Rethinking of Aging Part 8. Hold Breath to Live Longer

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Lung function declines with age due to factors such as loss of elasticity in lung tissue, weakened respiratory muscles, and reduced chest mobility. Vital capacity (FVC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation, which can be a reliable marker of biological aging and mortality risk in the elderly. Reduced lung function is associated with increased mortality risk, particularly from respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality.
Deep breathing exercise (DBE), such as diaphragmatic breathing and pranayama, can strengthen respiratory muscles, improve lung elasticity, and enhance lung function. Over time, DBE can lead to an increase in FVC and FEV1, reduction of blood pressure, stress, and anxiety in adults, potentially extending lifespan. Regular DBE can help prevent the decline in physical and functional lung capacity and has no negative effects on performance or productivity.
Diaphragmatic breathing increases oxygen supply (oxygenation) to the body's cells and organs, which is crucial for metabolic processes, immune function, and overall tissue health. Better oxygenation reduces levels of chronic inflammation, improves energy levels, and supports cardiovascular function, physical activity, and mobility. DBE slows down the progression of chronic respiratory conditions and decreases the risk of respiratory infections, which are common causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) can significantly improve the aerobic capacity of exercisers and improve short-term memory in elderly patients. Benefits of IHT, IHHT, and hypercapnic training include a stronger immune system, faster healing due to detoxification of metabolic waste, increased red blood cell count, improved endurance performance and muscle recovery, increased oxygenated blood flow to the brain and other organs, slowing cognitive decline for patients with Alzheimer’s and other brain disorders, speedy recovery after respiratory infections, and increased formation of new blood vessels.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) with moderate hypoxia and low cycle frequency often leads to improved endurance and working capacity of the brain.
Bats and birds have higher metabolic rates than non-flying mammals, which may contribute to their longevity. Intermittent hypoxia (IHx) experienced due to intense activity, low oxygen content in underground furrows, glucose shortage, intermittent hypoxia, and higher oxidative stress can be key factors in their longevity. High oxidative stress due to IHx and a shortage of glucose in the blood may lead to apoptosis of malignant cells, reduced chronic inflammation, and a longer life.
Exposure to IHx showed a tendency toward oncoprotection. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate responses to low oxygen levels and activate adaptations that boost stress responses, immune activity, and antiviral defenses. Cross-hypoxia leads to a reduction in beneficial bacteria in the gut, producing excess ROS and inducing senescence in bone marrow mesenchymal stem. IHx may improve immune system function, exercise tolerance, and cognitive performance in older patients.