Punnett Square Basics | Mendelian Genetic Crosses

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This is a simple overview of monohybrid genetic crosses using punnett squares and Mendelian genetics.
Punnett squares measure the probability or likelihood of a genetic outcome based on a specific genetic cross. It doesn’t tell you what will be, only what could be.
For the simplest of punnett squares you’ll cross two genotypes. These parent genotypes will be for the same gene, but may or may not contain different alleles. Let’s look at an example of a genetic cross for eye color, green eyes being dominant and blue eyes being recessive. Let’s use Gg for the maternal genotype and gg for the paternal. So this is our cross, the mother has green eyes and the father has blue eyes and we want to see the probability that their offspring will have either green or blue eyes.
For this cross we will draw a square split into four quarters, like a simple four panel window. This is the punnett square. One of the parental genotypes will go on top, and the other will go on the side. It doesn’t matter which genotype goes where and the order of the letters doesn’t matter, however, we conventionally write the dominant allele first.
So your setup should look like this.
Then you simply carry the letters through to their respective quadrants and match them up, like so. Each quadrant represents a 25% chance that that genotype will result. So in this case we have only two possible genotypes, Gg and gg. And each genotype has 50% chance of showing up in the offspring. Similarly, you will have two possible phenotypes, Green eyes and Blue eyes, with a 50% chance of each.
Let’s look at another example. Let’s cross two genes that are heterzygous for eye color. Gg X Gg. These colors are just for illustration purposes. We again draw our punnett square and put one gene on top and the other down the side, carry the letters through to their respective quadrants, and analyze the results. This cross results in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio, with 25% Homozygous Dominant GG, 50% Heterozygous Gg, and 25% Homozygous Recessive gg. The phenotypic ratio would be a 3:1 ratio with 75% green eyes and 25% Blue eyes.
Hopefully that helps you understand simple punnett squares. Genetic crosses can be much more complicated and I will make some videos in the future explaining how to tackle those. If you have any questions from this video, throw them in the comments, and don’t forget to like and subscribe. Thanks for watching. I’ll catch you next time.

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This video really woke me up I was feeling really tired but then my teacher assigned this to google classroom. I watched it all the way through and took lots of notes, thanks for the lesson 2 minute classroom

[@2MC]

You're welcome. This is the first time anyone has said my video woke them up. So thank you for that.

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just remember that each of those squares are equivalent to 25%!

[@2MC]

💯

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Like twice the outcomes of a coin.

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Thank you for the video. My son was having a hard time understanding the Punnet square so I started looking for a video and came across your video. I learned and then explained to my son how to make Punnet square. Short and precise.

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I was stressed out because i am currently sick (with strep throat) and my teacher announced on Google Classroom that we have a test on Punnett Squares on Friday, so i decided to watch a video about them and this was the first result. I copied down the example of the Punnet Square and did the worksheet she posted and this helped me so much! The arrows were definitely helpful in figuring out where the genotypes go! Thank you again! (Also she isnt the best teacher so i didnt really understand this even though shes been teaching it for a week! You helped me understand it in 2 minutes!)

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Thank you so much for this. I'm learning about this for biology right now and was a little stumped. Makes way more sense now. Going to watch some more complex examples so I can truly master it!

[@2MC]

Glad it was helpful!

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I never thought I'd understand how to do these!! thank you so much :))

[@lazerleagend8854]

This was really confusing for me at first cus I couldn't get the difference in GG, Gg. but you helped me alot to learn it and I bot this video from my teacher. your a big help thank you.

[@2MC]

So happy to hear it.

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Thank you for this! I’m studying for a test coming up tomorrow and this helped me understand how the Punnett square works!

[@2MC]

Awesome! You are welcome.

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Thanks for the help. I have a test tomorrow and you helped me out to understand the punnet square so thank you, the video was short and precise nice vid. thnx

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When biology and probability interact, the result is genetics.

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[@translateconversion8752]

Hey, 2 Minute Classroom, thanks for the amazing video! I just wish to ask in the second example, which color represents either the dominant or recessive traits (or does this question apply at all)? Also, is having a lowercase letter as the first letter of the genotype, the reason for the recessive trait resulting in 25%?

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I haven't started working in that video yet, but I am certain it will be beneficial for many.

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[@terungwabenedict758]

If you say Gg is for Green eyes dominant and gg is for blue eyes recessive... While putting the information on the punnet square you will have Gg for the first row, follow by Gg , then gg and gg Giving us the ratio of 2:2 Percentage of 50% 50% ...

[@2MC]

Correct.

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I use VideoScribe to create my videos. I'm glad they've helped you.

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Most welcome

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Thanks Sheri, will do!

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Hey, so I’m having a final test tomorrow and I don’t understand something This may seem dumb but how do I know if the green eyes are dominant and the blue eyes are recessive?

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You should be given that information.

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i got a test tmrw too and literally asking the same question to myself🤣

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Thanks!

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Excellent!