Pulling Energy Out Of Thin Air

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During the middle ages, the concept of the perpetual motion machine would develop. The first law, known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, would prohibit the existence of a perpetual motion machine, by preventing the creation or destruction of energy within an isolated system.
MAXWELL’S DEMON
In 1867 James Clerk Maxwell, the Scottish pioneer of electromagnetism, conceived of a thermodynamic thought experiment that exhibited a key characteristic of a thermal perpetual motion machine. Because faster molecules are hotter, the "beings" actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down, seemingly reversing the process of a heat engine without adding energy.
ENTROPY
Despite maintaining the conservation of energy, both Maxwell’s demon and thermal perpetual motion machines, contravened, arguably one of the most unrelenting principles of thermodynamics. This inherent, natural progression of entropy towards thermal equilibrium directly contradicts the behavior of all perpetual motion machines of the second kind.
BROWNIAN MOTION
In 1827, Scottish botanist Robert Brown, while studying the fertilization of flowering plants, began to investigate a persistent, rapid oscillatory motion of microscopic particles that were ejected by pollen grains suspended in water. Called Brownian motion, this phenomenon was initially attributed to thermal convection currents within the fluid. However, this would soon be abandoned as it was observed that nearby particles exhibited uncorrelated motion. Furthermore, the motion was seemingly random and occurred in any direction.
These conclusions had led Albert Einstein in 1905 to produce his own quantitative theory of Brownian motion. And within his work, Brownian motion had indirectly confirmed the existence of atoms of a definite size. Brownian motion would tie the concepts of thermodynamics to the macroscopic world.
BROWNIAN RATCHET
In 1900, Gabriel Lippman, inventor of the first color photography method, proposed an idea for a mechanical thermal perpetual motion machine, known as the Brownian ratchet. The device is imagined to be small enough so that an impulse from a single molecular collision, caused by random Brownian motion, can turn the paddle. The net effect from the persistent random collisions would seemingly result in a continuous rotation of the ratchet mechanism in one direction, effectively allowing mechanical work to be extracted from Brownian motion.
BROWNIAN MOTOR
During the 1990s, using Brownian motion to extract mechanical work would re-emerge in the field of Brownian motor research. Brownian motors are nanomachines that can extract useful work from chemical potentials and other microscopic nonequilibrium sources.
In recent years, they’ve become a focal point of nanoscience research, especially for directed-motion applications within nanorobotics.
ELECTRICAL BROWNIAN MOTION
In 1950, french physicist Léon Brillouin proposed an easily constructible, electrical circuit analog to the Brownian ratchet. Much like the ratchet and pawl mechanism of the Brownian ratchet, the diode would in concept create a "one-way flow of energy", producing a direct current that could be used to perform work. However, much like the Brownian ratchet, the "one-way" mechanism once again fails when the entire device is at thermal equilibrium.
GRAPHENE - journals.aps.org/pre/abstract...
In early 2020, a team of physicists at the University of Arkansas would make a breakthrough in harvesting the energy of Brownian Motion. Instead of attempting to extract energy from a fluid, the team exploited the properties of a micro-sized sheet of freestanding graphene. At room temperature graphene is in constant motion. The individual atoms within the membrane exhibit Brownian motion, even in the presence of an applied bias voltage.
The team created a circuit that used two diodes to capture energy from charge flow created by the graphene’s motion. In this state, the graphene begins to develop a low-frequency oscillation that shifts the evenly distributed power spectrum of Brownian motion to lower frequencies. The diodes had actually amplified the power delivered, rather than reduce it, suggesting that electrical work was done by the motion of the graphene despite being held at a single temperature. Despite contradicting decades of philosophical analysis, the team behind this experiment concluded that while the circuit is at thermal equilibrium, the thermal exchange between the circuit and its surrounding environment is in fact powering the work on the load resistor.
Graphene power generation could be incorporated into semiconductor products, providing a clean, limitless, power source for small devices and sensors.
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[@NewMind]

▶ Check out Brilliant with this link to receive a 20% discount! brilliant.org/NewMind/

[@4n2earth22]

I am gonna take that offer. I been wanting to for a long time, and now...well now is the time! Thanks!!!

[@calholli]

If entropy is so true, then explain why oil floats on water? Sure looks like order to me.

[@calholli]

13:28 It takes 4 diodes to rectify ac in the way that you drew the circuit; also, I don't understand how they think these could be a source of endless energy, if there had to be "a biased voltage applied" just for it to work in the first place. Are you suggesting that once it starts oscillating, that the "applied voltage" can be removed? I have questions. lol

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speed the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@numatechprototypes222]

hahaha pulling energy out of this air literally. check out my fusion reactor prototype I have four vids each one has info the oldest has the info in the description keep in mind I used theoretical work done by lpp fusion when I designed this prototype

[@ulrichkalber9039]

actually it is not power generation, it is always power harvesting. i would call this a perpetual motion machine of the third kind, wich harvests energy out of the surrounding area without violating the laws of thermodynamics.

[@eliotdayley518]

Energy is always transferred from one form to another, you can’t make or grow it, only change its form

[@calholli]

13:28 It takes 4 diodes to rectify ac in the way that you drew the circuit; also, I don't understand how they think these could be a source of endless energy, if there had to be "a biased voltage applied" just for it to work in the first place. Are you suggesting that once it starts oscillating, that the "applied voltage" can be removed? Also, how are the 'diodes' what is causing the power to amplify? I don't think he fully understood it enough to explain it clearly in this video. Its interesting either way.

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speed the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@kinzokushirogane1594]

@@calholli The wafer itself would cool down, but whatever it is powering, would heat up.

[@calholli]

@@kinzokushirogane1594 yeah, but at what rate? Does brownian motion pull its power in such a way that nothing cools down, at least not in a measurable/ meaningful way? and that it only pulls its heat from further and further away as needed?.... or if it does cool-- since there are billions of them on the wafer, doesnt' that mean that most of them would have low effeciency or not even work at all, since they are so stacked on top of each other. These wafers need to be built and experimented on, like yesterday. lol

[@Lukegear]

This channel is top notch

[@tjorvenblader]

I only found it now, im sad

[@rubbafunk]

Bar none.

[@ManyHeavens42]

To kool we might get arrested Hahaha

[@Nonononono_Ohno]

Please explain how in the circuit shown at 13:52 the diodes rectify the current.

[@UncleWermus]

Finally, I will never have to worry about changing my CMOS battery again.

[@JamieBainbridge]

Keyboard not present. Press F1 to resume.

[@recklesflam1ngo968]

@@JamieBainbridge >:(

[@undernetjack]

You need an upgrade. I haven't had to change a CMOS battery in twenty-five years.

[@tightirl]

i have been building my computers for over 10 years and have had mobos run for 5+. I've never had to replace a cmos battery.

[@UncleWermus]

@@tightirl Just "upgraded" my dad's pc with some of my older parts and it was throwing a ram error. It was the CMOS battery.

[@kirkc9643]

The 3 Rules of thermodynamics for dummies: 1) You can never get out more than you put in. 2) You will never win. 3) You will always lose.

[@GoldSrc_]

You forgot number 0, you *have to* play the game.

[@vaclavcervinka65]

4) Your wife will leave you

[@myview9923]

Simplified version 😂👌

[@undernetjack]

4) Thermodynamics do not apply to quantum effects?

[@shanemartin2491]

@@vaclavcervinka65 5) Your dog will die 6) Beer will go flat 7) Burgers will kill you.

[@mrpixiledd2489]

Oh dear, here comes thunderfoot

[@anthonydunn729]

That's the coolest thing about this video, it's science is so sound. I can't see a single weakness, but if anyone could, it would be thunderfoot... Or like, a real scientist

[@OMGAnotherday]

Just thinking same!

[@marcosanaya9540]

seems possible, not applicable

[@brenton2561]

HOORAAYYY!!!

[@AKhardcore1]

Bleh Thunderfoot's voice is grating 😅

[@OneMucius]

Amazing work. I am however skeptical about the notion of "thermal equilibrium" in this particular set-up. While it is shown that thermal energy is channeled into non-random electrical current while the energy source remains at constant temperature, I expect that this extraction _is_ cooling the graphene. Thus, an external heat source is keeping the graphene at constant temperature. I would strongly argue that this a non-equilibrium situation. I would love to read others' thoughts about this!

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speed the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@OneMucius]

@@calholli interesting insight. Thanks. Being able to "pulse" the emergence of an overall/harmonic-like vibration in the graphene-sheet by load application seems like something that can be formalized. If it can be scaled to a wafer, as you suggest, a threshold number of such devices on chip must exist where calorimetry can be carried out meaningfully. I work in MEMS, and feel quite confident that such experiment is doable in about a year's work, when partnering with a specialized MEMS fab. Cost would be O(1M€) for the wafers, I think. I hope someone does this!

[@brandonb3279]

@14:30 You are correct; and at this time point he actually states that this is what the team concluded (that the power was being driven by external heat on the circuit). So yes, this is still a non-equilibrium situation. However it is indeed still quite interesting! Basically there is potential to harness very small temperature gradients (that are effectively always available in our everyday world) to produce enough power to replace batteries in low-draw applications (like clocks & sensors). I also hope that this technology gets thoroughly explored!

[@TiagoTiagoT]

That circuit at the end kinda sounds like the type of situation like what the EM-drive turned out to be; measurements so small that it gets really hard to build an experimental setup that does not introduce errors bigger than what's being measured...

[@Nonononono_Ohno]

I don't even think anything needs to be measured, until the two diodes at 13:52 are replaced by something that actually rectifies.

[@michaellowe3665]

I heard about this when they first announced it, but this describes it a little better. It seems that if this does work, the side effect is to extract heat from the local environment. That sounds like free cooling. Imagine if the headliner in your car could power it and keep the interior cool at the same time. I'm skeptical of the ability to scale it up, but it is exciting technology.

[@maximosh]

Electronics is always scalable 😉

[@CompleteAnimation]

Graphene really is the wonder material of the future...

[@Muonium1]

it's the nuclear fusion of the materials science world, lol

[@gramursowanfaborden5820]

it's the fancy new toy, it's no more interesting than any other material, we just haven't discovered all it's uses yet, and we never will, same goes for leather, cheese, cardboard, pick anything, really. everything has different properties, different interactions with different things in different circumstances. graphene is the plastic of the future, just like plastic was the wonder material of the past.

[@calholli]

Wait until they can trap hydrogen in little graphene cylinder tanks and compress it in a nuclear reaction into water logs that burn cold and produce lightning bolts that are easy to harvest, that lasts for 20 years per unit the size of a watermelon. Can't wait until these melon motors take over the vehicle industry.

[@geradosolusyon511]

Nowadays at least, Grapheme can do anything other tan to leave the lab. We need more efficient manufacturing methods and enough investment to kick it off.

[@MikeLisanke]

just like Tigers! :-p

[@twdodd439]

Awesome video!, as always. That was an amazing explanation and concept to discuss. It looks like the Technology Connections video about using a teleprompter and some practice at it really helped. Minimal and fluid/natural eye movements. *clap, clap, clap, clap*

[@Sekir80]

Now, he only need to master focusing.

[@Anders01]

Wow, graphene tech. And actually the second law of thermodynamics is just a statistical measurement. Physicist Leonard Susskind said that entropy is simply hidden information. And Stephen Wolfram has suggested that entropy is similar to encrypted information and that it's actually deterministic, not random. And Stephen Hawking wrote: "Maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability." - A Brief History of Time, ch. 12

[@sc0or]

Maxwell's demon is based on a normal distribution of molecule speed. For instance, before a separation 10% were fast enough to produce some energy being separated. After that only 1% remains. And 0.1% next time. So, there is no free energy there.

[@titter3648]

Who say that you can't exchange the fluid when it is "spent"?

[@sc0or]

@@titter3648 Because "fast" molecules will exchange their speed to energy generated. So, after few separations ALL molecules will have a temperature/speed of a collector of an energy. There will be no "fast" or "slow" molecules. To make this possible we have to make the system "open". So the normal distribution is restored. But only because it exists somewhere outside. Some other particles must dispatch higher speed to them.

[@titter3648]

@@sc0or You can have a closed system still, but when the energy has been extracted you change out the fluid to a fresh one from the outside so you get new fast molecules to work with. And just repeat this over and over.

[@artisticyeti22]

Now teach how to pull energy out of *THICC AIR!*

[@Orlandofurioso95]

You use a fan, but in reverse

[@raybin6873]

@@Orlandofurioso95 "wiseguy"😄

[@jstoner9029]

If you were to create a machine to extract energy from the kinetic energy of particles, all you are doing is reducing the kinetic energy of those parities, you are cooling them. This is stated at 14:40. The final experiment does not creating limitless energy from thin air, it creates very small amount of electricity from cooling the ambient surroundings... The energy need to warm the surrounds of such a machine come from other sources.

[@raybin6873]

No free lunch then eh?

[@silentwisdom7025]

The you tube algorithm keeps forgetting that I have watched this one at least five times. Well here I go again.....

[@ethanmoss3412]

Yes! Been looking forward to your next video!

[@trumanhw]

_Without a difference in thermal states from which to establish a flow of energy ..._ _No mechanical work can be extracted from the system._ (talk about elegant writing)

[@trumanhw]

The 1st law of Thermodynamics dictates: Entropy of an isolated system, left to evolve naturally, can never decrease ... and will always arrive at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium in which, entropy reaches its maxim. Without a difference in thermal states from which to establish a flow of energy, no mechanical work can be extracted from the system. In effect, as entropy increases, the amount of energy that can be extracted decreases. This inherent natural progression of entropy towards Thermal-Equilibrium ... directly contradicts the behavior of all perpetual-motion-machines of the second kind. SUCH beautiful writing; even hearing the second time is still stunning. I hope people don't confuse this extraordinary level of clarity nor the simplicity with which he reduces these complex concepts ... for being "easy." Those who do have really missed out on the joys of edification. But something tells me, those who've found this true gem of youtube ... know, this simply is not the quality of language heard in one's daily life.

[@arthursmith1181]

Self powered chips. Energy is extracted from teh envirioment's temperature, so, it is cooling ever so slightly the surrounding area. Is that right?

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. So its converting this mechanical change in frequency into electricity/ and what ever drives brownian movement resumes once the load isn't present/ (or once the capacitor is charged). I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speeding the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@miroconzelmann5027]

@@calholli as i understood it the brownian motion comes from temperature. It is said that the motion of particle is directly proportional to temperature. So yes, i think this device takes the energy from some temperature gradient to its surrounding hence no violation of 2nd law. The key here is that probably the gradient has only to be veeeeery small to produce something. I think that in theory the potential amount of energy is the Exergy of the system. Usually in thermal generators there are thresholds on the exergy to make it harvestable due to friction and shit. As i recon its always at least a degree Celcius or so. I guess that for the graphene vibration this threshold is orders of magnitutes smaller. Take all this with a grain of salt please since i didnt fully dive into the subject :D

[@BattousaiHBr]

keep in mind this is producing miniscule amounts of energy, so you'd need to have a ton of them to do something remotely interesting. also i imagine youd need passive "cooling" when placing a bunch of them close together since they'd get colder and therefore have lower efficiency, so a cooler would make sure they can keep siphoning heat from the environment faster. all in all, i imagine a practical application would need to be a bit bulky and heavy.

[@AaronSchwarz42]

New Mind, your channel like a university on KZbin, thank you! Cheers & blessings & Godspeed! // to share the pursuit of knowledge with condensed insight & powerful ideas that help upgrade the minds of other people with "New" thinking ! Brilliant!

[@markferguson5924]

Nice insertion of Pinhead, the other demon with a box, at 4:20. I imagine that if we ever seem to get free energy from nothing, we'll actually be refrigerating another dimension - and locals might come here to complain.

[@warpigs330]

If it is essentially harvesting thermal energy how could it get enough power for mobile devices? Wouldn't any device get quite cold to the touch when harvesting any significant amount of energy? How much wattage can we really expect something the size and surface area of a phone to draw thermally?

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. So its converting this mechanical change in frequency into electricity/ and what ever drives brownian movement resumes once the load isn't present/ (or once the capacitor is charged). I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speeding the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@DaemonJax]

@@calholli It would still require a thermal gradient to be present to function in a way that does anything useful. Something will get hot and that must be cooled.

[@legohexman2858]

Ok, but how much energy does it take to make the parts, how long will the device last, these are things to consider if we are taking this seriously.

[@srb1855]

Very nice explanation of the 2nd law thought experiments. I was already aware of Maxwell's demon but this was the first time I learned about the Brownian ratchet which I found fascinating. Thanks for a great video!

[@hassanjacobs7506]

Yea i am pretty sure you will have 1 million subscribers soon. The video quality plus the way you explain things is extraordinary.

[@SpaceCakeism]

Sounds sketchy, has this paper been peer reviewed? You could've linked to the paper, in the description... Will continue to doubt this, until proven otherwise; after all, "there is no free lunch."

[@mathyoooo2]

Also what about that bias voltage

[@marksmod]

I also find this weird. I found two new stories on this topic from 3rd quarter of 2020, but the article they are referring to (which is not included in their citations) is from 2016 published in Physical Review Letters. I don't think it was cited a single time journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.126801

[@augkaz]

Yes, there isn't a free energy. but there is a sun, also there is a constantly changing temperature.

[@theoneed2051]

Right, no free lunch. Ultimately Entropy is going up at the universe scale, and that's where the energy is coming from, no?

[@Perryman1138]

How can the graphene be at thermal equilibrium if there is a voltage bias across it? This would typically result in something known as current, which seems like it would not be in equilibrium. Definitely need to see the paper and peer review before even considering this. The description of the apparatus and the schematic shown is far too simple to do this justice.

[@9002341]

In a complete vacuum, the graphene (and surrounding circuit) would just cool until it stopped vibrating completely right? To keep working it would be pulling heat out of surroundings into a capacitor/battery as a charge. Sooo essentially, a refrigerator that makes electricity? I'd buy that!

[@gramursowanfaborden5820]

it'd only stop working at absolute zero but the less energy it has, the less it works.

[@calholli]

That's interesting.. I agree that it should be tested in a vacuum. absolutely. journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. So its converting this mechanical change in frequency into electricity/ and what ever drives brownian movement resumes once the load isn't present/ (or once the capacitor is charged). I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speeding the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@cougar2013]

@@gramursowanfaborden5820 there is still a zero point energy at absolute zero

[@ManyHeavens42]

not just heat and cold. but 0 gravity 1% potential energy ,Bridges you left out adds Energy,free.On and On !

[@LOGICZOMBIE]

Thank you for your contribution.

[@Stonehawk]

Even if it isn't "free", energy we could extract from areas where wastage occurs today would be an improvement.

[@jbragg33]

Good explanations, thanks

[@MikinessAnalog]

I truly want this to be true, but I have a question. Does this, in any way, get power from local radio stations, the same way you can light an LED using only a good ground, germanium diode and a very large antenna? I ask because I have done this exact experiment before. It does provide voltage (enough for 1 - 3 LEDs) with extremely small amperage.

[@trapper1211]

I would expect scientists who put the test subject into a scanning electron microscope's chamber in order to isolate it pretty well from the environment, to have thought about that particular thing u mentioned.

[@pauloneill9880]

This was so engrossing I ate half an entire family sized pringles tube. Edutasty.

[@NewMind]

How much larger is a family sized tube over the normal one?

[@pauloneill9880]

I guessed it was family sized as it was too many for a lone mortal man.

[@bassmunk]

Fascinating! As per usual

[@guyh3403]

Thank you so much.

[@planetsec9]

The graphene power source described at the end of the video would be a godsend for deep space and interstellar probes, no longer having to rely on RTG's that decay it could power them essentially forever, WOW, something like that on the Voyager probes would have enabled them to keep taking scientific measurements in interstellar space instead of having to shut down most of them by now.

[@Danny_6Handford]

Everything is energy. A piece of wood, a lump of coal, a rock is energy, a bucket of water is energy, air is energy or a barrel of oil is energy. Space itself is some form of energy. Although all energy naturally tries to flow to a lower energy level, there are scenarios where a source of energy can be transferred to something else resulting in an increase in energy but this is only temporary because what goes up must always come down. This process is known and entropy. Sometimes we can get something to flow to a lower level of energy a lot quicker than it would on its own. If we burn a piece of wood, it goes to a lower energy level a lot faster than if it was left to rot in the forest. If we can capture come of that energy on the way down and get it to move something and by moving something it does something useful for us we say that it is doing work.

[@kundeleczek1]

Keep this awesome style , don't coquet people like other KZbinrs do. Great work!

[@AjinkyaMahajan]

it's more like harvesting thermal noise than actual useful power. The energy of the system always remains constant. Nice video✨👌👌 Cheers

[@PedroPereira-si3sy]

Doesn't it depend on what you include on the system? It seems all measurements are made within a certain local limit. Why the constraints?

[@dylanshandley1246]

@@PedroPereira-si3sy because if you’re taking a measure of a specific characteristic in a system without limiting your measurement, then you can’t know what changed if a different result occurs then was already detected or expected. If you don’t take a measurement within an isolated system and limit the varying factors to the highest degree possible, then you can’t know what phenomena you’re witnessing. It’s the same reason you only change one thing at a time if you’re trying to get something like a machine or tool to work. Limit the uncertain or unknowable factors, limit the uncertainty, increase the probability of being able to conduct an experiment and actually learn from it. And no it doesn’t really depend on the system, all systems will act in this way, we’ve just tried really damned hard to work with the laws of thermodynamics in everyday life, so it’s uncommon for an average person to see an example where entropy has been allowed to increase unchecked in any way to a level required where it would be notable.

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. So its converting this mechanical change in frequency into electricity/ and what ever drives brownian movement resumes once the load isn't present/ (or once the capacitor is charged). I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speeding the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@PedroPereira-si3sy]

@@dylanshandley1246 thank you so much for taking the time to answer my question. So for what I understood of what the laws of entropy are, (sorry if I am misinterpretating your awser) they exist as long as humans need it as a tool? Not natural "laws" but human limited (to a local) mathematical descriptions that we can measure and replicate. I got from your reply thermodynamics law is a engeniring tool, that works up to a point of size of the system where we can't measure and it stops making sense, doesn't have use as a tool and thus stops existing?

[@ToxicityAssured]

@@calholli I've been reading comments for about 30 minutes. I appreciate your contribution, but I'm going to lose my mind if I read your copy/paste reply again. Saying the same things repeatedly does not change the validity. Just make a general comment and stop the endless copy/paste replies.

[@jtveg]

Thanks for sharing. 😎👌🏼

[@anaglog77]

Another great video, love your channel :)

[@nickharrison3748]

Superb!

[@tensevo]

The existence of increasingly more complex life runs completely counter to the thermodynamic laws of entropy.

[@Lacksi12]

Can you provide a link to the paper the team wrote? (Or whatever form they published their research in) Id be interested in reading it!

[@calholli]

Absolutely, I have questions. lol.. 13:28 It takes 4 diodes to rectify ac in the way that he drew the circuit; also, I don't understand how they think these could be a source of endless energy, if there had to be "a biased voltage applied" just for it to work in the first place. Are you suggesting that once it starts oscillating, that the "applied voltage" can be removed? Also, how are the 'diodes' what is causing the power to amplify? I don't think he fully understood it enough to explain it clearly in this video. Its interesting either way.

[@calholli]

journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101 The real distinction that I can see is: "the rate of change of diode resistance significantly boosts the output power, and the movement of the graphene shifts the power spectrum to lower frequencies" ---- so the power that is extracted only effects/ lowers the frequency of the oscillations (not heat), and you can store that pulse in a capacitor, and I'm assuming the brownian movement will resume its "equilibrium frequency" again once the load isn't present, waiting to be harvested on the next pulse. So its constantly slowing down and speeding up again as electricity is being pulled from this change in frequency due to the rate of resistance change in the diodes. How strange. I don't know what drives brownian movement, so I don't know where its getting this "extra" energy from to keep speed the frequency back up to the "equilibrium frequency"-- but it has to be coming from somewhere.. I understand that if you could put it on silicon, then you could make billions of them; but I wonder what that would do to the wafer? Would it heat up with that many, that close together? would it cool? it interesting.

[@ebnftl2272]

Excellent video. Keep up the good work. 👍

[@bobsmith-ov3kn]

For basically all practical purposes (and up to a limit of course) windmills and water-wheels are essentially perpetual motion machines. Yes the parts will all eventually need replacing and the energy isn't unlimited, but it is essentially free

[@jimviau327]

It's unfortunate that you did not include a segment on the Testatika machine. Though, not a perpetual machine , it sure is an interesting perpétual Energy harvesting piece of art. Good video anyhow. Thanks.

[@Islandsunn]

Actually the 1st law doesn't prevent perpetual motion machines only the 2nd does - 1st law still permits theoretically perfect heat engines that don't loose energy

[@andrewbeaton3302]

Love your video! Graphene is just One of the nano super materials we are working with. RED prosperous is is incredible too, I cant wait to see this working! Carbyne.

[@venkatbabu1722]

How to transfer energy. By power. You have something rotating somewhere and you want to transfer that to a distant location then how things happen. Say you are moving a paddle then you can transfer that sound to a distant location at the speed of sound with a preferred media of air or water. Encapsulation makes it definitive. This is the basic principles of streaming. Power increases the speed with in limit. Similarly media capacity. That's how you transfer energy.

[@alexanderhugestrand]

The second law of thermodynamics is a law about scale. It's often said that heat cannot do useful work. But it can, if it's contained in a small enough volume. Energy flows from the small to the large. (That's my personal version of the second law). So it should be possible to harvest the energy of the quantum world as long as it spreads out in our macroscopic world.

[@mahendrachettri6572]

This is quickly becoming one of my favourite channels...

[@alpineflauge909]

thank you

[@xfactor529]

I have heard about this recent discovery and wondered if this really worked because it sounded like a brownian ratchet situation. Excellent explanation

[@inothome]

Another great video and the glitch in the Matrix at 0:28 answered a lot of questions.....

[@ulurag]

Random movement is not useless, (9min into video), it can be used for instance to disturb a liquid and cause waves, thus enabling a system where water can be transported up and then generate electricity on its way down again as hydro.

[@ziggythomas1123]

This reminds me of a power source in the game Rimworld called the 'vanometric power cell.' It provides 200W continuously in a space about the size of a small car. The lore surrounding them is that they were developed by 'archotechs,' planet-sized A.I. hyperintelligences, and mention that archotechs "seem reluctant to scale them up," hinting at a hidden cost.

[@frankfenza7841]

This channel is top notch.

[@murtadha96]

Amazing!

[@corneliusprentjie-maker6715]

Briliant!

[@henri-fillipbauer6579]

Man I love you’re content

[@adityakhabiya5348]

Watching this while eagerly waiting for the next episode of "Evolution of processing power"

[@andrewmagdaleno5417]

Well written script brother! Nice work and thanks for the free content. Glad your monetizing it with sponsorships. Keep it up!

[@corwinmay]

There is nothing in the laws of thermodynamics requiring that the hot and cold reservoirs operating a heat engine cannot be mixed. The faster moving particles comprise a hot reservoir and the slower moving particles comprise the cold reservoir. I think even the paddlewheel concept would work, if the ratchet requires more than the average kinetic energy of the fluid particles, so that it is effectively extracting useful work only from the "hot reservoir" and releasing some excess heat into the "cold reservoir."

[@naota3k]

Love these videos, great explanations. I'd recommend during your face shots, increase your depth of field a bit so that your whole upper-body is in focus, otherwise it's a bit too soft looking.

[@matttzzz2]

What if i like it soft

[@philliprobinson7724]

Hi. I agree, and for this one how about a Tee shirt bearing the logo "there's no such thing as a free lunch"? Cheers, P.R.

[@code4chaosmobile]

woohoo! this video will make my Sunday Morning

[@Miata822]

Brownian motors are hypothetically possible but they are still heat engines. Momentum the fluid would be transferred out of the system cooling the fluid, so not perpetual motion. The same must be true for the Arkansas experiment. It is a high tech electrical equivalent to a Peltier device or Sterling engine.

[@CharlesBrown-xq5ug]

Impractical but visulizable thought e pediment contrasting with Feynman's ratchet wheel: If billions of nanometer scale paddlewheels in one gas filled compartment are individually paired with non torqing friction bearings via axles through a thermal wall (The paddlewheels are mounted all over the face of the wall like sideways mushrooms) Brownian motion turns the paddlewheels at random speed in either direction rotating the axle. There is no explicit pawl and ratchet. The friction bearings, with non rotating outsides, are mounted on the other side of the thermal wall in an adjacent gas compartment. Hypothecally the paddlewheel side gets colder and the bearing side gets hotter. The parts are robust enough to work a long time moving a lot of energy.

[@TiagoTiagoT]

Hm, say I use the technique that's used to make CPUs; silicon wafers, photolitography etc; to build that circuit mentioned towards the end of the video, packing many tiny copies tightly, and then stacking those "chips", making a 10x10x10cm cube of them. How many watts is expected such a device would produce/make available?

[@eprofessio]

Modern refrigerants will replace water in conventional electric generation turbines where the ambient heat is used to convert it from a liquid to gas to run the turbine. It is possible and realistic.

[@karljohnnyb5850]

so after 14:00, the effect replicated is in the "free energy" world called Searl effect. a decrease in temperature is commonly observed aswell. stands to reason there is no free energy, rather converting heat into electricity somehow.

[@DeDeNoM]

You want to pull energy out of thin air? May I introduce you to the wind turbine?

[@Thumper68]

As do I introduce you to solar panels or even better pull energy out of almost no air introducing the water turbine

[@randomuser5443]

@@Thumper68 That is pulling energy out of the day

[@Ornateluna]

@@randomuser5443 yeah we shouldn't do that bc then the day will become shorter

[@randomuser5443]

@@Ornateluna I’m more concerned that people will become complicit and not move to the Dyson swarm

[@geradosolusyon511]

Wind turbines need Thick Air.

[@popoffs5273]

You could use the H2O as nuclear fusion fuel

[@chaorrottai]

maxwells deamon is real, it's called a heat pump a heat pump with a cop of 2.5, like an AC unit you can buy at wal-mart, will use 100 J to pump 250 J of heat from a cold sink to a hot sink while also rejecting some of the spent pump energy as heat in the hot sink. The heat pump organises more energy than is disorganised through it's opperation.

[@jamesmcpherson1590]

At 3:26, the man's name is actually James Clerk (not Clark) Maxwell; an uncommon middle name often confused with a much more common version.

[@FREAKIN_BRYAN]

Our planet is racing around a sun which is racing around the core of a galaxy that is racing through the universe. With all of that motion, if there are underlying frameworks of matter across the universe that we don’t understand, there is a lot of potential energy we have no idea about.

[@iamjimgroth]

Pretty sure that thumbnail image is the exact one I use as a background. Small world!

[@gmeast]

WOW ... I like this channel!

[@miinyoo]

What's with the flash frame at :29 seconds? On purpose? Am I missing something in the matrix?

[@annespacedroid]

Yes.

[@ecicce6749]

I am pretty sure the browning ratchet will work. I am not buying that spring not working argument. I think the second law of thermodynamics is bs. What is it based on in the first place? We can see bigger particles in motion under the microscope. That's already violating the 2nd law right before our eyes. Also it clearly doesn't create any paradoxes or energy from nothing. It's put in the system and we can extract it again. I think these entropy laws work just from the statistical perspective in larger system. But the model breaks down the closer you look at the smaller and more distinct individual parts of the system. After that 2020 discovery we should put much much more effort in exploring possible brownian ratchet devices and scale them. Heat energy in 1kg of mass is very very huge even if it's quite cold. It takes a lot of energy to heat from 0 K to like 270K. If we can extract it efficiently and quickly with some genius devices we may have solved energy problems and cooling problems once and for all

[@MrPaulCraft]

Nice, haven't heard of Marian Smoluchowski before!

[@novibes5619]

Just a small thought that someone by the name of Nikola Tesla had made something like this king before any of us were born. But he “failed”.

[@dadoogie]

Someone enjoyed uncut gems.

[@ethereal2620]

Extracting thermal energy from the environment is receiving a lot of attention and there are quite a few other papers and experiments using different methods. One particularly interesting method involved reflecting thermal energy towards the space (ie: to the sky) so it escapes the "system" (our planet) creating a gradient easily converted to work. But there is lot sof disinformation mixed with the real things. Like zero point energy theories which rely on possible lower energy states on the quantum foam and are purely theoric and untestable.

[@phillies4eva]

A thought on the diode rectifier circuit at the end: that isn't a rectifier in the classic sense. It's a rectifier with one diode pushed just to the edge of it's forward voltage by the battery such that even micro volts produced by the carbon mesh would produce a current in one direction. The implication is that the carbon is acting as some sort of antenna that captures the output from the resistor.

[@houmus649]

Most likely capturing atmospheric electricity

[@CUBETechie]

A gas powerplant have a gas turbine which drive a generator and the hot exhaust gases heat up Water and power a Steam turbine but can the steam from the steam turbine exhaust have enough energy to be used for heating houses in the area? So it has a combined Efficiency?

[@Trebseig]

Thanks for making this excellent video. At see the water goes up and down and we can harvest that, so HOW can we harvest the tiny motions of molecules at a LARGE scale?

[@ytSuns26]

Unlike Niburu seems free energy will never go away. Nothing is free except the body your born into..

[@LukeLane1984]

This could have interesting implications for the development of nanotechnology. Fascinating. Imagine a swarm of tiny nanomachines in your bloodstream, cleaning your arterial walls, destroying harmful micro organisms, killing cancer cells. Although, perhaps, biological nanomachines might be a better alternative. We could possibly create artificial, yet still biological, bacteriophages that would be able to do similar things. But, we're probably multiple decades away from such technology. By then we're going to have much bigger problems on our hands.

[@FlorestanTrement]

Superconductors enabled perpetual motion quite some time ago. Some were even built to test it. At least one of these experiments lasted decades.

[@Nonononono_Ohno]

It's not really "motion", it's a quantum-mechanical state, similar to the "spin" of electrons. Thermodynamics doesn't apply to these kind of states, and in any case, there's no way to "harvest" energy from it. In order to extract energy from a superconducting ring coil, it must first be charged by inserting energy into it. However, in this process there will always be thermodynamical energy losses.

[@FlorestanTrement]

@@Nonononono_Ohno A "perpetual motion machine" is a machine in which some parts move perpetually (means forever) without exchanging energy with the exterior. There is no reference to thermodynamics. In that case, there are electrons moving around in a circuit. They have kinetic energy, therefore it's motion. There is no loss nor is there exchange of energy with an external source. Therefore, it's is a perpetual motion. The goal of a perpetual machine is not to harvest energy. It is just a engineering challenge.

[@Nonononono_Ohno]

​@@FlorestanTrement Perpetual motion machines always violate the laws of thermodynamics. There isn't even a single exception. They are classified into three kinds, depending on which one of the three laws is being violated. Obviously a superconducting ring isn't violating the first law, since no energy is created or destroyed. It doesn't violate the second law either, because no work is done. In theory, it doesn't violate the third law either. However, a real world superconductor always has losses. You can read about quality factors of superconducting cavities, and you will see that they're never infinite, because there are always surface effects, no matter how well you do your engineering challenge. Also be aware that it's really not electrons that are moving in a superconductor. Electrons combine into cooper pairs, which all condense into a coherent state with a single wave function. Therefore the energy isn't really "kinetic", but much more "magnetic", and the superconductor isn't really a "perpetual motion machine".

[@FlorestanTrement]

​@@Nonononono_OhnoWell, it seems I'm not as well learned in superconduction as you seem to be. However, I heard a top scientific explain such an experience that was made out of opportunity and curiosity rather than anything actual project. The started a superconducting rig and put it in the back of their French public lab. Then, they more or less forgot about it. Then one day, decades later (was it 40 years? I'm not sure), the lab was moved and they realized there was that thing left running there and someone remembered what it was. So they stopped the machine checked the current. It was still running, and as far as they could check, they retrieved pretty much all of the original energy that was put in it. It's more hearsay than proof, but I'd call it pretty close. And yes, it's strange to forget something that was probably significantly eating at their energy budget. But stranger things have happened. So, maybe you are right… Or maybe not.

[@Nonononono_Ohno]

​@@FlorestanTrement After some reading I realize you're right and I need to correct myself. In direct current, type-I superconductors and under the right conditions also type-II superconductors actually do have zero resistance, not only theoretically but even practically. So in theory they should maintain a DC current forever, if there aren't any influences that disturb it. Things like radioactive decay, cosmic rays hitting it, or if it really exists, also proton decay will eventually stop the superconductor from functioning, but that's going to take an eternity. So from this perspective you're indeed right, for all practical purposes, it's perpetual! In a lab, the most likely thing to happen is someone forgetting to refill the cooling liquid. Even nowadays, superconductors need cooling with liquid helium or liquid nitrogen. It needs to be refilled constantly, or else the superconductor heats up and "quenches", meaning it gets destroyed because of the large current running through what by then has become a resistor. So I guess the folks in France were quite aware of their energy budget, and especially of their liquid gas bills. ☺ I'm not so well learned actually, by the way. Just picked up a few things during studying, and at work, and forgot most of them again. 😅

[@Noone-of-your-Business]

Sooooo... the energy comes from the surroundings? In other words, this circuit _cools down_ its environment?

[@3dkiwi920]

Nice to meet you

[@shiddy.]

I'd be happy if we could pull clean air out of thin air

[@masheti1000]

How does the Searl Effect Generator work?

[@UjjwalKumar_234]

Couldn't find link to the publication.

[@kayakMike1000]

We live in a universe of RELATIVE motion.

[@Exist64]

The concept at the end was mind-blowing, but I failed to fully understand it because I can't wrap my head around electrodynamics, despite being good at thermodynamics

[@andersjjensen]

Stellar piece! I do, however, feel a bit pessimistic about the prospects of "free energy", and I think they'll eventually figure out that the poser came from somewhere else. Just like that propulsion drive that was so debated a couple of years ago that produced "thrust out of nothing" turned out to be a calibration error....

[@raybin6873]

Ah! My first time to see his face! Adds more to the quality if you ask me! These videos are addictive BTW! 👍👍👍

[@musikSkool]

So the reason why the first 2 examples don't work is because after each collision the energy of the moving atom decreases. Even if you could make a hot chamber and a cold chamber, once you take energy out of that system you get 2 chambers of lukewarm atoms. The process isn't repeatable. The total energy in the system isn't changed, you are just sorting the energy difference that you do have, not creating any new energy. The same thing happens in the ratchet, when an atom pushes the ratchet, it loses some of its energy. Like bouncing a ball off of a wall versus bouncing it off of a door. If the door moves then that means that the ball is going to be going slower after the bounce. We don't need to pull energy from nothing, there are plenty of things around us that are moving that we can harness. If 3% of the Earth's land had solar panels, that is all the energy we use. I don't know about you, but 3% sounds like a solar panel on every building to me. Don't look for free energy, look for cheap energy storage. Like a cheap way to convert heat into energy. 1 pound of very hot metal will run a bike for 50 miles at 10% efficiency. The problem isn't storing it, what we need to do is make a way to get a relatively steady, constant 700 watts from that hot material in a system that is small enough and light enough to make sense on a bike. I want a thermos to be the new battery. A magnet loses its magnetism if it goes over 175 degrees Fahrenheit. So you could theoretically make a generator with 2 coils of wire, a magnet, and a hot piece of metal. When the hot metal touches the magnet the field drops, making the electrons spread out evenly in the wire, then when you pull it away from the heat source, the magnetic field turns back on and the electrons move to the center of the magnet, each coil would only be on half of the magnet, so when the electrons are forced to move to the center of the magnet, they would flow through the coil. You wouldn't be creating energy, every time you touch the magnet to the hot metal, you take some of its energy. This would be much lighter than a system that has to use steam or a sterling engine. How would you move the magnet? Simple, put it below a very hot iron bar, when the magnet jumps to the bar it generates energy, then after it heats up it loses its magnetism and falls onto a heatsink, like the kind we use for computer processors. The process would repeat until all the heat dissipates to the magnet, and then to the heatsink. Where would we get the heat? Induction heating could heat up the metal very VERY fast. Imagine recharging your bike in 30 seconds, and then driving it for 2 hours. That is very possible with induction heating.