Roland Fryer leads a seminar on the economics of crime, racial differences in police use of force, and how to police the police. Session recorded at UATX Live on the University of Austin campus in February 2024.
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@bigdmister5 ай бұрын
Roland Fryer is the new Thomas Sowell and these young people are blessed to hear his teachings. Truth in teaching is extremely rare and has been for decades.
@Cecilia-ky3uw2 ай бұрын
I'm doubtful he's taking the same hardline austrian stance
@iforget6940Ай бұрын
@Cecilia-ky3uw I think he means honest and likable smart, and seeking truth if you're not raceist.
@bolenarrow92864 күн бұрын
I was thinking the same thing- this guy and Thomas need a microphone 10x as big than they have. It’s a fuckin travesty these aren’t voices that are more common in our discourse…
@l.s.aldridge579810 ай бұрын
As a police officer, I so wish I could be sitting in that seat talking to Roland Fryer.
@kricachula754610 ай бұрын
And what would you ask/tell him?
@lefttorightandsometimesbac478310 ай бұрын
Agreed. Would love to have a panel like this with some law enforcement on panel, maybe a prosecutor, and defense lawyer. Would be awesome talk
@lefttorightandsometimesbac478310 ай бұрын
What I think many of them are missing when talking around minute 12, is that crime didn't change yet incarceration rates went up. Whether there were more security cameras,etc. is not the question. Crime rates didn't change. Its possible that the proportion of crimes being committed became different ( more serious crimes and less minor) or/and the sentencing guidelines became longer or more strict or both. Period.
@HM-sx6mg10 ай бұрын
The boomers with their flower power began the decay of our countries morals in the 60s
@jodiebasye97989 ай бұрын
I am extremely curious what would your input or question be?
@jojolina710 ай бұрын
These are fortunate students and I’m fortunate to be able to “sit in”. Thanks.
@domainpark442110 ай бұрын
Gosh this guy is so effortlessly good I could watch him all day. What a fantastic way to present a pretty dry and detailed look at policing. Roland is simply fantastic. Kudos to University of Austin for presenting this in the way.
@donniecilenti263110 ай бұрын
He was basically kicked out of Harvard because of this. They pushed out one of the greatest minds they had
@donniecilenti263110 ай бұрын
Not this talk specifically but for going through crime this way
@adelmomontero355410 ай бұрын
There's a lot of subtle ways that police escalate an interaction with the public. That's where the violation of peoples rights come in. Police are not your friend, there is no accountability for their actions. Never bring them around your home as can harm your family and get away with it.
@derp85758 ай бұрын
@@donniecilenti2631 When DEI backfires lol
@whisper22848 ай бұрын
@@donniecilenti2631Good thing is that Roland is back at Harvard now. I work in Law Enforcement. This data matches common sense thinking. Nobody blithely discharges a gun. They know the consequences are significant. --Of course Police engage in 22% more use of low level of force against Black people because that demographic is where most crime and policing occurs. --Also, Police departments send their most of their novice police officers with the least experience to the inner city. An officer’s “beat” is based on seniority and union bidding. The veterans choose the safest neighborhoods to patrol as they age. --Roland didn’t talk about average years on the force of those cops who commit the most low level use of force. I will logically point out that cops with anywhere from 3 to 10 yrs commit the most harm to the community. --Newer cops tend to still follow the departmental rules and are optimistic; whereas, veterans with 15, 20 or more years are looking towards retirement and don’t care to rock the boat. --it is the mid career officers (5-15 yrs of service on the force) who become frustrated because they’re not close to retirement and they feel stuck. They carry the greatest risk of feeling the threat. --Police departments should focus on the mid-career group to reduce mental health challenges and reduce low level use of force.
@griffinsdad982010 ай бұрын
52 yr old carpenter who secretly loves learning,. I'm listening to this on earbuds and low key got emotional at how much I was enjoying the class. Great content. Strength and love
@OlcayAkkaya7410 ай бұрын
50 yr old kitchen designer immigrant here who did not get to go to college in USA, as planned before coming . Listening to this lecture doing house chores. What a great service to put this up on You Tube.
@rpjswish10 ай бұрын
Just turned 61 yesterday, and I call it ha! Birthday.... never stop learning!
@stp47910 ай бұрын
Just know that the former Harvard president, and the admin. did everything they could to destroy Roland. Why? Because he follows truth, not narrative. A narrative they tend to like a garden to feed leftist ideology. @@OlcayAkkaya74
@stp47910 ай бұрын
65 yo carpenter who has worked alongside illegals framing homes in TX. before going off to college. Roland exposes some of the means by which Uniparty elites retain power through false narratives and division. Please see the mini doc. here on youtube covering how Harvard tried to erase both him and his legacy of truth. Let's just say that his antagonist recently got exactly what she deserved.
@trainerdisability6 ай бұрын
Addicted to these long firm interviews or podcasts. We are all life long learners
@grtwhtbnr10 ай бұрын
LEOs are watching this and are thankful. Thank you sir
@brdforallseasons10 ай бұрын
this is the worst possible "recommendation" for this trash lol
@grtwhtbnr10 ай бұрын
@@brdforallseasons I'll take someone who wants to learn, talk, and invest in people than someone who doesn't know what they're doing taking the reigns and demanding compliance. This man actually rode in the black and whites, went to calls, did his study, redid his study, and encouraged more review. Noones disproved his data yet. Get your ass back in the cave (kitroom) if you're just gonna troll
@manoverboard32110 ай бұрын
@@brdforallseasonsHow so?
@grtwhtbnr10 ай бұрын
@@rarefruit4173 people need to learn that it's not an "us vs them", it's not an occupation, that the communities provide the people who become police officers and the police officers work and police communities with the consent and faith of said community, and are a part of the communities they police. A majority of an officers time is spent in the community they patrol. They're in that community more than they are in their own, they are also probably there more than the people who actually live in that community.
@stephensands348510 ай бұрын
I was an Econ major at UCLA and I’m now an attorney. This seminar was incredible, it reminded me of some of the best lectures I attended in undergrad-but even better! What I would give to be able to go back in time, go back to college and take a class with Roland Fryer and be able to go to his office hours. Very jealous of the students, and thank you for uploading this for the rest of us!
@SamtheIrishexan9 ай бұрын
Wow you didnt come out of UCLA as a Marxist? If so a good sign if critical thinking because Angela Davis turned that place into an indoctrination camp.
@Because_Reasons9 ай бұрын
Love Roland Fryer, and very happy UofA is putting this together. Can't believe what this man has had to endure for truth seeking.
@matt9692010 ай бұрын
there is nothing more refreshing than a lecture on microeconomics. It lays things out so clearly.
@arthurwilliams83719 ай бұрын
As a Soon-to-Retire state trooper, You're my f*@king hero!!! Thank you for saying it and making since about how you got to those points.
@drummerdoingstuff50206 ай бұрын
Thank you for your service
@prettyprudent57792 ай бұрын
Thank you for all you do, Sir. 👩🏾🌾👩🏾🦱
@jjtheherald00810 ай бұрын
Absolutely love this. "Chicago style university, if you're not being interrupted they don't love you." Exactly three minutes in and a lady is already asking a question! Yes. We need more of this.
@Nostolic10 ай бұрын
Great job UATX, thank you for allowing this seminar to be uploaded for free, learned quite a bit from the session. The professor is one of the least biased individuals I’ve seen on this topic.
@ruthgrady282410 ай бұрын
I grew up 22 miles east of Austin. I am thrilled to see a university that truly allows free thought established in the part of the state where I still have family living - living there now for 6 generations.
@SamtheIrishexan9 ай бұрын
Nice area i forget the name of that state park but love it out there.
@jakubjodlowski841610 ай бұрын
Very thankful to UATX for sharing this 🙏
@rahrahgobg2 ай бұрын
I absolutely loved listening to this. This was super interesting. I could listen to more lectures and learning from Roland and Econ and Stats were some of my more challenging classes in college.
@slin267810 ай бұрын
I love seeing the struggle of the, presumably, liberal students trying to wrap their head around the vehicle stop discussion. I never followed Roland Fry before but will def be keeping my eye out moving forward.
@shokuchideirdrecarrigan740210 ай бұрын
Wonderful to see good teachers teach and bright, fearless students engage! Go Austin!
@whm_w883310 ай бұрын
Brightest teacher: what’s the right number. How do you get better at catching people with drugs? Brightest student: how do you get better at hiding the drugs? 1:06:00
@1bajolero4 ай бұрын
A bright, reasonable man. We need more of him!
@ahgdubh336610 ай бұрын
What a great conversation. I wish I could afford to quit my job and go to this university to learn.
@Knowallwithmyphone10 ай бұрын
Roland Fryer is one of my favorite intellectuals!! He’s so intellectually honest, he found the exact opposite of what he wanted to find but he still accepted it and printed it all while taking great ridicule!!
@Kobe2926110 ай бұрын
His courage is unimaginable; its like a man who painstakingly goes in search of infidelity, finds out that he's been cheating on his wife all along AND publishes a paper explaining his motivation!
@ladymsthing605610 ай бұрын
Yep, reminds me of Dr. Sowell.
@Knowallwithmyphone10 ай бұрын
@@ladymsthing6056 He sure does!! The world needs a lot more people like those 2
@lawman396610 ай бұрын
He endured more than ridicule. He endured threats to his job and career, and to his and his family's safety, even needing a police escort for awhile. He was later internally "prosecuted" on some B.S. sexual harrassment charge and was nearly fired ffom Harvard. His tormentor during this period was none other than Claudine Gay. She apparently finds Fryer to have been a harasser, but is cool with people threatening students with genocide. She's gone, thankfully, but Roland is still at Harvard. The good guys won for a change.
@slin267810 ай бұрын
@lawman3966 Gay's still at Harvard too. Just no longer the President.
@RJKYEG10 ай бұрын
This has me feeling nostalgic for my own time at university. I was a lousy student but this brings me back to the parts I enjoyed.
@gaz088110 ай бұрын
This is great science. I love Roland Fryer's work. Thank you for sharing this and please keep them coming!
@lloydgush10 ай бұрын
He should be chief on the department of security.
@TeeHaa00325 ай бұрын
Commanding Belgian law enforcing officer here. I learned a lot today. Thanks alot!
@elijahwilliameby203010 ай бұрын
This is incredible. Thank you to whoever made this happen.
@lincbradley660910 ай бұрын
I am not sure I can appreciate just how good this is. There is beauty in intellectual discourse.
@genedickens168110 ай бұрын
Congratulations for creating an environment to actually improve our human experience.
@tramayneyoung29710 ай бұрын
Roland Frye is a national treasure. Claudine Gaye stepped on a rake pushing this man out the door. I'm happy to see that he’s still teaching.
@mc8046610 ай бұрын
I studied economics in undergrad and listening to this brings so much nostalgia for those first few classes having my mind opened to the economist’s way of viewing things. Before you know it, everything’s a utility function!
@zyloxzylox337410 ай бұрын
I hope so dearly that this is the beginning of the world wide shift towards sanity! Greetings from Germany
@zyloxzylox337410 ай бұрын
@@koschmxyes, worldwide. Because woke insanity rules everywhere in the west.
@merlesmith679410 ай бұрын
We wish
@unclerhombus5 ай бұрын
It won’t be. People will believe what they *want* to believe.
@nedsprow320510 ай бұрын
Id like to see Dr. Fryer give us a study on the economics of media narrative distortion regarding policing in the US.
@noexit44589 ай бұрын
This is very promising talk and response from the young students! Good job U of Austin!
@cha3905 ай бұрын
A wonderful lecture on a very actual and interesting topic. As economist I think this is a clever and valid trial to explain complex correlations in society and their perception in science, journalism and politics.
@mrobert27076 ай бұрын
this is very well done. i wish more people would take the time to watch it
@VincentFulco10 ай бұрын
Huge admirer Professor. Keep up the great work.
@blackknight955810 ай бұрын
This was amazing. Thank you, Professor Fryer, and University of Austin.
@holliesaraswat624110 ай бұрын
A master class in leading a seminar. And kudos to the students for their questions and discussion.
@otis784710 ай бұрын
I love this style of discussion, and really hope there is more like this to come. It would be great to be part of something like this.
@dumpstershockey274610 ай бұрын
An excellent presentation. There are so many people that want to see social policy that is just and compassionate, but also driven by measurable data. Roland Fryer explains complex and frankly difficult topics in a way that is understandable and rational.
@AnthonyCeravolo10 ай бұрын
As prior law enforcement this was excellent conversation with great perspectives. Between how we’re trained, the tools he use everyday, and taboo of mental health (in law enforcement uniquely) there’s a lot that can be talked about and improved upon.
@chadjohns695510 ай бұрын
This is really interesting, I would love to be in this course
@ClintByrne10 ай бұрын
Uatx has been putting out amazing stuff. This feels like what college was to me.
@mariahrossi307210 ай бұрын
I loved this, I learned so much. Thank you for putting this on utube.
@jonathanthomas47229 ай бұрын
Prof blowing my mind.
@vanya393510 ай бұрын
Excellent discussion. This is how educators and scientists should be. Seeking the actual answer instead of trying prove political dogma. Thank you for taking the time to produce and publish this. It blessed my morning.
@ladymsthing605610 ай бұрын
Dr. Fryer🙏🏾 very brave and intelligent man.
@gordonsulc831910 ай бұрын
Wow! This makes me want to attend this university! My college classes did not measure up to this quality. Not even close. Great professor!
@owenasmr.m274310 ай бұрын
This is such a treat. Transports me back to college while also is better than any college lesson I got
@johnnyp521610 ай бұрын
I cant think of a more important topic that could both help a community and ease tensions in this country more than improving policing in this country. If I had a bags of 💰’s cash and was looking how to deploy it in a way to make a difference, the first place i would go would be to Roland. Give this man all the resources he needs to find real solutions to these issues to the extent that they exist. Prof. You are truly what i grew up thinking an academic was, and i am so very pleased to find at least one still exists.
@scottinguito59976 ай бұрын
I just learned valuable information on the internet~! 🤓
@funkyklunky.9 ай бұрын
Roland, thank you for your work, effort to bring awareness, your bravery, and therefore a contribution to society. After watching this video, I see a very strong need for a video on the distinction between Guns and Illegal guns and criminal behavior in and around the distinction of guns and... Illegal guns. Legal- Guns vs ill-legal guns= Difference, distinction. Not the same thing
@CAW78Ай бұрын
He was using "guns" as shorthand for "contraband." The studies are based on finding contraband which includes illegal guns/weapons, drugs, stolen property, etc.
@Kobe2926110 ай бұрын
Everytime I listen to him I get goose bumps; especially if you know what he came out of. Sure, what a mind; but also what a heart!
@rosemaryalles604310 ай бұрын
Amen. Yes. Hopeful for America.
@LMarkWeeks10 ай бұрын
Wow, rational discourses instead of religious indoctrination. Awesome. I love the professor’s AI idea. Thank you for this.
@gregjames98759 ай бұрын
The number one cause of poverty in the USA is single parenthood. Some of the social welfare programs in the USA... 1) Sec. 8 housing. 2) Title XX child care 3) Food stamps 4) Food banks 5) Clothing banks 6) Medicaid- Medicare 7) Free schooling-where kids can get breakfast and lunch. In 1960, the black American single parenthood rate was about 20%. Now it is 75%. Between 1964 and now, 22-24 trillion dollars have been used in the social welfare programs. The poverty rate has moved from 17-18% to 13-14%.
@lifeofcanela10 ай бұрын
Roland Fryer thank you 🙏🏽 you give hope for the future of Law Enforcement in America.
@stephensands348510 ай бұрын
Can you please please PLEASE upload more of Roland’s lectures?
@resilientrecoveryministries10 ай бұрын
Balanced. Rational. Intelligent. Somebody should hire this Roland guy as a professor.
@MrMaverick185510 ай бұрын
What an amazing piece of content!! Thank you for posting
@scottinguito599710 ай бұрын
damn good seminar. Lots of food for thought~!
@TeamDiezinelli9 ай бұрын
What a great lecture! Thank you so much.
@oo7tease10 ай бұрын
Who is this beautiful man!? It makes my heart swell to know there are wonderful professors and young intellect with the integrity that this young man radiates. I love this man I could listen to him for hours . These kids are so fortunate to have this man help truly expand their intellect open their minds. Please more from this University.❤
@friskygringo203110 ай бұрын
How can you not love Roland?
@alvarodomenech181510 ай бұрын
I can listen to this guy all day long 💪
@rosemaryalles604310 ай бұрын
I am grateful to see Roland Fryer teaching and young adults learning, questioning and participating. UATX! Thx. 💚 This was so interesting.
@miajamison70710 ай бұрын
YES, I would have love to be there presently!
@deebonash14954 ай бұрын
He has every chance to be the next Thomas Sowell
@WhoDeanyUnchained10 ай бұрын
Haven't seen Roland Fryer in years and I must admit that I am really digging the locs!
@kmaidotia9 ай бұрын
He has been on youtube a lot of times but mainly if not fully to conservative channels
@TheWeirdSide110 ай бұрын
What an incredible teacher! A joy to listen in!
@jennifers704813 күн бұрын
Joe Rogan interview with Warren Smith brought me here January 2025. Thank you for such an insightful talk.
@lanchparty10 ай бұрын
I love this school. TRUE LEARNING.
@convictednotconvinced10 ай бұрын
This was interesting as hell and I wish I could have been part of it. Its like reading a Tom Sowell book. It must be a University of Chicago thing.
@spencerantoniomarlen-starr306910 ай бұрын
That's why he kept mentioning the University of Chicago.
@doyle990410 ай бұрын
“Any student willing to think calmly about these issues” - There was a time when that was an implicit requirement for entry to higher education.
@giberthayworth605910 ай бұрын
On the crime stats being lower now than the 90's/ 2000's. Between the law raising the monetary threshold to be a felony causing crime reports to change, and the bail reform or police not even showing for anything less than emergency crime in progress, how many crimes are being misreported or not reported at all anymore?
@dovonovich10 ай бұрын
Exactly. I don’t buy it.
@matthaze976510 ай бұрын
THIS IS SOOOOO refreshing, and a much more productive way to have these conversations and discuss potential solutions to discrimination and bias concerns than the insanity that's been consuming media, politics, and DEI hypotheses. Can we please replace the latter mentioned across America with this style of education as our norm? Thank you in advance.
@Mister_Terrific80610 ай бұрын
Nothing wrong with DEI , it actually reduces discrimination
@kingsleyoji64910 ай бұрын
@@Mister_Terrific806no. It doesn't.
@Mister_Terrific80610 ай бұрын
@@kingsleyoji649 Propaganda says it doesn't , science has proven it does
@kingsleyoji64910 ай бұрын
@Mister_Terrific806 what science is that?
@Mister_Terrific80610 ай бұрын
@@kingsleyoji649 Numerous hypothesis tested, peer-reviewed and published studies from the social sciences. You've most likely read none of these studies and have succumbed to propaganda, which is being convinced without appealing to reason.
@ty_vorhies10 ай бұрын
This is incredible. Precisely what college should be. #RolandFryerSavesAmerica
@EvidentialValue10 ай бұрын
This is great! I do wish, however, the viewers can see the information from the TV too.
@RC-ld8oj10 ай бұрын
This should be mandatory for ALL reporters, who are so overwhelmingly afflicted by disparity fallacies.
@stellavinokur937710 ай бұрын
It would be great to see the slides Roland is showing to the students
@jellyrcw1210 ай бұрын
I would love to be a student in this room!
@whm_w883310 ай бұрын
I came for a discussion of race and crime. I came out also learning about finance, mortgages and IRR and race. How does this man know so much?
@remielijah5 ай бұрын
Roland is so Awesome man
@michaelthomas252810 ай бұрын
This content is incredible. One thing that I think is understated here. The model he developed for the payoff of doing crime (cost benefit analysis) is likely brilliant, but it assumes doing crime as a single discrete event. When looked at would you roll a 95% heads and 5% tails you'd maybe take your chances once. However, if you roll that dice 100 times you'd expect 5 losses. Many don't understand the cumulative probability across many engagements increases towards 100%. They underweight their costs mentally. Brilliant content.
@jellyrcw1210 ай бұрын
Amazing lecture. Thank you for sharing
@JJKasper10 ай бұрын
hey u austin, zoom in on or share the PPT slides in the future please...
@primms54110 ай бұрын
Agree. I’d like to see the equations he was referring to.
@SamtheIrishexan9 ай бұрын
I believe he has his paper on the research available for free online due to its importance didnt paywall it.
@josephinemesletzky-fi5uc10 ай бұрын
Just great! Sieh I Wish I could be a Student in that class. Auch a great scientist!
@michaeltorrisi728910 ай бұрын
Right? I could listen to Prof. Fryer all day. He's probably the greatest thinker of our day.
@mercedespombo576810 ай бұрын
Thank you
@DeltaTango-r5i10 ай бұрын
Amazing content, thanks for sharing.
@dmgibson55510 ай бұрын
We need more of debates like this.
@remylebeau521210 ай бұрын
Did anyone else notice the water bottles change or is it me?😂Great Lecture looking forward to more.Had to watch certain parts a few times to grasp them but thats usually a good indicator of new useful information 😅
@dionwall551910 ай бұрын
His education work needs to be the basis for K-12 reform.
@logicking376510 ай бұрын
I can totally see Thomas Sowell in Roland. Thomas Sowell is making the exact same argument in a lot of his books that racial discrimination is a lie when it comes to loan default, or contraband search.
@BlackAmerica1st10 ай бұрын
We have data that shows racial discrimination in loans actually more data is kept when giving someone a loan or buying a house than in policing. So I don’t think he would do something like that. Because racial discrimination is something that can be shown a lot easier in something like loans or housing compared to crime stats. My other issue is are people being truthful when this data is complied.
@darthbrooks493310 ай бұрын
@@BlackAmerica1stnah, there is no racial discrimination in loans, it’s based on their credit and black people have statistically worse credit. Lol, it’s real simple
@darthbrooks493310 ай бұрын
@@BlackAmerica1stdoes the fact that black people, being 13% of the pop, committing 75% of all murders and 50% of all violent crime have something to do with it?
@derp85758 ай бұрын
@@BlackAmerica1st Might that "discrimination" have to do with an unwillingness to repay loans, rather than merely skin color? I swear y'all never stop the victim train. No matter how many Sowells and Fryer's we have, y'all still refuse to surrender the grift.
@why-mope10 ай бұрын
Wow, this is so insightful and productive! Disparity in actions/outcomes comes with diversity and differences in ideas, and that is OK. Trying to equalize outcomes without proving bias is someone's political agenda at taking away people's agency
@MrBoxhead198 ай бұрын
Why crime rate is going down while incarceration goes up? As we put criminals away, there are lesser and lesser criminals, therefore, we have lesser crimes.
@nicoleandalfonso635510 ай бұрын
Buying real estate in Austin because a great institution will be born
@jakubjodlowski841610 ай бұрын
Good call!
@Botkillah10 ай бұрын
Smart forward thinking
@Star-hg1kt10 ай бұрын
How many decades do you give it, before the left takeover?
@JohnDorian-j7x10 ай бұрын
Bruh... do you know nothing about Austin??? Waaayyyyyyy too late to take advantage of that "great institution" being born as a reason. UT Austin is already probably a top 10 University in the world... and that doesn't even consider the plethora of "actual" reasons why Austin real estate is already sky high...and its only gonna get worse
@fcukyou2_10 ай бұрын
It's a little late, prices already thru the roof.
@Ostsol8 ай бұрын
This reminds me of a story a co-worker told me. When he lived in Alabama he once drove a black co-worker home in the middle of the day so he could get something he needed for work. My co-worker is white and police approached him, asking him what business he had in the neighbourhood, which was predominantly black. He explained things and all was well, though the police added that they found that most white people who go into that neighbourhood are trying to buy drugs. The one white person the police saw, they questioned, because they'd historically found a high probability of discovering criminal behaviour. One can say this is racial profiling, but when it frequently returns positively, it becomes quite rational and warranted.
@janetgrahamtheberge477210 ай бұрын
That was a VERY enlightening discourse. I would love to hear more! THANK you for making this class public.
@NanoMarrano202510 ай бұрын
You got Prof. Ryer guys!!! 😮 I see you don’t mess around when it comes to recruitment. Soon you will have an Avengers-level staff! 😎
@primms54110 ай бұрын
What’s not discussed here is the understanding of human behavior assessments that really good and professional cops do to discover contraband or criminal activity. It transcends race and culture. That’s the missing piece for many officers in having higher success rates of encountering the problems we want them to address. Cops who focus on behaviors will have much more success than if they focused on just the economics presented here. That said, this is an incredibly important discussion here to understand policing.
@lloydgush10 ай бұрын
His students are freaking brilliant!
@brianblinstrup813710 ай бұрын
Great man!!
@ianroskam51319 ай бұрын
Roland Fryer and Michael Shellenberger need to talk. Michael presented the incarceration rate graph on top of the institutionalization rate. Mentally ill people that were institutionalized were released to the streets and the incarceration rate increased.