復投与をすることで免疫寛容化できること、また、少量投与でも多量の抗体生成が促されることが示唆されました。
ヒトへのmRNA-LNP投与はコロナワクチンが初めてとされていますが、他の臨床試験でもその効果などが検証されています。

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