Reacting to Napoleon's Marshals (Part 2) | Epic History TV

[@SoGal_YT]

Thanks for watching! Like and subscribe if you enjoyed this video 👍🏻 Follow me on social media: Instagram: instagram.com/sogal.yt/ Twitter: twitter.com/SoGal_YT Facebook Page: facebook.com/SoGal-104043461744742 Facebook Group: facebook.com/groups/238616921241608

[@paulmaxey6377]

The multi-barrelled gun would have been a volley gun, they were invented and used around that time but were highly unreliable and quite dangerous for the user. The most famous one was the Nock Volley Gun which was presented to the British Army but they turned it down but the Royal Navy put a order in for some. If you watch Sharpe, Harper uses one. There were some pistol also called pepper-boxes which were the same. kzbin.info/www/bejne/iZOnmaqan7FjoNE kzbin.info/www/bejne/h5K7dIZ3odCop6s

[@steved6092]

Hi SoGal ... If Davout isn't in the top two or three I'll be mad ! .... and who is that imposter dog and what's happened to the real bouncy Scarlett !! 😂 ... Good training and good video

[@MarkVrem]

@@paulmaxey6377 Also a famous one used on the USS Constitution. Would have been fired on British ships during the War of 1812. Chambers Multi-Barrel Repeating Swivel gun. Had 7 barrels, each loaded with 32 rounds, for a total of 224 shots. But apparently, it wasn't very reliable.

[@xenotypos]

If you want to understand better the context behind that period, it might be a good idea to watch Oversimplified's videos on the French Revolution (2 videos) and then on the Napoleonic Wars (another 2 video). The information is very condensed and easy to understand. And the channel immensely popular.

[@paulmaxey6377]

@@MarkVrem Yeah there were several who tried the multi-barrelled idea. None lasted a great many years as they were all unreliable and could be dangerous. Even early revolvers and some pistols had multi-barrels instead of a chamber that turned. kzbin.info/www/bejne/l2a8c2marNFsqLc

[@randomguy9113]

Once Bernadotte becomes Prince of Sweden he stops being one of Napoleon’s marshals, so his accomplishments as a prince don’t count towards his accomplishments as a marshal.

[@ajvanmarle]

It's also the reason he technically didn't commit treason. As Prince of Sweden he no longer owed loyalty to Napoleon.

[@giogio173]

But it was still a traitor

[@cwiseguy1328]

He should have at least still had some dignity

[@historyrepeat402]

@@cwiseguy1328 why do you think he said ingratitude?

[@Souledex]

@@giogio173Sweden was a nominal ally, if Napoleon hadn’t taken Swedish Pomerania he wouldn’t have been a traitor

[@wwciii]

Napolean called Ney "the bravest of the brave" a title that never seems to go with brightest of the bright. Ney was an excellent corps commander under Napolean but when on his own he often did something stupid.

[@RvR_22]

​@@benjaminvidstein6029thats not being independent.

[@jamesbooth3694]

Bernadotte actually asked Napoleon for his consent upon being invited to become Crown Prince of Sweden. He agreed, as the pair had never been close. Many of Napoleon's men DID see it as treason, but he had always been honest and told Napolron that he would follow Swedish interests upon becoming Crown Prince

[@lahire4943]

This is the (unique) weapon used in the attempt to kill king Louis-Philippe, and which killed 20 people including Marshal Mortier : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernal_machine_(weapon) Also, there were three other revolutions : in 1830, 1848 and 1870.

[@HunterKiller762]

The main reason Napoleon doesn’t regard Bernadette is a traitor is because he did what he was sworn in to do; To protect his country and his people, which was Sweden. Besides when you think about it, this is the last legacy of Napoleon’s influence on European royalty. Out of all the Princes and Kings he created, Bernadotte and his line was the only one to retain their power while everyone else either had their titles stripped away or were executed.

[@felixgoodhew7723]

Bernadotte is my all time fav but thats because I love Sweden

[@neige9]

The strange name like brumaire are actualy name of month in the french revolutionary calendar. The coup of 18 brumaire is the one where napoleon became first consul(dictator).

[@MarkVrem]

Right, they created their own calendar during the Revolution. LOL... I remember this now.

[@Manu-rb6eo]

Humm i haven't studied this for a long time ago lol..... If remember well, he wasn't dictator immediately. Le premier consul was elected by the chambre des députés if i'm not wrong and there were 2 other consuls so they were 3 in charged but the 2 others were more advisors i think. Premier consul was elected for a limited time, then he became "consul à vie" ("for life" word for word) then we can say he became dictator officially then emperor.....I think it's that 🤔

[@Manu-rb6eo]

@@MarkVrem same for the years. An 1 or constitution de l'an 3 means year 1 from the republic. I tried to study this calendar but it's terribly difficult, there more than 12 month + more than 31 days on the months and they are named after fruits and seasons..... The names are nice to hear but....... It's so painful to learn it man lol i gave up 🤣

[@quoniam426]

@@Manu-rb6eo 12 months of 30 days each, each week being 10 days long. And "supplementary days" to make up for the remaining days of the 365,25 days a year... (one more Supplumentary day every four years of course). Each season has three months ending with the same syllabus and month names are related to the season in question. -aire months are related to Automn, -al months are related to Spring, -dor months are related to Summer and -ôse to Winter. Note that the seasons can be slightly offset compared to the dates we know today. Week days have special names also...

[@melkor3496]

Let’s just say in short words France has had a lot of revolutions. xD

[@alexanderbelisariuscaocaob7047]

Today is a good day for a Revolution. 🇨🇵🇨🇵🇨🇵

[@kolerick]

@@alexanderbelisariuscaocaob7047 what do you say to the god of revolution? a Frenchman: "today, tomorrow, everyday."

[@faderneslandet3489]

There are pretty much only Carls in the Swedish royal houses. The further back you go they are often known as Carolus, which is latin. But I believe the proper English name is Charles, so in this case his name would be Charles XIV John. The name is still associated with royalty in Sweden, and my family being a minor nobility all have boys named Carl as a middle name followed by another name inherited from past generations. My middle name for example is Carl Johan, which appropriately is the name of the ancestor of the Bernadotte house.

[@melkor3496]

Va är du adel?

[@faderneslandet3489]

@@melkor3496 Inte särskilt högt uppsatt familj idag men med många officerare i flottan genom historien. Vi är enligt släktträdet ättlingar till Gustav Vasa och det finns även några kammarherrar och officerare i armén mellan 1596 och 1741. I huvudsak nämns De la Gardie, Falkenberg och Sparre ofta i släktträdet. Min gammelmorfar gick bort år 2000 som var den sista officeraren i släkten. Han var även medlem i Kungliga Örlogsmannasällskapet och skrev många artiklar med minnen och bilder från sin tid i flottan. Efter hans bortgång fick vi bland annat ärva en äkta Vasaorden medalj som har funnits i släkten sedan långt tillbaka. Vi hade faktiskt ingen aning om att vi är Vasaättlingar tills en släktforskare kartlagde alla namn och kontaktade oss. Mitt namn nämns även i bokverket Sveriges Kungasläkt av Per Andersson.

[@melkor3496]

@@faderneslandet3489 fy fan är det enda jag kan säga om det. Om du på riktigt då har en verklig koppling till Vasa ätten har du en claim på svenska tronen. lol

[@mikegilson6656]

that's really cool that you are related to the house of vasa. as an American I love Swedish history.

[@fraso7331]

Oversimplified released two videos on the Napoleonic Wars. If you want to tie the Epic History TV videos, which still miss some topics like Egypt, Italy and the Code Napoleon, together, it is probably a good way, to watch them. Beethoven did also a piece called "Wellington's Victory" on the Battle of Vitoria and you can find it on youtube with scenes from the Waterloo movie. Well, I think, I mentionen that one before.

[@johnpepper8603]

Its just a worse copy of Epic History TV videos. They even use same quotes. Not worth your time

[@fraso7331]

@@johnpepper8603 Well, Epic History TV misses a lot very important topics, which are to be found at Oversimplified. I think it will take time for Epic History TV to complete the Napoleonic series. And their topic is war. There are so many other things to explain, before someone can understand Napoleon. And the quotes are those you can find in nearly every history book. It's oversimplified, but it brings the fragments of Epic History TV together and gives some of the more civilian topics and eplains his relationship to his two wifes. While it is more interesting for a lot of people, history is not only the history of war.

[@johnpepper8603]

@@fraso7331 You are wrong.

[@fraso7331]

@@johnpepper8603 Why? I only can answer to arguments.

[@vietcongwarlord6931]

@@johnpepper8603 How is he wrong? The first coalition and second coalition aren't even covered by Epic History TV.

[@kayzenl7911]

Actually, Bernadotte didn’t betrayed, he made his point clear “If I go to Sweden I’d become Swedish prince and protect and act only for Sweden interest” and he actually did that. That’s why Napoleon can’t say that he betrayed him. Napoleon said yes to him to go in Sweden. Bernadotte was a man of honour, he just made just sure of it and keep its words

[@kristoffer-2614]

Yaaay! It’s Bernadotte time! ( *excited Swedish noises* ) 🇸🇪🇸🇪🇸🇪

[@christopheroux2546]

The ranks of the American army were inspired by the ranks of the French army, not the English army. This is why the Americans say lieutenant or lieutenant-colonel (in the same way as the French) and not the corrupted version of the English army.

[@sodinc]

Karl, Carl, Charles, Karolus are forms of the same name in different languages P.S.: Charlemagne = Charles Magnus = Carl the Great

[@Mercure250]

The Latin name is "Carolus Magnus" but yes

[@rodrigopfeifferdasilva771]

Lannes is my favorite, he is as badass as ney, but a great general at the same time

[@Brumairevideo]

All the rank names in military come from french. 2 examples "lieutenant"means "tenir le lieu" or "holding (tenant) the place/location (lieu)" so we pronounce in France lieu-tenant. Colonel means the man who commands a "Colonne de soldats" (a column of soldiers) so in french we use the same kind of word to say "Column" and "Colonel" pronunced co-lo-nel.

[@allenwilliams1306]

In the UK, a naval Lieutenant is correctly pronounced “L'tenant” or“Le'tenant”, and the same in the ranks “Sub-Lieutenant”, and “Lieutenant Commander” (although Lieutenant Commanders are generally addressed out of courtesy as “Commander” except where the difference is important). However, in the army, the RAF, and the Royal Marines, the rank is pronounced “Lef'tenant” as in “First Lieutenant”, “Second Lieutenant”, “Flight Lieutenant”, or “Lieutenant General”. However, the courtesy thing slips in here, too. Never “Loo'tenant” as in the USA, though: never, never, never. A Loo Tenant is someone with a lease on a lavatory.

[@Brumairevideo]

@@allenwilliams1306 "A Loo Tenant is someone with a lease on a lavatory." Or someone who faught at Waterloo :-) In french in slang we say when you are in the toilets "je suis assis sur mon trône" I'm sitting on my throne :-)

[@BlameThande]

@@allenwilliams1306 There was a brief period in the 18th century, when we were fighting France every five minutes and francophobia was at its height, when some people wanted to replace the French word lieutenant altogether in the UK armed forces with its Germanic equivalent, "steadholder". Never caught on though.

[@HenioGracie]

Sorry, don't want to be annoing, but have You concidered watching Waterloo (1970) : - ) ???

[@serfranke5744]

22:20 Although I get your point one could claim it to be ironic that the name Carl sounds so "un-royal" to your ears. I'm not an expert on this (and if I'm wrong ppl will definitely let me know:) ), but I think its variations are/were one of the most popular male names for royalty in Europe: Apart from Sweden you had at least one Charles in England (the one beheaded in the XVIIth century), a couple of Carloss in Spain, 10 Charless in France, two of the Holy Roman Empire's greatest Emperors were Karl IV and Karl V (the latter one also being King of Spain at the same time), Austria-Hungary's last Emperor, when WWI ended their monarchy, was another Karl, and these are only the examples I could spontaneously think of in Central/Western Europe. I'm pretty sure Poland and/or Hungary had a couple of Carols, too.

[@BlameThande]

It's the usual paradox - if a name is associated with kings it becomes popular for commoners. Like how George is now considered a classic English name, but when the first King George came across it was considered a weird foreign German name.

[@serfranke5744]

Good point

[@melkor3496]

The next monarch for Sweden after our king dies will be Crown princess Victoria.

[@wwciii]

The current King of Sweden traces his line to Bernaotte.

[@LightxHeaven]

And to all other dynasties in Swedish history for that matter lol.

[@LightxHeaven]

@@Dazzertz I didn’t mean it literally but the current king can trace his lineage back to the older Swedish dynasties.

[@TheSimon253]

@@Dazzertz Yes? Carl XVI Gustaf is blood related to Gustav Vasa.

[@barriehull7076]

The Dalmatian is a breed of medium-sized dog. The origins of this breed can be traced back to present-day Croatia and its historical region of Dalmatia. It is thought that early ancestors of the breed were certain breeds of pointers and a spotted Great Dane.

[@nikolaasp2968]

Fun fact: modern Egyptology started thanks to Napoleon's campaign in Egypt.

[@CovfefeDotard]

Bernadotte didn’t commit treason he was a monarch of a different country

[@MarkVrem]

Yeah, I suppose treason would be doing terrible things, without declaring allegiance to the other side first. Also the end of the feudal system and the rise of nationalism sort of changed how we view these types of transactions. Back then it was seen as just sort of climbing the career ladder. Today in a world full of 'Citizenships" it is seen in a different light. Napoleon himself came from an Italian family, so really who was he to judge anyways lol.

[@melkor3496]

Finally back with this series couldn’t wait. :) Mentioned me in the video didn’t expect that. lol well nice. Well have a good day regards from Melkor/Leo :)

[@Hunter27771]

The France of today is the 5. French Republic. There where a few french revolutions after the first.^^

[@personmanman3071]

A few Revolutions plus a German takeover that got us to 5

[@joshthomas-moore2656]

42:15 the weapon used was called the "Infernal Machine" it was a it was a frame with 25 musket barrels attached its actually in the Musée des Archives Nationales the state museum of French history, in Paris

[@MarkVrem]

There were some cool innovations in the works. This is before the Revolver. So all the musket barrels would have had to be stationary. I wonder if the firing mechanism was still a match. In a way, it would be an early machine gun it is just a single shot out of all those 25 barrels. ON THE FLIP SIDE OF THE OCEAN. Boston-based U.S.S Constitution was armed with something similar that it would fire alongside musket men from the bucket thing in the sails.

[@fewwiggle]

@@MarkVrem "the bucket thing in the sails" The crow's nest? LOL

[@wwciii]

The French revoloution renamed the months. Thus the coup of 18 Brumere was launched on the 18th day of Brumere.

[@omarbradley6807]

(November 9)

[@Manu-rb6eo]

Not only the names, there are more months and days in a year 😉

[@chrisigoeb]

First off what a cute dog and what a cute collar. I know french history is confusing so here's a quick sums up French Revolution (1789-1799) First French Republic (1792-1804) ➡️ First French Empire ( 1804-1814) (March 20 1815 -July 8 1815) ➡️ Kingdom of France (1815-1830) and 1830 marks the end of the bourbon rule in France ➡️Then another Kingdom of France but with a constitutional monarch instead of an absolute one. Known as the "July Monarchy" (1830-1848) ➡️ 2nd French Republic (1848-1852) ➡️ 2nd French Empire (1852-1870)Which was created by Napoleons Nephew ➡️ 3rd French Republic (1870-1940) Then there were two frances during ww2 Vichy France, (1940-1944) which was the official France and basically a german puppet state and free France (1940-1944) which was the rest of the french army that refused to acknowledge defeat and kept fighting the germans.➡️ 4th French Republic (1946-1958) ➡️ 5th French Republic (1958-present)

[@Mercure250]

Actually, from 1815 to 1830, it was also a constitutional monarchy, in 1830 they merely changed the Constitution (along with getting rid of the Bourbon rule).

[@martinjerke150]

If you are looking into Sabaton: they have a channel called "Sabaton History" were they and Indy Neidell are explaining the backstories of there songs. The one about Verdun was really intense and the stories behind "No Bullets fly", "Hearts of Iron", "The last Battle" and "Shiroyama" are my favorites.

[@melkor3496]

Great suggestions.

[@_boney]

some random KZbinr: im intrestet in History Sabaton fans: let us indroduce you to our lord and savior joakim broden and indy neidell

[@melkor3496]

@@_boney ;)

[@martinjerke150]

@@_boney made my day 😂 and than made me think 🤔

[@totspur6376]

Scarlett is an angle ! So glad that you are feeling better.

[@thatindiandude4602]

Dogs ate angels aren't they ☺

[@Anton-kp3mi]

50:44 France experienced 3 revolutions over a period of 59 years between 1789 and 1848. The first revolution of 1789 deposed Louis XVI thus ending for the first time nearly a millennium of uninterrupted monarchical rule. After the fall of Napoleon, the European monarchies which had defeated him put Louis XVIII the brother of Louis XVI on the throne of France thus reestablishing the monarchy in France. Obviously this return to the old regime was very unpopular but the country exhausted by 3 decades of turmoil accepted willy-nilly the return of the Bourbons for 15 years before a new revolution breaks out. This second revolution which takes place in 1830 will lead to a compromise, a constitutional monarchy was established so as not to incur the wrath of other European powers as during the last revolution. But this form of monarchy will not hold either and in 1848 a third revolution will take place which ultimately led to the establishment of the second republic.

[@mikegilson6656]

after the Marshals series is finished you definitely need to to do the 30 years war by kings and generals. one of the most important early modern wars in my opinion.

[@Nonsense010688]

About "why did the Bourbone Kings employ Napoleons Marshalls?" Well part of the answer is: who else would he have as senior military commander? Napoleon and the Revolution governments before him ruled long enough that they were the only ones really around. Another factor is that, these man were living legends in their life time and hold alot of respect and admiration from both the french army, which the king also couldn't replace in its entirely, and the french public. Its better to hire heroes then fire them, unless they give you reason to.

[@dl8557]

As a French, Bernadotte is such a traitor to me. My favorite is still Lannes , a romantic and chevaleresque warrior and always loyal and truthful to the Emperor. A real friend.

[@kayzenl7911]

How can a be a traitor when Napoleon said yes. He isn’t He is a man of honour who did exactly what he said earlier to Napoleon as he was going to protect Swedish interest

[@xavier01110]

I don't think you understand the meaning of traitor. Bernadotte did what was in Sweden's best interest. He had no good reason to support Napoleon. He even told Napoleon that Sweden comes first. He was a good and honest man.

[@theholmes8308]

The French Revolution is not ‘the’ French Revolution, in the same way that The English Civil War is not ‘the’ English Civil war

[@reecedignan8365]

It’s good to have you and Rodger back and see you reacting again. Can’t wait for your reaction to Sabaton - my favourite band. The next 13 of Napoleons Marshals in my opinion are some of his best and most interesting. I can bet your top 5 will be made up of a pick of these next 13

[@serfranke5744]

50:44 France almost constantly having a revolution is one of those established historical memes about them, similar to them always surrendering (but certainly more true to historical facts). Keep in mind: their current state/political system is called "The Fifth Republic", and amongst all those republics they also had a royal (and restored) monarchy and two Empires...

[@roerd]

Only the First and Second Republic were really the results of revolutions though, the original one and the 1848 one. The Third Republic was the result of Napolean III loosing the German-French war of 1871, the Fourth Republic was created after the liberation from the Nazi occupation, and Fifth Republic was created by Charles de Gaulle because he wanted much larger presidential powers, as opposed to the very parliamentary system of the Fourth Republic (particularly because public opinion was turning against the French-Algerian war).

[@kolerick]

could also add the Fronde and the Jacquerie were very close to become full blown revolutions

[@fraso7331]

10:33 They carried the baton as sign of rank. According to Napoleon every of his soldier had a Marshall's baton in his knapsack, meaning, that everyone had the chance to rise to the highest ranks.

[@LightxHeaven]

Which was completely untrue lol.

[@fraso7331]

@@LightxHeaven Yes, of course, he was a master of propaganda, too.

[@LightxHeaven]

@@fraso7331 The fact that he created 18 Marshals in 1804 already diluted the rank.

[@Nonsense010688]

@@LightxHeaven maybe he didn't mean it literally but rather symbolic? Thou he was not above propaganda or lies of course.

[@fraso7331]

@@LightxHeaven I think, it was more of creating a legend and filling an old title with a modern meaning. And Propaganda of course.

[@persallnas5408]

Btw, Charles is the French version of the name Karl. Charlemagne, who spoke Frankish wich was a germanic language called himself Karl.

[@Manu-rb6eo]

Yep "Karl der grosse" was his name in german 😉

[@persallnas5408]

@@Manu-rb6eo Yepp, Is, as it where I belive though im not Germsn just a simple swede.

[@Manu-rb6eo]

@@persallnas5408 oh? i thought the word "great" so "der große" has a similar pronunciation in Swedish or at least something close 🤔...

[@persallnas5408]

@@Manu-rb6eo Not really, in swedish its "Karl den store".

[@persallnas5408]

German and English are both westgermanic languages so there are some systemathic simillarities between those that they dondt share with the Norse brand.

[@Mattebubben]

Yea i think this is more of a ranking of their performance/actions during their time as Marshal's. And not their military capabilities in General. For example Bernadottes best military moments were both before becoming a marshal (During the Revolutionary war) And after no longer being a marshal (leading the Swedish Army as part of the 6th coalition Etc). So judged purely by his impact as a marshal he was not one of the most important ones. But if we judge the impact he had during the Napoleonic war (as well as the Revolutionary war) Then he probably had a larger impact then many if not most of the Marshal's. And i would also dismiss any claims that he was a Traitor. From the onset when he was given the offer to become Crown Prince of Sweden he made it clear that it would mean that he would have to put the good of Sweden first. Regardless of what this might mean for Napoleon or France. (Since doing otherwise would mean Betraying the Nation that picked him to be their next King) And he even told Napoleon as much before Napoleon agreed to release him from his allegiance to France. So once he had Sworn his oath of allegiance to Sweden and been adopted by the King of Sweden (thus becoming the Crown Prince) he then placed the needs and interests of Sweden and the Swedish people first. And this probably what i respect most about Bernadotte.

[@AdurianJ]

You need to listen to "gott erhalte franz den kaiser" it will blow your mind when you hear the German national anthem :D

[@ftumschk]

...with music written by Haydn in 1797. He also used the theme in the slow movement of his "Kaiserquartett" (Emperor String Quartet), composed in the same year.

[@Manu-rb6eo]

Well the US also did the same with god save the queen 😁

[@kristoffer-2614]

18:47 Nope, the king didn’t have any family that could have inherited the crown. The Swedish king Charles XIII’s son Karl Adolf only lived for a week before he died. Charles XIII’s brother was murdered in 1792 and his nephew, Gustav IV Adolf (and his entire family) was removed from the Swedish throne. Their only choice was to pick someone from outside the Swedish royal family and they picked Jean Baptiste Bernadotte (Karl XIV Johan).

[@fraso7331]

33:00: They used a new Kalender during the revolution. Brumaire and Fructidor were months. The two coups are the only dates, the revolutionary kalender is used for today. (18. Fructidor = 4th September; 18. Brumaire = 9. November)18. Fructidor 1797: Fearing a royalist coup or the strengthening of the Royalist after elections the Administration staged a coup to negate the elections (like in the USA those people, who stormed the Capitol tried) and to arrest a lot of royalist across France. The arrested were send into the french colonies and punishen with hard work ("the dry Guillotine"). 18. Brumaire 1799: Napoleon took over power with the help of his brother.

[@andrewclayton4181]

It's only in UK where lieutenant is pronounced left. Probably to avoid it sounding French, but it is spelled the French way. Just a quirk. You asked about European monarchies early in the video. They really are rather incestuous. Both Elizabeth II and Philip can trace descent from Queen Victoria. Early on tying the royal families together with marriages was a diplomatic move to establish alliances and support. It also meant that if a line of descent faltered, there was someone with the same bloodline to take over. It did lead to cousins with competing claims fighting for thrones though. Coups. A revolution is a bit like an earthquake, there are aftershocks. Once the established order was overturned, factions arose with different notions of how radical to be, and how the new regime would work. Who would be in charge. In France there were Jacobins, Girondins and others. Napoleon took control to end the chaos. The revolution of 1830 swapped one king for another. Following Waterloo Charles X was put on the throne, being the brother of executed Louis 16. In 1830 Louis-Philipe was put up in place of Charles as he was more liberal in his outlook. In 1848 L-P was ejected in another revolution and that was the last French king. There is an interesting video on you tube which examines who is the best candidate for the French throne today. There are three competing branches of descent from those times. Multiple barrel weapons were often devised pre-machine gun, but another option was to use a larger bore and load it with several shots. In the American civil war a smooth bore 69 calibre musket, of 1848 design was often used to fire a round consisting of a musket ball and three smaller pieces of shot. It was a partial solution to the problem of inaccurate shooting in the days before rifling down the barrels

[@peterkragelund4794]

Lot of swapping in European Monarcies. Precisely. Around WW1 the English King, The German Kaiser and the Russian Zar were all cousins. Which in no way prevented the War. The onely really powerfull one of these three were Zar Nicolai, and he was neither very bright og forcefull.

[@marignanofils866]

Hey! also surprised to see Bernadotte so low in the order. No question he and Napoleon had an awkward relationship. Bernadotte was not a team player on campaign, and his insubordination cost Napoleon. Re Coup of 18th Brumaire - which brings Napoleon to power: important to know that Napoleon is not the instigator of the coup - he is brought in by the plotters, initially to provide the military muscle; and crucially, Bernadotte is also in the frame for this role. But during the day and night of 18th Brumaire, Napoleon and plotters had several meetings with Bernadotte to convince him to stand down and allow Napoleon free run. No question Bernadotte had political ambitions too, and probably held a grudge against Napoleon after that. After the coup of 18th Brumaire (which went on until the 19th actually), a new constitution was formed (in record time!), with a 3-man governing executive, composed of Napoleon as 1st Consul, Cambaceres and Lebrun as 2nd and 3rd Consuls.

[@ortegaperu8510]

42:18 Watch Improvised Explosive Device (IED) in 1835 - What was the 'Infernal Machine'?

[@alansmithee8831]

Bonjour SoGal et Scarlett. Did Scarlett run off with the hat of l'empereur. Pauvre Roger. Good to see these videos getting back on track. Charles the Great is Charlemagne or Karl der Grosse depending on the language since the Franks were Germanic.

[@TrashskillsRS]

Karl has the same root as Charles. It became popular by the first Emperor Charlemagne in the 700's. Karl/Charles in Latin is Carolus.

[@ftumschk]

And, of course, it's Carlos in Spain - a popular Royal name in that country.

[@karlgrimm3027]

If it makes you feel better there were a few English Kings also named Charles

[@captvimes]

The f sound for U comes from old French and Norman French (which was the language of the court for centuries). U and V were the same and German V to this day sounds to us like an F. Germans and Russians say it the same as us. The US took it purely from its spelling and modern French.

[@emperorofrome692]

The rankings of this list are solely based off of what they did as a marshal, nothing before or after. Most of the great things that Bernadotte did took place after he joined Sweden and so it isn't considered in the rankings.

[@personmanman3071]

Lefebvre actually did have all 14 of his children die before he did, the one in Russia was the last one

[@Hunter27771]

I believe carl is just another variant of charlemange.

[@MarkVrem]

Carl, Carlo, Charles, Karoly probably something in Poland or something.. all different versions of Charles. ... KAARLO in Finland prbably, not sure they had any kings.. probably did.

[@BlameThande]

On Charles: the names Charles (French), Karl (German), Carl (Swedish), Carlos (Spanish), Carlo (Italian), Carol (Romanian) etc. are all the same name (Carolus in Latin but originally a German import I think) just run through different languages. Charlemagne means Charles the Great in Latin worn down into French (Carolus Magnus). The amazing thing about the US is that you're such a melting pot of people from different backgrounds that people have forgotten this association of language with name, whereas it seems quite obvious in Europe (also true of plenty of other names, e.g. the filmmaker Guillermo del Toro's first name is just Spanish for William). I wonder if it in fifty years' time, people in the US will no longer associate names like Wang with China or Keiko with Japan.

[@grahamstrong995]

Strange but true... it was Napoleon's campaigning in Egypt that led to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.

[@andrewcomerford9411]

The baton was a symbol of a Marshall's authority - he would indeed carry it on a day-to-day basis. Its loss to the enemy would, of course, be the ultimate dishonour. "18 Brumaire," is a date - the Revolution ushered in a new calendar. It corresponds to 9th November 1799, and is considered the traditional end of the First Republic/Beginning of the First (Napoleonic) Empire.

[@markwilliamson2864]

You would have thought carrying around a baton would have been a bit of an encumbrance at times but perhaps marshals treated them like glorified swagger sticks.

[@andrewcomerford9411]

@@markwilliamson2864 No more than the paraphernalia carried by common soldiers - without a horse and retinue to share the burden.

[@LightxHeaven]

The July Revolution of 1830 was not the last one of its kind. In 1848 there was a third French Revolution where Prince Louis Napoléon was elected President of the French Republic. But pretty soon he overthrew the Republic and established the Second French Empire, re-establishing the Bonaparte dynasty in France and taking the name Napoleon III.

[@melkor3496]

Ah Napoleon the third fron my knowledge on him he was very incompetent and had not done a good job at ruling. Am I correct?

[@omarbradley6807]

@@melkor3496 He was a kind of a joke. He promised the return of Napoleon's times, and wrote some socialist pamphlets, but once in power and got along with fellow monarchs in their colonies, He was the "Catch all candidate", but then he disapointed each one of the groups. Many old Napoleon's enthusiasts believed who he was using his name for his own purpose, without a clear objective. On the ground level, he nevertheless become more liked during his last years, but he made a dynasty his intention, so the remaining supporters where a bit against him. (We are speaking of the intelectuals and activists of course) the people sticked with him, but then Germany invaded France.

[@LightxHeaven]

@@melkor3496 That has been the view of Napoleon III's reign for a long time but he was actually a popular monarch that carried out many important reforms that laid the foundation for the modern France we see today. He was definitely not a joke or incompetent for that matter. Napoleon III commissioned a grand reconstruction of Paris and launched similar public works projects in all other major cities in France. He expanded and consolidated the railway system throughout the nation, as well as acted to modernise the banking system. In addition to that he also promoted the construction of the Suez Canal and established modern agriculture, which ended famines in France and made the country an agricultural exporter. He negotiated free trade agreements with Britain and other European trading partners. His social reforms included giving French workers the right to strike and the right to organise and educational opportunities for women were increased. He's foreign policy was however largerly a failure. While he doubled the size of the French overseas empire his attempts to create a Second Mexican Empire under French protection failed miserably. In Europe he allowed Prussia to unify the German states which came back to bite him as Bismarck successfully forced a conflict that ended in a miserable French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, which ended the French monarchy forever and and with it any chances of a restored Imperial Bonaparte dynasty.

[@fraso7331]

22:40: Carl is Charles in the Swedish and German languages. The germanic Ceorl meant a free warrior, a social class in the Frankish, Old Saxon and Anglo Saxon societies. 23:20: Yes, but there were more generals to work this out. And he did quite a lot of mistakes. It was pure luck, Wagram wasn't lost due to his retreat. And if Frederick William of Prussia wouldn't have paniked, Davout probably would have lost Auerstett, because he was late. Even at Leipzig he came late, because he used to march slowly, but it is a matter of discussion, what his late arrival meant for the battle.

[@fredmontcalm8990]

nous voyons ici que sur le continent les Francais était invincile, nous comprenons donc pourquoi les Anglais ce sont abstenu de venir les affronter ;) fier d'etre francais.

[@fredmontcalm8990]

Dites vous aussi que sans les Francais et la troupe de volontaires de LaFayette mais aussi de la flotte de Grasse, les américains aujourd'hui seraient encore des sujets du royaume uni.

[@RR-dd3op]

Yes Dalmatians are named for the Croatian region of Dalmatia. It’s unclear where they were actually from first though.

[@MarkVrem]

The Croatian coast is littered with islands, just like the Dalmations are littered with dots. No idea if one has anything to do with the other, just saying lol.

[@AdurianJ]

It's Charles the Great not Charlemagne. A statement like this can still lead to heated words in European parliaments.

[@fraso7331]

And he would not understand both versions. He spoke the frankish dialect, which evolved into the lower frankish dialects of the Netherlands, as Einhard tells us.

[@peterkragelund4794]

Or Carolus Magnus the latin version of Charlemagne

[@basedkaiser5352]

American army ranks were inspired by French army ranks.

[@wafs1393]

There were 3 revolutions in France, 1789, 1830, and 1849 I think

[@Manu-rb6eo]

Yep but in 1789 it wasn't the same thing. 1789 they haven't abolished monarchy, like many people even in France believe. First they made a constitution for the French monarchy, something like in the UK, then they abolished it by creating the 1st republic 😉.

[@untruelie2640]

During the french revolution, a new calendar based on the decimal system was introduced (similar to the introduction of the metric system of measurements). The year 1792 was now called "Year I of the Revolution". [1 year = 12 months = 3 weeks = 10 days (instead of 7); there were also 5 or 6 additional days in each year] The names of the weeksdays and months were also changed, Monday/Lundi was now called "Primidi" ("the first one"), Tuesday/Mardi became "Duodi" ("the second one"), etc. The months were now called Véndémiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire, Nivôse, etc.; the names were inspired by the climate and agricultural seasons ("Brumaire" being derived from brume = fog). Unlike the metric system, the revolutionary calendar didn't catch on because it was simply TOO revolutionary. The rural population didn't accept it. Napoleon abolished it in 1805 and returned to the old calendar. However, the important dates of the french revolution are usually labeled by historians with the dates of the revolutionary calendar since it was the official calendar in France at the time. Robespierre was overthrown on the 9. of Thermidor of the Year II (27. of July 1794), Napoleon's coup d'etat took place on the 18. of Brumaire VIII (9. of November 1799), etc.

[@nirfz]

Have to write another comment about something that was said in the video about Lefebvre and him taking back Tyrol. It wasn't the achivement of Lefebvre or his troops. (They won some battles, lost others, burned villages and little towns) The battle at Wagram (many km to the east) was what got Tyrol back under french/bavarian control. As Austria had lost at Wagram the Austria emperor signed a peace treaty and forbade the tyrolean farmers and the austrian troops in the area to keep up the fight. The guy who lead part of the farmers (farmer and patron of a tavern) Andreas Hofer was then captured by the french and executed in italy. The tyroleans to this day have not forgotten that. (Even their anthems lyrics still are featuring Andreas Hofer) And neither have the french. (that Hofer and a number of farmers beat them in at least one real battle, and another went "remis".) The tyroleans captured a flag which they have to this day. Further fun fact: after WW2 the french opted for the west of austria as their occupation zone during the allied occupation of austria. (1945-1955) They searched for the flag. Imagine that, WW2 soldiers got tasked to "bribe" children with chocolade to tell them where a flag the tyroleans captured in the napoleonic wars was hidden. Surprisingly nobody told them, and they didn't find it. After the allies left Austria, and the annual Schützen meeting in tyrol was held, the flag was paraded around like they had done each year since capturing it. (Schützen means shooters or riflemen, and they were initially a militia, but today they are mainly parading, presenting old black powder guns, shooting for loudness at events. No projectiles used, they just go bang and make a plum of smoke) Bernadotte was not the single mind behind everything in the war of the 5th coalition. For Leipzig for example austrian (if he'd be born today he'd be czech) fieldmarshal Radetzky gets named as one of the significant people behind the planning.

[@ortegaperu8510]

In 1835 Giuseppe Marco Fieschi tried to kill the King Louis Philippe I with a home made barell gun the King surivied but Mortier and 17 others were killed

[@audibleadventures9004]

left in tenancy :) lieutenant

[@TurlasThe6]

Personally, I also don't think bernodotte was that impressive. Any marshal could have done what he did. He just made the choice to do so, as he had the excuse of being the ruler of Sweden. His contribution wasn't genius. Any traitor passing inside info to their enemies is going to be devestating. He knew how to hit Napoleon because he used to work for Napoleon. But does that make him anything impressive? To me, no. He may have betrayed someone who deserved it, but never trust a traitor, lest they betray you next.

[@nervachadikus]

the revolution of 1789, the July revolution of 1830 and the revolution of 1848. Fun fact modern day french republic is the fifth republic, the FIFTH!!!

[@HenioGracie]

43:23 SOGAL, not Luis XVIII - dead for 12 years at the time, or even his sucessor, the unworthy Charles the Xth (deposed in 1830) - but Loius Philippe, the constitutional monarch from july revolution. He came from the minor branch of Bourbons and ruled up to 1848 (Spring of Nations / febuary revolution).

[@AdurianJ]

Karl XIII was family, family of Gustav IV that had been deposed in a coup in 1809 after losing Finland to the Russians. The kings uncle (Karl XIII) what then chosen as a new king but since he was childless a danish prince was adopted as heir, this heir died unexpectedly of a medical issue in 1810 making the search for a new heir necessary.

[@petersmith4423]

18 Brumaire was the French Republican calendar date for 9 November. The Directory was the French Republican government, until 18 Brumaire. After that, the government was known as the Consulate, with Bonaparte as First Consul.

[@CruelestChris]

So the Lieutenant with an F is specifically British and seems to derive from a very short period where the French were pronouncing it that way.

[@toochangz]

Trachenberg Plan was created by Moreau and Bernadotte. Moreau was one of thr best generals of the Revolution. He was killed by a French Canon at the Battle of Dresden

[@Manu-rb6eo]

French revolutions 1789-1799 first monarch constitution then 1st republic. 1830 against Charles X 1848 against Louis-Phillipe, led to the second republic and then to napoleon III 😉

[@ricocampos1331]

French Republican calendar The Republican calendar year began the day the autumnal equinox occurred in Paris, and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature, principally having to do with the prevailing weather in and around Paris. The extra five or six days in the year were not given a month designation, but considered Sansculottides or Complementary Days. Autumn: Vendémiaire (from French vendange, derived from Latin vindemia, "vintage"), starting 22, 23, or 24 September Brumaire (from French brume, "mist"), starting 22, 23, or 24 October Frimaire (From French frimas, "frost"), starting 21, 22, or 23 November Winter: Nivôse (from Latin nivosus, "snowy"), starting 21, 22, or 23 December Pluviôse (from French pluvieux, derived from Latin pluvius, "rainy"), starting 20, 21, or 22 January Ventôse (from French venteux, derived from Latin ventosus, "windy"), starting 19, 20, or 21 February Spring: Germinal (from French germination), starting 20 or 21 March Floréal (from French fleur, derived from Latin flos, "flower"), starting 20 or 21 April Prairial (from French prairie, "meadow"), starting 20 or 21 May Summer: Messidor (from Latin messis, "harvest"), starting 19 or 20 June Thermidor (or Fervidor*) (from Greek thermon, "summer heat"), starting 19 or 20 July Fructidor (from Latin fructus, "fruit"), starting 18 or 19 August *Note: On many printed calendars of Year II (1793-94), the month of Thermidor was named Fervidor (from Latin fervidus, "burning hot"). Most of the month names were new words coined from French, Latin, or Greek. The endings of the names are grouped by season. "Dor" means "giving" in Greek. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Republican_calendar

[@Rafael112able]

In fact today the french republic is also called the fifth republic. The first republic: 1789 - 1804 (ended with coup by Napoleon) The second: 1848 - 1852 (started with the revolution of 1848, ended with a coup by Napoleon III.) The third: 1871 - 1940 (restored after Napoleon III. lost the War against the germans and surrendered himself to them. Dissolved after Frances defeat in WWII) The fourth: 1946 - 1958 (restored after WWII, ended after losing the war in Indochina, all their colonies and a constitutional reform) The fifth: 1958 - today

[@Zajuts149]

Fructidor and Brumaire refers to the French Repulican Calendar. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Republican_calendar

[@Rafael112able]

Brumaire is a month of the french revolunary calendar. The coup of 18th Brumaire is the coup of the 9th of november 1799.

[@enzonicolas7501]

After Napoleon's reign, Louis XVIII was restore on the French throne and he was succeded by his brother Charles X. But his ultra royalist politcs lead to the Revolution of July of 1830, when Charles X abdicate and it brings Kings Louis-Philippe ( a member of the House of Orléans) on the French throne. Louis-Philippe reign was ended during the revolution of 1848. After the revolution of 1848 the Republic was instaured but ended when the president Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I) stage a coup d'état and proclaim himself Emperor of the French under the name of Napoléon III. We love revolution in France !

[@martynhill3479]

In 1830 there was a revolution and Charles X was replaced by his cousin Louis Phillippe. These are the events that form the backdrop to "Les Miserables". In 1848 there was another revolution and the 2nd Republic was formed until replaced by Napoleons nephew who founded the second empire. This lasted until 1871 when after the Franco-Prussian war the third republic was formed which lasted until WW2. 1830 and 1848 saw lots of revolutions in Europe not just France

[@fraso7331]

51:00, Revolutions in 1830 and 1848: It was more an European thing. After 1815 the European monarchs cancelled rights (or tried to do so), that under Napoleon citizens could relay on or were given by the monarchs to get the citizens help against Napoleon. It's the chapter of history, that begins with the congress of Vienna 1814-1815. 51:50: The Austrian Feldmarschall Prince Karl Philipp zu Schwarzenberg was the commanding allied General at Leipzig.

[@Nonsense010688]

50:52 Well the Revolution of 1789 is the big "french Revolution" which people mean when they say french Revolution. But the French are somewhat famous to have "constant" Revolutions (it is a meme, don't take this 100% seriously). 1830 1848 (big year for Europe overall with alot of other nations also having Revolutions, think of it like the "Arab spring" in our lifetime") 1870/71 after the capture of Napoleon the III Paris revolted against him. Not a competle list btw.

[@barriehull7076]

Worldwide, Carl XVI Gustaf is probably best known as the presenter of the Nobel Prizes each year. Carl is a North Germanic male name meaning "free man". The name originates in Old West Norse. It is the first name of many Kings of Sweden including Carl XVI Gustaf. It is popular in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and was largely popularized in the United States by Scandinavian and Italian (shortened from "Carlo") descendants. Karl is a Germanic spelling which is very popular in Austria, Estonia, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, and was also popularized by German-speaking descendants in the USA. Other variants include the Anglo-Saxon-Frankish variant Charles, popular in Australia, Philippines, Canada, France, New Zealand, the UK and the United States, although both Karl and Carl are also widespread names in most English speaking countries; Carlo, very popular in Italy and southern Switzerland; Carlos, popular in Spain, Portugal and Latin America; and Karol, a variant in Poland and Slovakia.

[@omarbradley6807]

France got a lot of Coups after the action of 10th of August (1792), where a mob, (who included Napoleon) massacrated the king's Swiss guard, and overthrow the king. i will sumarize them in a kind of simplified way down below. 1-Jacobins (Radicals) overthrow Girondins (Moderates). 2-Thermidorian reaction: The majority of the revolutionary key figures are killed by the moderates. 3-Parial: Surviving Radicals try to take down the "Thermidorian government", it failed and the remaining radicals, (Napoleon, Brunne, Hooche, etc) where jailed. 4-(13 Vendemiaire): The royalist tried to overthrow the "Thermidorians" and reinstate the monarchy, it failed because the radicals where paroled and they themselves (leaded by non other than Napoleon) massacrated the royalists. 5-(18 Fructidor): The royalist ploted a comeback by taking power away from the government, they suceded, so Napoleon and Hooche (Radicals), alongside Barras (Thermidorian), overthrow the assambly with monarchist sympaties. 6-(22 Parial): An election happen, the radicals win, so it is invalidated and let Barras and the Thermidorians alone. 7-Messidor: Barras is threatened by a royalist resurgence, and without support from the radicals, he turn on to the "Father of the French Revolution (Seyes), and forced the royalist to resign, but at the last moment Seyes, apointed a radical as his new faction leader (Ducos). 8-(18 Brumaire): Some Radicals, Extremists, and Moderates, stage a coup against Barras leaded by Seyes, Ducos and Napoleon himself. 9-1800: FIrst direct elections. Napoleon won. The moderates wanted to overthrow him as news of his "Defeat at Marengo", reach Paris, it failed to materialize, because, Napoleon won Marengo, and their leaders are now exposed. 10-(Christmas 1800) Royalists decided to kill Napoleon and sieze the power, it backfired and Napoleon is forced to go more radical. 11-Radicals vote to execute the royalist figures in foreign countries and proclaim the majority of the royalist nobles are executed after being kidnaped, most notable, the Duc'D Enghien, starting the war of the third coalition. Thus the assambly put foward the proclamation who maded Napoleon emperor, he refused, but it was voted in another election anyways and he acepted. 12-Royalist try to overthrow Napoleon and kill the governor of Paris (Hulin), who was the man who sword in hand ordered to assault the Bastille prission in 1789. They fail.

[@emperorofrome692]

The Directory was the government that was set up by the moderate revolutionaries after the radicals under Robespierre fell apart. It consisted of two main groups, the Royalists who were pro-Monarchy, and the Republicans who were anti-Monarchy. The Coup of 18 Fructidor in 1797 was the Republicans imprisoning and deporting several Royalist politicians. This was due to the Royalists gaining the majority in the Directory after a series of elections. The name 18 Fructidor was the day and month that the coup took place according to the Revolutionary Calendar The Coup of 18 Brumaire's name has the same origin. It was Napoleon's overthrow of the DIrectory in 1799, an act that ended the French Revolution and put Napoleon in power. 18 Fructidor is September 4. 18 Brumaire is November 9.

[@dahlizz99]

Karl is a royal Swedish name. But in English they change it to Charles for some reason.. as if English people can't pronounce Karl😂

[@untruelie2640]

44:50 Before the Battle of the Pyramids, Napoleon said to his troops: "Forward! Remember that from those monuments yonder 40 centuries look down upon you."

[@Manu-rb6eo]

He also brought scientist and historians in his expedition, they were the first people to study ancient Egypt.

[@untruelie2640]

@@Manu-rb6eo Yes, and their most famous discovery was the Rosetta Stone.

[@quoniam426]

Charlemagne (Carlus Magnus in latin) meand Charles the Great. Fun fact about a Marshal's baton, you see one in Star Trek III The Search for Spock, Captain Styles of the prototype Escelsior holds around a Klingon Marshal's baton that he was given when he got the best out of Klingon high ranking officer. (nothing to do with Napoleon but I think it is funny and as you seem to know about Star Trek...) Those weird names Fructidor and Brumaire are Revolution Calendar months names. 4 seasons with three 30 days months each, and some few additional days to complete the year (months were divided in three ten days weeks) Month names were related to the season, Brumaire is in Automn, Fructidor is during the late Summer (something to do with fruit gathering, brumaire being fog related, brume is fog in French, Vendémiaire related to harvesting period or Vendanges in French for the making od the wine), some of the Winter months were called Nivôse and Pluviôse Nivôse for Snow and Pluviôse for rain. Spring months end with -al like Prairial, Floréal (prairie or Meadow in English and Floréal related to flowers, of course). When the calendar went official, the Year calendar was also reset, so you'll often have a juxtatposition of regular years of our calendar with Year I, II, etc... The Revolutionary Calendar was abolished when the Monarchy came back. Even the Second Empire in mid 19th Century didn't even restore it. The Directory is the Institution that succeeded the Terror and preceeded the Consulate. Directory was notoriously corrupt and ineffective at governing the country. The Battle of the Pyramids is the occasion of Napoleon's most well known quotes: "From the heights of those pyramids, 40 Centuries are contemplating you!" He defeated the Mameluks with nearly no casualties in his ranks (although it was like using cheat codes in Age of Empires, tbh...) The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 were very small riots compared to the big revolution that preceeded the Empire... Still big enough to throw kings off the throne though.

[@Pointillax]

It's probably been said as I discover your videos a year and a half late, but about the name Carl being royal in Sweden, it's understandable when you look at the origin. This will give an answer to your quesiton about Charlemagne as well. Charlemagne name was in fact Carolus Magnus, wich translates to Charles the Great. French and British rulers used the name Charles, but in Spain multiple rulers where names Carlos, wich is the spannish equivalent, as in Germanic and Nordic countries, the equivalent is Carl or Karl. So they're just all named Charles, but in their own languages.

[@mrichards6795]

18th day of Brumaire - The French Revolution tried to change the names of each month of the year to illustrate that a new era was beginning. Obviously, the practice didn't stick.😊

[@omarbradley6807]

Over Marshall Mortier, as someone pointed below it was king Louis Phillipe, a moderate who after the overthrow the monarchy in 1830, came to power, deeply inpopular with the left and as you point with Napoleon's former comarades, and forced to have a prime minister, Mortier was elected, by the "Tier-Parti", an oposition party, inside a constitutional monarchy. The assassin, was a Corsican Anarchist, of the 25 shoots fired, 4, hit himself when the machine exploded, he was taken as an enemy, (not of the king, but of the revolution, for killing Mortier and others, and Guilliotined).

[@nirfz]

Well, you asked for it, so here it comes: There's a video by Mark Felton about Balloons in warfare, manily focussing on "Baloon Busters" (the airmen in WW1 with the incindiary rounds who attacked the balloons): kzbin.info/www/bejne/hZK1n4Wwq9CHi80 (This video contains actual footage of how it looked) And there is a Great War special episode about the Zeppelins in WW1: kzbin.info/www/bejne/pJ20mKOoiKyjhKs

[@alexandrelandel4246]

There are in the same century two revolutions in France, 1830 and 1848. They are really differents. The first one made France a constitutional monarchy and the second one a republic (which lasted only 4 years until the next coup d'état) Fact: The definitive end of slavery in France is from 1848. We could add a third revolution in 1871 called la Commune.

[@lucinae8512]

Napoleon did not intend for Bernadotte to became crown prince of Sweden and create his own dynasty, but what's more ironic was that he divorced his first wife Josephine because she became infertile and could not give him a biological heir for his dynasty. So he divorced her and married Marie Louise, the daughter of Emperor Francis II of Austria and give birth to his son, who was briefly Napoleon II after his abdication and died aged 21. His stepchildren stayed with him, with his stepdaughter Hortense marrying his younger brother Louis I of Holland. Her second son was briefly Louis II, and her third son became Napoleon III, last monarch of France. His stepson Eugene, who they mentioned as a general deserving to be Marshal, became Viceroy of Italy and commanded the Army of Italy. He was one of the few member of Napoleon's family who was actually a capable commander, and was praised for his roles during the retreats of Russia and Germany. He married princess Augusta of Bavaria, and through their children is related to the royal houses of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Sweden and the extinct houses of Badan and Brazil.

[@vimm8638]

Personally I don't think the Trachenberg plan was all that brilliant, this just follows something called the Fabian strategy, which was devised by consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, also known as "The Delayer" or Cunctator against Hannibal during the second punic war, also if you remember Leipzig well Bernadotte was pretty scared of Napoleon, he was criticized for taking a long time to get to the battle and his unwillingness to advance early on. Prince Schwarzenberg and Blücher deserve most of the credit in my opinion, even though both of them had their flaws, with the former being too cautious and the later one being too aggressive.

[@ferencercseyravasz7301]

The reason for the situation in Sweden is the catastrophic acts of the previous king, Gustaf Adolf IV who managed to get on the wrong side of the Tsar by a series of very stupid diplomatic moves. In the ensuing war Sweden lost Finland (which was part of Sweden since 1246) and Swedish Pomerania. He was an unbelievably inept ruler, a religious fanatic and a mediocre mind to put it mildly, in that war he messed up everything that could possibly be messed up. So when the Russian troops landed in Sweden proper, about 70 km to Stockholm, the nobility and the military organized a coup, they dethroned the king and the Rikdsag, the Swedish parliament voted that the entire Holstein-Gottorp house lost their right to the throne, so while they temporarily crowned Carl, the dethroned king's uncle, they began to actively look for someone they could offer the throne to.