Rare Colors: How Nature Creates Blue Hues

This episode is sponsored by Awesome Socks Club, a sock subscription for charity. Go to awesomesocks.club/SciShow to sign up between now and December 11th to get a new pair of fun socks each month in 2021. 100% of after-tax profit will go to decrease maternal and child mortality in Sierra Leone, which is one of the most dangerous places to be pregnant in the world.
Finding natural blue in nature is actually pretty uncommon, as it's really difficult for life to create blue pigments-but the color can appear in a handful of compounds that create just the right conditions to reflect blue photons! Learn about the blue phenomenon in this fun episode of SciShow!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyi062
doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0421
doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-54...
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.0...
doi.org/10.1007/s00217-013-19...
doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11803...
doi.org/10.1039/B800165K
doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M314251200
doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C400337200
doi.org/10.1086/692661
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22811...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28157...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28533...
doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1138....
doi.org/10.5772/32410
doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1138....
doi.org/10.1021/jf501419q
doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(84)...
doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiom...
doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6...
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www.npr.org/sections/health-s...
Image Sources:
bit.ly/33dn4mv
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bit.ly/2J9ZbVs
bit.ly/39biyIK
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bit.ly/35ZLrpu
bit.ly/35YBLeS
bit.ly/3fujmJY
bit.ly/3pYyFPV
bit.ly/33bhuAL
bit.ly/33ey02W
bit.ly/2V2boy8
bit.ly/3pYyQL5
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bit.ly/3fvwfU8
bit.ly/3m80Aus
bit.ly/2HwUiFC
bit.ly/3fDBOjy

[@panqueque445]

6:30 I love the Idea of nature being like "alright guys we managed to barely make this work, NO ONE TOUCH ANYTHING"

[@glenngriffon8032]

Well that's what I love about evolution, it really does work on the cheapest budget. The principal of "good enough" or "forget it, that'll do". Evolution only cares about one thing: You live long enough to reproduce. Did you make a child that has birth defects? Doesn't matter to evolution. If that child passes on it's genes then it's a success. That's why i have vowed that I will never have kids. I know full well that my genes are bad and my parents really shouldn't have had me in the first place but they did. And my birth defects kept me in hospital for much of my childhood. So I'm not going to repeat my parents mistake of playing genetic russian roulette and just hoping my child gets lucky to not inherit all of my bad genes.

[@TheBanjoShowOfficial]

@@glenngriffon8032 personifying evolution is already a cardinal sin of its own. It isn’t a person residing over a computer, it is merely an algorithm that functions based off natural feedback and beyond excessively redundant iterations. It does this over and over again until something seems to continue to exist, then that creature ceases to change what behavior already works. Trial and error, trial and error, millions of years.

[@Just_A_Dude]

@@TheBanjoShowOfficial Dude, other than you being a pedantic ass over space-saving metaphorical shorthand, there really is no difference between what you just said and the person you're correcting except your metaphor is even worse because it implies not only an end-state but that there's a planned sensibility to the whole mess.

[@TheBanjoShowOfficial]

@@Just_A_Dude No, there is definitely a difference. The metaphor works only in part. By using it, you'd be assuming the fallacy that evolution has desired outcomes, of which is most certainly does not. You'd be surprised how often people consider evolution in this manner without even realizing it. And that isn't what evolution is, it is literally entirely random, it can't be personified. Call me pedantic, I don't care, I don't romanticize a simple mathematical process that occurs in natural law. We must be consistent.

[@vaszgul736]

as someone who codes for a living, that's a mood

[@glenngriffon8032]

Nature is like "No more pigments. Frankly it's a heck of a lot easier to just build nanoscopic structures that just reflect back blue that make pigments."

[@gamerx3354]

Science is weird my dude :)

[@sigmasquadleader]

You're weird for watching science do it's thaaang

[@gamerx3354]

@@sigmasquadleader yes, because I am weird

[@narutohuntmendemon6354]

Everyone weird in there own way

[@kelly2fly]

@@narutohuntmendemon6354 I just came from a post that was debating on correct grammar usage. Thought I'd join in by correcting your post: Everyone's weird in their ways. All in good fun. Happy Thanksgiving Day!!!!

[@masterimbecile]

Bilirubin and biliverdin is also why your bruises change color! A hematoma (bleeding into tissues, i.e. a bruise) is cleaned up by white blood cells as they eat up the red blood cells. The heme molecules in RBCs are broken down first to biliverdin, and then to bilirubin within the WBCs. This is why your bruise starts from red, and then changes to purple, blue, green, and finally yellow before disappearing. The bilirubin is finally peed out in the form of urobilin, which is why your pee is yellow!

[@christelheadington1136]

Why does a bruise seem to spread out as it "ages"?

[@jo-vf8jx]

@@christelheadington1136 You only see what’s on top in the beginning, so think of it like the tip of an iceberg or a shockwave.

[@christelheadington1136]

@@jo-vf8jx Thank you, it's something I've thought about when it happens, but never looked up.

[@darrenswails]

If bilirubin is a great antioxidant, why is too much bad for you (jaundice)

[@_Uptilt]

@@darrenswails We aren't completely sure about all the mechanisms, but bilirubin in high levels seems to interfer with the actions of some enzymes and otherwise interfer with normal cell function. Very high levels (beyond the solubility limit in water) will also cause the precipitated bilirubin to start accumulating in the gray matter of the brain where it acts as a toxin, destroying neurons and leading to permanent brain damage.

[@sirblue5586]

As you can see , Blue is indeed a captivating color.

[@Karishma_Unspecified]

I am indeed captivated by your blueness. I'm blue-dab-a-dee-dab-a-die..... lol

[@davidspencer5607]

I prefer red myself

[@VincentMothling]

I can not in fact see sir I’m color blind to blue XD

[@kylepessell1350]

@@VincentMothling Oh man that's tragic. Blue is such an inspiring color.

[@bluuuuuuuuuuue]

I agree

[@coasterblocks3420]

There are more native Australian blue flowered plants than the rest of the world combined.

[@rationalmartian]

Do they kill ya too? Like everything else in Australia. LOL.

[@coasterblocks3420]

@Scumfuck McDoucheface We also have most of the blue flowered orchids in the world. Numerous native bee species go nuts for blue flowers.

[@sphenodon2016]

anyone know why this is? something weird about the light that reaches the southern hemisphere or endemic animals preferring/not preferring (depending on if the plant wants to be eaten or not) the color? one of y'all talked about how bees like it, but I'd suspect they could've evolved different preferences if the plants weren't already for whatever reason predisposed to being blue

[@coasterblocks3420]

@@sphenodon2016 I have no information on why there is a preponderance of blue flowered plants generally or orchids specifically (all terrestrial species at that and none epiphytic) in Australia. It may come down to those plants and their pollinators evolving together and guiding each other’s evolution. Of course the colour we see is different to what insects see.

[@Abdega]

@@coasterblocks3420 do the bees go for your eyes if they are blue too?

[@phismp731]

I'm now creating a petition to make the term, "Cellular shenanigans" a legitimate scientific term!

[@realityjunky]

I'm up for that

[@RBYW1234]

kzbin.info/aero/PLttw5jIXMpsjFDvnFauP_LJxXIl2kVJ23

[@brianjensen5661]

Yeah but umm... Who's gonna get this petition?

[@chriscauley4182]

"To understand blue we need to talk both biology and physics" Fade to black. Music swells. Title card: The gang talks chemistry.

[@junglee-bee]

PSYCHE! 😝

[@Max_Chooch]

Awe gee I, I, I dunno Rick

[@whenthe531]

we've been tricked, we've been backstabbed and we've been quite possibly bamboozled

[@RBYW1234]

kzbin.info/aero/PLttw5jIXMpsjFDvnFauP_LJxXIl2kVJ23

[@alexanderwilisow3633]

ASAP Science: Blue doesn't exist Sci show: Blue is pretty Special😂😂

[@walkingbushie3568]

"If you want to find one you can ask your liver about it." *HELLO LIVER CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT BLUE PIGMENTATION*

[@marianocolsin8968]

Everyone gangsta until the liver talks back

[@meneeRubieko]

Fun fact: Bilirubin is one of the molecules that makes poop it’s distinctive brown color

[@gillifish]

Oh, it turns mine yellow and green 😅

[@andybricks576]

@@gillifish That's cos you're a fish!

[@Macachee]

@@gillifish ewwwwwww!

[@LotsOfFunyoutubechannel]

People: I want blue colors. Nature : We don't do that here.

[@cowboyhank456]

I remember how my high school chemistry teacher told me how if we wanted to be rich, all we had to do was come up with a non-fading red dye. Now I understand why

[@myrmatta1]

Hank is my favorite host. He is just so fun! He also seems to improvise more than the others.

[@andybeans5790]

He's also the boss AFAIK

[@nathanvanderburg8579]

Biology and physics that just sounds like chemistry with extra steps

[@eavyeavy2864]

The ladder goes from math to physic to chemist to biology to humanity to economy to math again Yes Inknow you talk in context of color

[@Quirkykitty]

biology is a subset of chemistry, chemistry is a subset of physics, physics is a subset of math, math is a subset of philosophy.

[@ECPlex]

5 of the channels i watch have posted something about the color blue in the last 48hours. i feel like a guy that lives in a blue world And all day and all night and everything i sees is just blue Like me, inside and outside I'm blue da ba dee da ba daa Da ba dee da ba daa, da ba dee da ba daa, da ba dee da ba daa Da ba dee da ba daa, da ba dee da ba daa, da ba dee da ba daa

[@sleepydog9968]

right?

[@allyssajenngongob7624]

same man I think the other one was from ASAPScience

[@jeka8826]

There was one from It's Okay to be Smart from 2 years ago that showed up in my feed one day after this one was posted, which absolutely makes sense as a KZbin rabbit trail from this. But they didn't show me this video until one more day had passed.

[@qsquared8833]

Yo Listen Up, here's the story

[@gaming6feetunder925]

You had me in the first half, chief.

[@ulfstag4834]

I'd be interested in finding out about the blue in a blue ringed octopus, especially considering their skins properties

[@ieatgreenfleas]

skin's*

[@shashanko]

SciShow’s got you covered: watch from 3:14 here (if you’re in a hurry) kzbin.info/www/bejne/fJTFaqipZ759m5o Otherwise watch the complete 😀

[@zrazghost]

@@shashanko pog champ supreme

[@Around_blax_dont_relax]

@@ieatgreenfleas skin's is a contraction. -skin is- god i hate people like you

[@porakiyadraekojin3390]

@@Around_blax_dont_relax not nescessarily. "Skin's" is also a way of showing possession, as "one of the skin's roles is to protect the body"

[@pierreabbat6157]

I recently read about the quest to find the source of the blue (תכלת) color used anciently in a thread of a tzitzit. It turns out to be made from a secretion of Hexaplex trunculus, a snail in the murex family, by a process involving exposure to sunlight, which makes the brominated indigo molecule lose one of its bromines and turn blue.

[@klutterkicker]

This episode needs a blooper reel of Hank learning the protein names.

[@jeka8826]

I am super excited that someone finally explained to me how color works on molecules! I still don't understand how dyes work, and how the light bouncing of the blue part of my shirt behaves so differently from the light bouncing off the red part of my shirt, because I see the physical properties of that fabric as identical, but I feel like now I'm halfway to that basic idea of "light interacts with tiny molecules." Maybe one day rainbows will make sense to me!

[@markmalinowski5951]

Octopus: "I just blue myself"

[@sciencenonfiction4109]

Perfect timing! I'm supposed to be studying optics, but find it hard to focus and used to be obsessed with blue eyes hehe.

[@yaboirico5221]

look up "Lexus structural blue" :)

[@Abdega]

How obsessed? Because I might be able to assist ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

[@FriedEgg101]

Do you have blue eyes? Cause I have blue eyes but I'm obsessed with dark brown eyes; I just get so lost in them. Blue eyes creep me out a little, and the lighter the blue the more creeped out I get. I scare myself when I look in the mirror.

[@Yarblocosifilitico]

@@FriedEgg101 really? Interesting. Did you know Buddha is depicted with blue eyes in many cases, and so are other gods (I know Buddha is not technically a god) like Viracocha? Blue eyes are beatiful, but I'm glad that you would like my dark brown eyes ^^

[@sciencenonfiction4109]

@@FriedEgg101 haha, I have interesting eyes. Hazel- brown pigments around pupil, greenish color around that, and dark outer iris rings. They look boring lightish brown normally, but photos with flash show lighter spirals, and one eye has a small freckle just outside the iris, I call it colored outside the lines. My mom claims her eyes were like mine and turned blue in her twenties, dad has blue eyes, I'm 23 and waiting lol.

[@haroldbn6816]

Of course it is special, it is my favourite colour.

[@alejotassile6441]

I don't like blue because I associate it with sadness

[@DANGJOS]

Seems to be the most common favorite color.

[@illustriouschin]

OMG I can't believe it's Harold BN.

[@kozmaz87]

Yup. Blue is the best. I mean if your car is not at least as iridescent blue as mine what are you doing with your life, you are missing out.

[@grantflippin7808]

"Look how blue *AND* healthy I am. I'm a great partner to consider."

[@karlashdown5228]

I like when those little Mushrooms go Blue some times its so vivid quite spectacular in fact.

[@karlashdown5228]

@chu Harry Psilocybe Etc...

[@elijahjackson7125]

This video was made by: BLUE EYE GANG

[@blueroses93]

I was aware that blues are typically uncommon in nature due to structural and/or molecular complexities but I'm glad this video goes into more detail for *why.* This was a good episode! I could be biased though, since blue is my most favorite color, haha. ^^;

[@DANGJOS]

Bilirubin is the yellow pigment that gives your skin and eyes their color when you have jaundice, right?

[@Sicktrickintuner]

Yep!

[@dm8764]

I see a subliminal message here 😁

[@MatanteDodo]

The excess is also excreted through both the intestine and the kidneys, so when you go to the toilet, all the yellows and browns you see are bilirubin and its bacterially transformed variant, urobilin.

[@burningchrome70]

Occasionally newborn babies will build up too much bilirubin which gives them a pretty, golden color right before rushing them back to the hospital.

[@strangebird5974]

This was really interesting. It was a nice example of how a seemingly simple question can lead down a path where surprisingly complex knowledge is required to answer it. Also, the thing about many chemical blues being toxic is probably a clue to why animals and plants might use that color to signal that they are poisonous and not good to eat. I'm thinking of the blepping blue tongued skink that animalogic had a video about the other day. Anyway, it's a working hypothesis. And also, I feel this video is for me, because I remember leaving a salty comment on an earlier scishow video about the same subject that didn't really touch upon the answer. So thank you, scishow!

[@korming]

The best explanation for this question I've come across.

[@ag135i]

That's why it's said out of the blue because chemical blue is rare.

[@syd.a.m]

Actually, no. The phrase "out of the blue" refers to something unexpected happening, and has its origins in reference to something "falling out of a clear blue sky" (ie. rain or thunder coming from a clear sky where you don't expect it).

[@darrenswails]

....but I like the way you think

[@ag135i]

@@syd.a.m thanks

[@darrenswails]

@Vahal Valkyrie the ocean blue because the sky is blue... the water reflects the sky..

[@darrenswails]

@chu Harry prove it

[@witerabid]

Who else has a tiny Jay in his head saying "These socks are amazing!"? 😅

[@colinp2238]

Not me, socks are a bind to me as I have different sized feet, following amputation. My left foot is a child size 12 (UK) and my right is size 8 (UK). I have orthotic shoes and implants that will allow mw to convert normal shoes to use but have to get two pairs of matching child and adult socks to make up a pair that fit. Finding matching socks is not that easy.

[@lalaishurt8439]

They did it!! They made a charity sock subscription!! I've been waiting for this since they mentioned months ago on Dear Hank an John. ❤️❤️❤️

[@nicoleonfeels]

Maybe that’s why I love the color 🤔

[@danglinglong2941]

@Scumfuck McDoucheface cool name

[@zorgon429]

Ah brilliant! I knew this was a thing but i couldnt remember the details. Thanks Hank!

[@vifazz]

5:28 AM , cup of coffee and watching the show ❤️

[@krymsynrayne]

You guys should do an episode about how most ancient plant life may have been purple rather than green.

[@AGDinCA]

They have done at least one, and possibly two, episodes about the purple earth.

[@scibear9944]

Close. The purple was from bacteria rather than plants. As far as we know, there are no plants or algae that use purple photosynthetic pigments...red, orange, yellow, brown, bluish green, and of course, green, but purple and true blue photosynthetic pigments appear to be missing from the palette. When you stop to realize that blue and purple light is more energetic than the other colors, it makes sense that these colors would be "missing", since they'd be absorbed (rather than reflected) to provide more energy for photosynthesis.

[@ikeekieeki]

thank you very much for explaining these things, which seldom are included in online articles about why blue pigment is rare in nature. never have i read about the energetic instability of blue, nor the bile aspect, nor the boiled lobster color change! thank you, thank you.

[@foreverwantingpie]

"low energy red" is now the best biology mnemonic

[@rpb4865]

ASAP Science: Blue doesn't exist Sci show: Blue is pretty Special😂😂

[@VincentMothling]

Can confirm in my world blue dose not excist 90% of the time it remeeberhl blue some times I can see it but most of the time I can not see it my eyes can’t register is

[@RGM89SStarkJegan]

SciShow: Here's a little primer on physics! Me, already checked out and thinking about indigo buntings: Okay, molecules, light, uh-huh

[@andyd8370]

SciShow always brings the info we didn't know we wanted to know.

[@steevemartial4084]

I appreciate the disclaimer about evolution not being a sentient process. Concise but precise. Well done :)

[@atheisticgreyblob3284]

I already knew most of this info, however it still blows my mind when i see blue in nature.

[@goosezen]

Hank Green: I've written two books! Also Hank Green: Imblueve

[@Bee_Healthier]

Thank you for supporting charity and I hope its enviromentally friemdly ❤

[@ethan-loves]

Wow, what an excellent video. So happy I've been studying optics recently!

[@emeneldrayrolando4923]

Sci Show: talks about blue My mind: *I'm Blue - da ba dee da ba dye*

[@danglinglong2941]

I was gonna post a funny pun about this episode but I think I just blew it?

[@michaelelbert5798]

They really blew my mind today.

[@evilsharkey8954]

There is a structural yellow that might be worth discussing: the chrysalis of the tithoria butterfly and other golden looking insects. Gold is just a shiny yellow!

[@juliasmith1182]

Top notch explanation! Really interesting

[@DANGJOS]

Thanks for the video! Fascinating indeed! I'm glad you went into detail about why blues are rare from a physics and chemistry perspective. Most don't do that.

[@LimeyLassen]

Seriously this was just a really good video.

[@jamietwombly6931]

I've had my hair cyan blue for almost 5 years now and I'm always looking for more natural ways to keep it this way and I love learning about the color itself

[@samrakita4279]

This goes perfectly with ASAP science's new vid about words for blue!

[@mgevirtz]

This is one of your best written videos.

[@ijustdontcareanymore1022]

Wow my b.f. and I were just having a discussion about this topic earlier today. What are the chances that this particular video was posted in my timeline 18 minutes ago?

[@Scribe13013]

Tomorrow's video is about not caring anymore

[@ijustdontcareanymore1022]

@@Scribe13013 Wow you're hilarious. Did you know that?

[@ijustdontcareanymore1022]

@@cellularticulate makes sense😊

[@Scribe13013]

@@ijustdontcareanymore1022 I've long had a sneaking suspicion that I might be ;-j

[@sevyrancesilver2772]

Gawd I love this channel. . .

[@MazeMaker4Life]

This was a very enjoyable episode.

[@schifoso]

Perfect shirt combo for this episode.

[@afurorenormannorumliberano9857]

Blue animals and plants are the most BLUEtyful creations in nature 🦋

[@thefaboo]

The writing for the episode is -top- -notch-

[@fbd4209]

Great video ! Thanks

[@Rien--]

blue, yellow, pink, whatever man just keep bringing me that

[@Olivetree80]

Why am I seeing everything about blue today

[@Gutsquasher]

I imagine it might be similar to the phenomenon of when you learn a new word you tend to see it everywhere at first, despite that word's frequency in language remaining the same. In this case probably a mix of random chance and looking for a pattern.

[@junglee-bee]

Really? kzbin.info/www/bejne/bGnYmJ6dbreYhsU

[@FriedEgg101]

@@junglee-bee I was hoping that was gonna be the song. I was not disappointed :D

[@junglee-bee]

@@FriedEgg101 Really? kzbin.info/www/bejne/moLaZapvjMyLmbM

[@sm79165]

have you been feeling blue today? another possibility might be that you put blue colored contact lenses in and forgot about them as you're not used to them yet a third possibility is aliens have abducted you and placed in an environment that has been improperly calibrated to the blue color when replicated these answers were provided to you by the Bing team, we hope you find them useful

[@gotjucom]

best channel to fall asleep to

[@monk607]

"cellular shenanigans" is what I'm going to start calling what my teen does with his phone

[@roszettatolliver4358]

I'm glad to see that the normal guy is not sick anymore

[@jamief415]

Sorry to nitpick, but wouldn't jumping through proverbial large hoops be easier than small ones?

[@Abdega]

Jumping through *_literal_* large hoops is easier Jumping through proverbial/rhetorical large hoops is harder

[@evilsharkey8954]

Abdega, assume the proverbial hoops are bigger in all dimensions, so they’re higher up and thicker, too.

[@PeterVJaspersFayer]

Excellent!

[@weirdassbluecat]

Oh boy people sure do love their blue

[@TheGamr81]

John green: Socks is one of my favorite tastes

[@youmaycallmeken]

The whole video I've been waiting for you to mention blueberries.

[@meetthecassiani]

I felt this to be a very interesting little lesson.

[@evalopez1454]

Damn, i really wanted the socks for mother's and children in sierra Leona, tho. I hope you bring that back. Thanks. Awesome video, as always.

[@gemmel3197]

Shocked the hell out of me when I threw up bile, it was blue!! - immediately called a ambulance an spent the night in hospital

[@deborahmelo7993]

Super great!!

[@louisvalentino7315]

No reflactance, I chooze pigmentz!

[@saranisaac]

I love how I cam always tell it’s going to be a “Hank video” just by the title!

[@danielhanlon8438]

Was learning about bilirubin early today because a friend was concerned about her newborn having jaundice(he's ok). Im glad i watched this! Learned something

[@Zepha21]

The lack of blue gives me the blues.

[@victor9]

Fun fact many indigenous languages around the world don't even have a name for the color blue. The color is there they can see it (sky water etc) but don't have word for it.

[@lunkel8108]

To avoid any confusion: they don't have a single word specifically for blue. It most commonly is bundled together with types of green and such like in ancient greek. Those languages can of course still describe the color of the sky, they just do so differently.

[@shashanko]

I stumbled on this video out of the blue 😅

[@MrEnjoivolcom1]

Just KNEW I'd see Hank here.

[@perrysanders2899]

I love socks so i ordered!

[@Dan-ud8hz]

Now the song is stuck in my head.

[@LegacyFTW]

I love you guys.

[@carposporophyte]

I love you Hank.

[@jakobraahauge7299]

I just love the sponsor! 🧦💕

[@alysonshorthouse8858]

I remember sitting in the garden with hubby watching a blue butterfly, and hubby said "I thought the colour blue didn't exist in nature" and I laughed at him. Turns out he was partly right. Way to go, hubby

[@sirblue5586]

I strongly agree

[@Beautyaddixion]

Blue plants are my fave. ❤️ Blue daze grow like weeds. Highly recommend 👌

[@michellelandreth89]

You did the blue thing!!!

[@ADEpoch]

Idea for a SciShow episode: Comparing the primary colours (yes I used a 'u' in colours) in the art world with the primary colours in the electrical and electronic world, explaining why they're different.

[@scottcameron174]

I would love to have a beer with Hank I feel it'd be a riot.

[@StarlightJosh]

Love it

[@michaelelbert5798]

It's about time. In other words, thanks for the explanation. I love you guys! Really blew my mind today. And don't you dare call me a pundit.

[@sleepydog9968]

fascinating. asapscience & scishow uploaded videos about the colour blue

[@proximacentaur1654]

Dude that was pretty dense but you pulled me through to the end. Billirubin and Bilverdin sound like a legal firm.

[@davidarthurkingsworth9683]

Interesting and great explanation. My chemistry teacher was awful, she always tried to impose this topics by force nearly. She made me hate the chemistry and of course my notes were also terrible, It never interested me, she was a terrible teacher. This guy is the opposite, I get very curious, amazing. If this guy were my teacher, things would run totally different

[@4077Disc]

I was hoping that you would talk about how Blue Jays aren't actually blue at all.

[@raccoonman4691]

Why do you say that?

[@evilsharkey8954]

He did, just not specifically. He said most blue color is structural, not from pigment. Blue jays are in that category. Technically, the blue color is still blue, whether produced by micro structures or pigments. Color is defined by the wavelengths of light that are reflected back to us (or emitted, in the case of light sources) regardless of what causes those wavelengths to hit our retinas.

[@carlosandleon]

still blue tho

[@freshbingo]

"low energy Red" lol nice

[@grizzerotwofour7858]

Very cool