Protons Neutrons Electrons Isotopes - Average Mass Number & Atomic Structure - Atoms vs Ions

This chemistry video explains the subatomic particles found inside an atom such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also discusses isotopes, atomic mass, atomic number, and average atomic mass.
Chemistry - Basic Introduction:
• Chemistry
Significant Figures Review:
• Significant Figures - ...
Unit Conversion Problems:
• Converting Units With ...
Pure Substances & Mixtures:
• Pure Substances and Mi...
Physical and Chemical Changes:
• Physical and Chemical ...
_________________________________
Atoms - Basic Introduction:
• Atoms - Basic Introduc...
Cations and Anions Explained:
• Cations and Anions Exp...
Diatomic Elements & Molecules:
• Diatomic Elements & Mo...
Elements, Atoms, & Molecules:
• Elements, Atoms, Molec...
Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons:
• How To Calculate The N...
__________________________________
Average Atomic Mass:
• How To Calculate The A...
What Are Isotopes?
• What are Isotopes?
Percent Abundance of Isotopes:
• How To Find The Percen...
Ionic and Covalent Bonding:
• Ionic and Covalent Bon...
Naming Molecular Compounds:
• How To Name Covalent M...
Writing Formulas - Ionic Compounds:
• Writing Chemical Formu...
__________________________________
Final Exams and Video Playlists:
www.video-tutor.net/
Full-Length Videos and Worksheets:
/ collections

[@TheOrganicChemistryTutor]

Final Exams and Video Playlists: www.video-tutor.net/

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@@TheOrganicChemistryTutor Physicist Charles Coulomb and Cavendish, 15 September 2020 - cloud.mail.ru/public/4MUd/Ao4WCYyFq Physicist Charles Coulomb and Cavendish, 15 September 2020 - drive.google.com/file/d/1vBeRJDpISIo5eLOpJD_CliBN65DWsrpu/view?usp=sharing ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN PHYSICS , 1993-2020 - cloud.mail.ru/public/43mg/5i64hswxz ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN PHYSICS , 1993-2020 - drive.google.com/file/d/1CgVgSPGdeHiyaUG7vjdUBy0ukrPt51mE/view?usp=sharing

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The Key to Atomic Structure Is Deuterium My suggestion is that Deuterium is the key to the existence of neutrons and all the elements beyond hydrogen. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, with one proton and one neutron in the nucleus. The nucleus is also called a DEUTERON. There are deuterons in every atom (except hydrogen). The proton is paired with a neutron in every atom after hydrogen. Some larger atoms also have extra neutrons, but all have at least one neutron for every proton. Something in the proton pairs with a neutron and is repeated over and over again in the nucleus. Without this proton neutron bond, neutrons would all decay in about 15 minutes. The binding energy of the deuteron prevents the decay of the neutron. If neutrons weren't able to keep stable within a deuteron, they would have decayed away. If this had happened, the formation of elements would have been impossible. This proton neutron bond is the key to building elements. Something in the proton neutron pairs, is key to everything that is, except simple hydrogen. Next, Helium has two protons and two neutrons, or two deuterons. Helium is very stable. So do sets of two pairs in the nucleus make other common elements? YES. The most common elements in the universe have the multiple sets of the two deuteron configuration: They include, : helium 2 deuterons, carbon 6, oxygen 8, neon 10, magnesium 12, silicon 14. A key reaction in the early universe was the collision of a proton and neutron to form a deuteron, or deuterium nucleus. In order to form a nucleus a proton and neutron must collide and stick. This was the key reaction in element building. Deuterium forms stronger chemical bonds than hydrogen. Deuterium enters all chemical reactions that hydrogen does but reacts more slowly. "By studying the deuteron, the simplest nucleus in nature, scientists gain understanding of more complex atomic nuclei that make essentially all visible matter in the universe - energy, gov.

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Neutrons are neutrally charged subatomic particles. (not positive or negative) and has a bit more mass than a proton. Protons and neutrons are atomic nuclei. This is because protons and neutrons behave similarly within the nucleus. and each has a mass of about one atomic mass unit. So they are called nucleons. Their properties and interactions are described by nuclear physics.

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determine the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following species. (a) 35 17 cl (b) 37 17 cl (c) 41 k (d) carbon-14

[@TomHendricksMusea]

Could NEUTRONS be HYDROGEN ATOMS? First Thoughts The mass of a neutron and an hydrogen atom are the same. Hydrogen atom is 1.008 amu (atomic mass unit). Neutron is 1.008 amu. ( Proton 1.007, and Electron .0005) The hydrogen atom is made of a proton and an electron. My suggestion is that a neutron is made of a proton and an electron too. Beta Decay is where a neutron transforms into a proton, electron, and anti neutrino. Electron Capture is when an electron pulled into a nucleus combines with a proton to make a neutron, plus a neutrino. Hydrogen plasma is hydrogen where the protons and electrons are separated. My next suggestion is that in a nucleus every proton from helium on, is paired with at least one neutron. My suggestion that this is because protons that have charge are separated by the neutrons so that they won't repel each other. The neutron has no charge. Note some atoms have extra neutrons. There may also be some force that pairs each neutron to a proton in the nucleus making a more stable form. Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen has one neutron paired with one proton in its nucleus. Deuterium forms stronger chemical bonds than hydrogen. Now substitute the words deuterium nucleus for any neutron paired with a proton, and you discover that the nucleus of all elements has earmarks of deuterium in every neutron and proton pair. Further, where there are two such neutron proton pairs, there are earmarks of helium nucleus with its two neutrons and two protons in its nucleus. Finally those elements with two such neutron proton pairs, like that found in helium atoms, are notable. The most common elements in the universe often have this configuration. Helium 2 neutron proton pairs, Carbon 6 pairs, Oxygen 8, Neon 10, Magnesium 12, Silicon 14. *** Revised Thoughts The comments I've received about my premise asking if a neutron and a hydrogen atom are the same, have suggested some needed adjustments. Both the neutron and hydrogen atom have the same atomic mass units. Both are, in my model, made up of one proton and one electron. But there are differences between the two. For example when it comes to stability - a free neutron decays after 10 + minutes into a proton, electron and antineutrino; but an hydrogen atom does not. Though in the extreme heat of hydrogen plasma, the proton and electron are separated. This and other reasons suggest some fundamental difference between a neutron and a hydrogen atom. So what is it ? The proton is the same in both, so I rule that out. That leaves the only thing left, the electron. My suggestion then, is that while a hydrogen atom has a single electron in a shell outside the nucleus; the neutron has that electron within. That means the neutron, unlike the hydrogen atom, is a proton plus electron condensed together in a single composite . This resolves many concerns that I've gotten. The DRAWING shows my models for the nucleus of these elements Helium, and carbon. NH = Neutron - Hydrogen, P = Proton, E = electron. Note how the neutral charged neutrons keep the protons apart. Yet at the same time each neutron pairs with a proton. SUMMARY; if this is true, we see an atom in a new way. The neutron that was seen as a sidekick in the nucleus, now becomes the star and center stage as a different form of hydrogen atom. Paired neutrons and protons are added to the nucleus, to get the rest of the elements. Somehow every neutron is loosely paired to one proton. Then too we see that every nucleus after hydrogen itself, has at least one neutron paired with every proton or a deuterium like configuration inside the nucleus. Next we see that some of the most common elements have two or more paired neutrons and protons, or a helium like configurations inside the nucleus. The neutron is the key to the nucleus. Then go a step further and reexamine the start of the universe. Start with a Singularity of photons that are outside space time. The Big Bang out of that singularity created electrons, protons and their anti matter versions in pair conversion. The electrons and protons form neutrons a form of hydrogen atoms. The neutron pairs with left over protons and electrons to make all the elements.

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Electron Structure of an Atom (including Subatomic Particles and Isotopes + Mass Number)

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[@TomHendricksMusea]

Diagram of Orbits Inside a Proton and Neutron. This is based on the premise that both protons and neutrons are made up of combinations of electrons and positrons (anti electrons). This diagram suggests that a singularity made of photons, created electron and positron pairs in the Big Bang. Then those electrons and positrons in turn created the fundamental particles. PROTON: Consists of three shells that from inside out contain positron / electron / positron NEUTRON: Consists of four shells that from inside out contain: positron / electron / positron / electron. Questions and Answers: Q. Why are protons and neutrons so much larger than the electrons that are orbiting the nucleus? A. Because protons and neutrons contain mostly space in the center with three orbiting waves in the case of protons, and four orbiting waves in the case of neutrons. That is also why neutrons with an added electron, are slightly larger than protons. Q. Why do protons have a positive charge equal to an electron? A. The proton has a positron, electron, and positron. The two inner shells are opposite charge and balance each other. That leaves the outer positron with a charge exactly equal to and opposite to an electron orbiting the nucleus. Q. Why does a neutron have no charge? A. The neutron has four shells of a positron, electron, positron, and outer electron. The charge of the two electrons balance the charge of the two positrons and leave the neutron with a neutral charge. Q. Why are protons always accompanied by neutrons in the nucleus. A. The outer shells of the proton and neutron are opposite charge and different wavelengths, so they can coexist in the nucleus. Had the nucleus been all protons, their outer shell with its positive charge positron would keep them apart. Had the nucleus been all neutrons their outer shell with its negative charge electron would keep them apart. Q. Why don't the electrons and positrons annihilate each other? A Free electrons and positrons annihilate each other and become pure energy photons: but electrons and protons do not annihilate each other. Why the difference? It may be because in the first case the electron and positron are mirror image waves of each other and destructive interference applies as it does with mirror image sound waves etc. But in the second case when the positrons and electrons are in separate nucleus shells with different wavelengths this does not apply. Orbiting electrons and protons cannot annihilate. And the protons inner shells of opposite charged particles cannot annihilate either. Remember that the wavelength of an electron changes with velocity, and electrons do not have fixed wavelengths. The same applies to the positron. Q. What holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus? A. The opposite charge particle in their outer shell. For protons it's a positron in the outer shell, for neutrons it's an electron. Q. Why are protons so stable, virtually immortal, and neutrons last about 10 minutes when outside the nucleus? A. This is unclear, but something about the proton's three shells of positron, electron, and positron, that was manufactured in the Big Bang's extremely high temperatures, is extraordinarily stable. Neutrons are not and there are instances such as electron capture or beta plus decay, where an electron and proton combine to make a neutron, or vice versa the neutron decays into an electron and proton. Q. Does this challenge the quark theory? A. Yes. Q What other questions can this model solve. A. This can solve where the missing anti matter is. It is there in the atom's nucleus. The positrons in the proton and neutron are the missing anti matter. They have been in the atom all along. Q. Can photons, or light make mass? A. Yes. Photons can make electron positron pairs in pair conversion. Furthermore ultra high energy gamma ray photons, can create proton and anti protons.

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Hi, good explanation of Atom, so, I get the pattern of Atom that is Mass Number, Atomic Number, Mass Number is the total number, N is the part of atomic number, so are the P. So, Total that subtract the Part to equal Number of Atomic for the part that is Electrons, which Atomic is the protons. But where is the extra - or + number on left side, I see the pattern for right side, but no pattern connects to the left side, where that number come from?? That is an extra if it is an extra, then you haven't explain the left side, where it comes from and what is the connect to right side? I understand the right size comes from Atom that you look thru the microscope, and you can see the number within Neutrons; Around the Neutrons - those electrons (core and valent), and the lesser orbit that is below core electrons that are protons and Neutrons. So..., and you put number that make sense 27 - 13 equal 14 that is logical, but where is 10 comes from when you don't subtract 14, it is because 14 is higher than 13, so it is replaced by 0 or so. What is the reason for a different number that is out of a pattern of mass number with atomic number?

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Wikipedia says, "The creation of a much more massive pair, like a proton and antiproton, requires photons with energy of more than 1.88 GeV (hard gamma ray photons). So how exactly do photons make all the parts of a proton, and then tell me in what order the photon makes them. How do photons make; up and down quarks, gluons, spin, strong force, particle charge. What order are they made? Remember this is done in pairs, and instantly! LOL, maybe standard physics has some real problems!

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