Renal | Kidney Anatomy Model

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be teaching you about the anatomy of a kidney and will be using a SOMSO model to show you all of the structures of the kidney! We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
References:
● Harvey, R., & Ferrier, D. (2011). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews - Biochemistry (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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#ninjanerd #KidneyAnatomy #Renal

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[@unknown00011]

Notes part 1/3 kidney kidney bean shaped two present in abdominal cavity There is connective tissue surrounding the kidney- there are three layers 1. renal capsule- made up of loose connective tissue prevents certain types of infectious micro organism from spreading into the kidney there is other connective tissue surrounding it like outside of this one, more superficial to this one which is called the 2. perirenal fat capsule and that's a adipose tissue that's surrounds it It is helpful for being able to cushion the kidneys 3. renal fascia- dense fiberous irregular connective tissue that anchors it to the actual surrounding structures to keep it retroperitoneal, which means behind There's like a slit-like space where the renal arteries going in, the renal vein is coming out, and the ureter is coming out. -That’s called the renal hilus It is very different from the renal sinus The renal sinus is like a plumbing of the kidney. It's like this area or this space, which consist of the renal pelvis the renal artery, the renal veins, and other different structures in this area. outer granulated tissue All the way around is called the cortex, it's called the renal cortex Deep in the kidney is little dark striated types of tissue. That is called the renal medulla - looks like a pyramid, renal pyramid number 23 -inward extension of the cortical tissue and it dips down into the medulla These are called the renal columns, the renal columns are inwards extensions of the cortex the end of renal pyramid , this is the renal pyramid part of the renal medulla at the end of the renal medulla all the way at the bottom the end part right there number 6, is called the renal papilla renal papilla-empties the urine, into this little like tube called the minor calyx multiple minor calyces come together, to form a major calyx The major calyces will join to form big structure which is called the renal pelvis, number 4. the renal pelvis exits the kidney and goes out of the hilus renal pelvis exits the kidney as the ureter the blood flow to the kidney abdominal aorta into the kidney. Off the abdominal aorta there is an artery - number 2. That number 2 is called the renal artery (lat: a. renalis). The renal artery, once it enters into the kidney through the hilus it splits into 2a. 2A is called the segmentary artery the segmental artery goes into what's called the interlobar arteryNumber 13 a lobe- the renal pyramid and the surrounding cortical tissue. The artery here is called the interlobar artery The interlobar artery runs inbetween the two lobes the interlobar artery as it gets to the top part of the cortex, it starts branching off this branch is called the arcuate artery - number 16 Then the arcuate artery as it's moving up it gives off these branches, these ones that are getting radiated up into the cortex is called the cortical radiated artery cortical radiated artery has an afferent arteriole. cortical radiated artery feeds into an afferent arteriole, then into the glomerulus and then through the efferent arteriole and then it comes out of the efferent arteriole and then it goes to peritubular capillaries. From the peritubular capillaries, it comes down through the cortical radiated veins The cortical radiated vein then moves back down it joins with the arcuate vein cortical radiated vein joins with the arcuate vein, and empties into the interlobar vein the interlobar vein joins with other interlobar veins and form the renal vein - number 1 there's no segmental veins an enlarged view of a kidney lobe lobe defined as the renal pyramid and it's surrounding cortical tissue Now, let's keep going and show you what I couldn't show you before interlobar artery number 12 is moving up and then asit moves up, it gives off that branch, around the actual cortex, it gives off this branch right here so number 7 so following up is interlobar then it gives off a branch which is called the arcuate artery Now,the arcuate artery is gonna start feed up here number 8, as we follow this all the way up

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[@ansai.2451]

Legend: PART 1 C. Renal capsule 1. Renal vein 2. Renal artery 3. Ureter B. Outer cortex 23. Renal columns (inward extension of cortex) (1, 2, 3 go through slit light structure called renal hilus) (Renal sinus contains branches of renal aa and vv, pelvis etc) A. Renal Medulla: 6. Renal Papilla 5. Minor calyx 25. Major calyx (multiple 5's) 4. Renal pelvis Blood flow: Abdominal artery 2. Renal artery 2a. Segmental arteries (no segmental vv) 13. Interlobar arteries 16. Arcuate arteries (arcuate aa -> glomerulus -> efferent aa -> peritubular capillaries -> corticoradiate vv -> arcuate vv -> interlobar vv ->renal vv ( NO SEGMENTAL VV) PART 2 RENAL LOBE (renal pyramid + surrounding cortical tissue) 8. Corticoradiate arteries/veins 9. Afferent arteriole 1. Renal corpuscle 10. Efferent arteriole 11. Peritubular capillaries (13. Vasa recta - peritubular capillaries in the medulla) 8. Corticoradiate vein 12. Interlobar vein 7. Arcuate vein (blood drains from 8, 13) 12. Interlobar vein (-> renal vein -> IVC) RENAL CORPUSCLE (glomerulus + bowmann's capsule) 20. Glomerulus (filters plasma components into 1) NEPHRON: 1. Bowmann's capsule 2a. Proximal Convoluted Tubules 2b. Descending limb of loop of Henle 3. Thin section Asc. limb of loop of Henle 4b. Distal convoluted tubule 6. Collecting duct F. Renal papilla 14. Papillary duct (now urine, then to minor calyx etc.) PART 3 6. Afferent arteriole 7. Efferent arteriole JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS (11+12) 11. Juxtaglomerular cells (baroreceptors- blood pressure, mechanoreceptors- stretch,, change opens vescicles that secrete renin that regulates blood pressure) 12. Macula densa (chemoreceptors, part of DCT) 8. Glomerular capillaries (fenestrated, very porous) 9. Podocytes (modified simple squamous cells) (part of visceral layer of bowman's capsule, parietal layer is continuous with visceral layer) 4. PCT

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A - Renal medulla B - Renal cortex C - Renal capsule - [made up of loose connective tissue; job is to keep organisms from spreading into the kidney ] Perirenal fat capsule - [adipose tissue that surrounds and cushions ] Renal fascia - [dense fibrous irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to other structures (keeps it retroperitoneal) ] Renal hilus (plural hilum) - [the location where renal arteries go in, renal veins go out, ureter goes out ] Renal sinus - [plumbing of the kidney (includes renal pelvis, arteries, veins) ] 1 - Renal vein 2 - Renal artery 2a - Segmental artery (no segmental veins exist) 3 - Ureter 4 - Renal pelvis 5 - Minor calyx 6 - Renal papilla - empties urine into minor calyces 7 - Renal pyramid 12 - Interlobar artery 13 - Lobar artery 16 - Arcuate artery 17 - Interlobar vein 18 - Arcuate vein 21 - Cortical radiated artery 22 - Cortical radiated veins 23 - Renal columns - inward extension of cortex 25 - Major calyx Lobe = medulla + surrounding cortex Up-close view 1 - Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) 6 - Afferent arteriole 7 - Efferent arteriole 11 - Juxtaglomerular cells - pressure receptors 12 - Portion of DCT (Macula densa cells - chemoreceptors) 13 - 11 + 12 = Juxtaglomerulus 4 - Distal convoluted tubule 7 - Arcuate artery/arcuate vein 8 - Cortical radiated artery/cortical radiated vein 9 - Afferent arteriole 10 - Efferent arteriole 11 - Peritubular capillaries 12 - Interlobar artery/interlobar vein 13 - Vasa recta 14 - Papillary duct (now it's urine, goes to minor calyx) 20 - Glomerulus Nephron (all below) (1) - Bowman's capsule (2) - Proximal convoluted tubule (2b) - Descending loop of Henle (3) - Thin section (4a) - Ascending limb (4b) - Distal convoluted tubule (6) - Collecting duct

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1:50 Renal cortex 2:06 Renal medulla/pyramid 2:36 Renal column 3:02 Renal papilla 3:22 Minpr calycx 3:36 Major calycx 3:57 Renal Pelvis 4:10 Ureter 4:50 Renal artery 7:52 Renal vein

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[@unknown00011]

Notes 2/3 it's like a branch going straight into the cortex here is called the cortical radiated artery, cortical radiated artery give off branches, called a renal corpuscle That little branch right there is an afferent arteriole 9 is the afferent arteriole. the afferent arteriole feeds into a renal corpusculum renal corpusculum made up of a tuft of capillaries which is called the glomerulus and the surrounding Bowmann capsule afferent arteriole feeds into a renal corpusculum. and then it gets drained by another arteriole, called the efferent arteriole So it's going in to here, getting filtered through the glomerulus and coming out of the efferent arteriole, number 10 interlobar, arcuate,cortical radiated, afferent, glomerulus, efferent. efferent arteriole as they're coming out they start branching into smaller little capillary networks called the peritubular capillaries. The peritubular capillaries are important for secretion absorption, as we drain the peritubular capillaries, they all drain into this main vein, called the cortical radiated vein so it’s bringing the actual blood, deoxygenated blood,all the way down from the cortex going towards the medulla this cortical radiated vein is coming down, Its gonna join with arcuate vein big big peritubular capillary network is called vasa recta efferent arteriole, gives off a branch that feeds deep down into the medulla and forms this capillary network, and this capillary network is called the vasa recta. It's very important for being able to concentrate urine vasa recta has blood that can also drain into arcuate vein So arcuate vein, blood from the vasa recta and the cortical radiated vein all dump their blood into this main moving down inbetween the lobes, so this main vein coming all the way down here is going to be number 12 the interlobar vein. the interlobar vein will feed into the renal vein and then go back to the inferior vena cava. inside the Bowmans capsule 20, it's a little capillary network called the glomerulus. glomerulus filters certain types of plasma components out of the blood and into the little like tubes here. The membrane here that's surrounding it all the way around is called the Bowmans capsule once the fluid that plasmas filtered to, it drains into this Bowmans capsule and then it goes into this like coiled tube. called proximal convoluted tubule. proximal convoluted tubule goes down to the descending limp of the loop of Henle, and it comes back up to the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Then as it comes up back into the cortex, look, it starts getting coiled and is called the distale convoluted tubule. Bowman's capsule,proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb,thin section, ascending limb, distale convoluted tubule. The distale convoluted tubule dumps its filtrate the collecting duct number 6 Bowmans capsule, proximale convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule makes up the nephron renal corpusculum is the glomerulus and the Bowmans capsule Now as the filtrate actually moving down the collecting duct, it'll get to the end of renal called the renal papilla, there's a little duct portion here at the renal papilla called the papillary duct And once its at the papillary duct, it's now urine it drops off of the papillary duct of the renal papilla, and into that minor calyx. renal corpusculum It is the glomerus capillaries and the surrounding, it's called,Bowmans Capsule Afferent feeds the glomerulus capillaries and efferent (7) drains the glomerulus capillaries afferent arteriole have cells called JG-cells, or juxtaglomerularcells. These juxtaglomerularcells are pressure-receptors. They are baro-receptors and mechano-receptors and they can have the ability to sense changes in blood pressure and stretch. When that happens, they have vesicules that they can secrete specific types of chemicals, like renin and renin helps to regulate our blood pressure things in the back is a portion of the distal convoluted tubule. distale convoluted tubule, have these specific cells, that are like chemo-receptors

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[@unknown00011]

Notes 3/3 they pick up different chemical concentrations These cells here are called the macula densa cells juxtaglomerular-apparatus and it consists of the JG-cells in the afferent arteriole, and the macula densa cells in the distal convolute tubule, glomerulus is this tuft of capillaries and it's fenestrated capillaries his is actually the raw capillaries here theres this like beige tan covering on it They're having cells clinging to the capillaries and forms the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule, and this visceral layer of Bowmans capsule is these simple squamous cells, modified simple squamous cells they're called podocyts, which means foot cells podocyts are clinging on to these glomerulus capillaries, and these are forming the visceral layer of the Bowmans capsule outer layer out here, and whole out thing here is made up of simple squamous epithelial cells too, but this whole outer layer here that's even continous with this actual podocyts visceral layer. This layer here is called the parietal layer of Bowmans capsule, The podocytes make up the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule and this outer part is the parietal layer of the Bowman capsule Bowmans capsule is getting drained by this next structure, like little like simple cuboidal epithelial cells called the proximale convoluted tubule. It processes a lot of different types of nutrients and solutes and small proteins afferent arteriole is consisting of the JG-cells,releasing renin that controls blood pressure, so they're baroreceptors, efferent arteriole, the macula densa cells, which are a part of the distal convoluted tubule they're like chemo-receptors and then this whole area of the macula densa cells and the JG-cells is the juxtaglomerular apparatus These cells are clining to the actual glomerulus capillaries, and is called podocyts they form the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule The glomerulus capillaries are fenestrated capillaries very porous and outer layer here is called the parietal layer of the Bowman Capsule,it's also very continous with the visceral layer and then we have the proximal convoluted tubule down here, which is very important for absorbing specific types of nutrients, and for secretion of like, certains types of chemicals.

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The video provides an in-depth look at kidney anatomy, detailing the layers of connective tissue that protect and cushion the kidneys, as well as the structure of the renal hilus and renal sinus. It also explains the blood flow through the kidneys, starting from the renal artery and branching into smaller vessels, ultimately leading to the nephron. The video covers key structures such as the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which are essential for filtration and urine production, highlighting their role in maintaining kidney function.

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