Revisiting the genetic histories of our past | Dr. Niraj Rai |

Reconstructions of the past effective population size strongly suggest that South Asia has been populated almost since the Early Upper Palaeolithic. One of the probable explanations of this pattern relates to the fact that South Asia was among the first geographic regions to be peopled by modern humans after their African exodus. Today, various ethnic groups of South Asia comprise tribes, castes, & populations identifying themselves by different religions, being largely endogamous & hence revealing complex, multilayer genetic differentiation. From such a complex structure, several questions have stood out from our & other research groups analyses that could not be addressed a few years ago but can be now using the latest technology & resolution. The novelty of the approaches rely largely, though not solely, on extensive high-coverage sequencing of specifically targeted modern & ancient samples, autosomal SNP genotyping of specific populations, extensive Y chromosome resequencing of selected population groups (Tribal & caste populations from different geographical area) & statistical analysis of the results in the context of human genomic variation worldwide.
Speaker:
Niraj Rai (NR) is a molecular biologist by training and specialized in ancient DNA analysis and generating next-generation sequencing data to study genetic histories of the human population. He is an expert researcher in retrieving and analysing ancient DNA from the challenging arid and tropical environments of South and South East Asia. He founded and runs the only successful aDNA lab in India, and has a rapidly expanding portfolio of research into the history, diversity and evolution of ancient and modern Indian populations, as well as work on animal and pathogen genetics. Niraj is closely working with Anthropologists and Archaeologists of South and South East Asia and established collaboration with over 40 institutions across the Indian sub-continent. He has catalogued and collected archaeological samples that exist in collections from all over the country. His recent findings on ancient DNA published in Science, Cell & Nature Communications was shared and discussed heavily on international scientific forum. His paper, as a corresponding author entitled- “An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers,” published in 2019 Picked up heavily by Archaeologists and Biological Anthropologists. His research article published in nature communication in 2019 entitled- “Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India” solved the genetic identity of human skeletons from a mysterious high-altitude Himalayan Lake. His co-authored research article in journal Science (2019) entitled- “The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia” was one of the milestone papers on Central and South Asian ancestry. His another first authored paper in Scientific Reports published in 2020 entitled- “Ancient mtDNA from the extinct Indian Cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from African cheetahs” has enormous implication in conservation and reintroduction of extinct Cheetah species in India.
Topics covered:
0:00 Intro
1:03 Evolution of modern humans
5:26 Study on Genetic diversity of India
22:00 Gene flow and other studies
42:00 Concluding Remarks
Q&A
46:40 Genetic evidence for emmigration from India?
50:45 Migration out of India was bi-directional or uni-directional?
52:50 Dr Premendra Priyadarshi's genetic studies about mice & cattle
56:00 How can similarity of population prove the migration?
59:05 On one of Dr Niraj Rai's papers on the Yamnya homeland
1:00:56 Orissa's history and genetic studies
1:06:47 Indus cline ancestry in the deep south?
1:08:25 Future publications of Dr Niraj Rai?
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[@gomathakamadhenu1607]

Former IPS Officer says:- I was so upbeat when Shashi Tharoor came into politics in 2009. I still remember talking to so many of my NRI friends on how the politics of India will change for better with highly accomplished people and intelligent people like him joining politics. Then by 2013, I was disillusioned with congress and felt Anna Hazare supported by IITian Kejriwal, IPS Kiran Bedi, great actor Aamir Khan will usher in a new change in India. I even donated to India against corruption, went to Ramlila maidaan to shout slogans Now if I look back at it, the only thing I can do is laugh at myself. But I am happy that I realised the biggest flaw in my thinking. The reason we support people like Shashi Tharoor or a Kejriwal is they are well educated. We are brainwashed from childhood that education is equal to goodness. NO, IT IS NOT. Chidambaram is MBA from Harvard and we all know what he did. Mani Shankar Aiyar is from Cambridge - We all know what kind of rubbish he speaks. Kapil Sibal is Harvard Law graduate and all he does is write mercy petitions for terrorists and sells beef. It is not that congress didn’t have highly educated people in the party. There were lots of them but they were all crooks. And a highly educated crook is even more dangerous as he can dupe you in even more innovative ways. Everyone from Islamic invaders to Britishers were supported by highly educated and intelligent Indians. Yes, you need them to lord over the country? So the rulers of India cultivated a group of crooks who were well read to rule over us and keep us poor. And Chachaji and his family also continued this trend and cultivated a group of highly educated crooks to rule India. Today we call this group as Lootyens as they stay in an area called Lutyens in Delhi and loot us. What is the change that BJP and Modi brought into politics? It made jokers like me realise that IVY LEAGUE DEGREES doesn’t make you a patriot, inculcate honesty or bring goodness. But people who cultivate character, personality on the basis of ethos of Culture and civilisation of India have patriotism and goodness in them. Do this experiment if you don’t believe me: You go into any random RSS Shaka in any part of the country and any time in the year. And see what they teach those students - Patriotism, Service, Goodness, Honesty and Simplicity. It is done every day and all throughout the year. Tell me which Ivy League Univ, IIT, IIM, St Stephens, Doon school or any school where you pay lakhs of rupees as fees teach it? I have been to world’s top Universities, have 6 degrees but no where my education taught me patriotism or goodness. It is my dad who taught me and the books I read written by Swami Vivekananda or the man I idolise Shaheed Bhagat Singh who did this. RSS shakhas do it for all the Sangh goers everyday. Hence people like Modi are so patriotic and honest. I don’t care if he went to school or he has MA or not. A person who reads Swami Vivekanand or goes to a RSS Shaka is any day better than a crook with IIT or Harvard degree. Yes that is what we need to realise.

[@kanhaibhatt913]

Atulniya vaktavya

[@sunithaa.n.5028]

But look at these gulf sheikhs,most of them studied in west,and they are ruling smoothly,the rule of law is very strict there,and crimes are low.Also the judges don't fall for bribes through back door. Several muslims are mocking the judiciary and police here as very corrupt and inefficient.Nothing flies above money in India in majority of cases. So pathetic,it is tough job for Modi to set things right with most of politicians being devils.

[@aggarwalkaoor9002]

Well you are partly correct but is BJP and RSS any better. All currect and previous leaders of India are anti-Hindu and pro- Abrahamic. Plus the good values that you talk about are rooted in our Hindu scriptures and way of life. Anyone who follows these values is way better than these Ivy League educated rogues.

[@mohansatpute5948]

Thanks Dr. Niraj Rai for proving that there is no Aryan and Dravidian race with the help genetic study. Both of them are the same race. We all have a responsibility to spread this message loud and clear and destroy this fabricated barrier.

[@nw3877]

so we all are africans

[@BeE_AriyaN]

​@@nw3877 after entering & settling in Bharat as civilization, we are Bharatiya (of African origin, just like everyone else)

[@nirvanabliss73]

Although nobody seriously talks about Aryan, Dravidian races (!), scholars do talk about the ANI (ancestral north indian) and ASI (ancestral south indian) populations

[@crombajaa]

@@nw3877 No single-cell organisms! These people will never learn.

[@crombajaa]

@@nirvanabliss73 Although they are the same that's in scientific terms and the facts of the study of DNA differences and tracks where and when how humans came and settled here. Aryan, and Dravidian races were mentioned for scientific classifications but with the injection of religion and language people began to doubt facts and started to believe in made-up stories of the leaders and political parties.

[@samcall930]

Very informative talk presented in a quiet scientific mode on a complex subject.. Thanks

[@janardansingh5926]

It is evident that ancient indians went out of india prior to 1700BCE ie drying up of Saraswati & it may have happened after 2 to 3 Centuries later some of their progenies later may have returned back to India !

[@drashokkumar9209]

Very probable . There is NO EVIDENCE of any Greek , Latin literature BEFORE 7th century BC . Ancient Sanskrit ( or its Prakrit variants ) was carried in several waves .

[@nishantshetty84]

The steepe ancestry mostly may have come with the Hunas, Sakas who invaded and then assimilated into Indian religions.

[@deadlyninja8391]

Yes

[@aryavansh108]

Where is steppe?

[@nishantshetty84]

@@aryavansh108 Steppe is a classification for a geographical region whose main feaures include grassland and shrubs. A sort of a semi arid area, where it doesnt rain much, better suited for grazing and horses than for agriculture. There are multiple Steppes but the one we are talking about is the Great Steppe starts from present day Mongloia in east through Central Asia and upto Ukraine, romania and hungary. (not the whole contries but parts of it.)

[@aryavansh108]

@nishantshetty84 ok.... since we are saying out of India at some point ... surely there may be reverse movements? Why are simple pastoral people coming to India? Wealth to take away? Mongolian? Our good chum, Ghenchez Khan?

[@subhodutta6163]

@@aryavansh108 keep crying, no mongol invasion took place and this was confirmed as there are many inscriptions in kazakhstan saying mongols returned from there

[@alkasharma4701]

Great job Dr. Neeraj Rai🙏 I wish you success in your future endeavors and hopefully the subscribers of AIT are crushed once and for all.

[@meenalbhardwaj5010]

Appreciate your Research findings ❤Great work.

[@SantoshGairola]

Thanks for the talks. Wonderful. Two things though: 1st: I think the answer of the young man and Dr Koenraad remain mysterious. The issue is "Since there is no Steppe DNA in IVC samples, that means it was introduced into Indian population by AIT" This remains unanswered or un-understood. What is understandable that R1a is more diverse in India, thus there is higher possibility of it going out from India. But it sounds unrelated. A clear reasoning for IVC sample having no Steppe DNA and its relationship with out of India migration will be greatly appreciated! 2nd: It is new information for me that Greek DNA was found in Roopkund samples. There was detailed studies in early 2000s, which concluded that the two different groups are Konkani Brahmin pilgrims and local porters. They died under heavy hailstorm (perfectly match with local folklore. Nanda Raj-jaat takes place there once every 12 years) On other hand the lore of Greek DNA is that a group of soldiers from Alexander’s army stayed back and hide in the mountains. Mainly local SC population carry some of that ancestry. Anecdotally, I have seen boys and girls in deep in mountains looks completely European.

[@jeevanrohtak5126]

R1 is more diverse because it arrived into multiple waves , from various & numerous tribes.

[@praz7]

@@jeevanrohtak5126 R1A has highest diversity in Eastern Europe, R1A1 has highest diversity in India.

[@praz7]

There was a cross migration. Iranian_N related ancestry of IVC extends up to Tajikistan. So I believe that the ones who came to India from Steppe already had the IVC DNA by the time they reached India and they intermarried or migrated in small numbers from time to time.

[@bhimakarma]

connect this with the fact that the Vedas and Sanskrit were already well developed and formed by then. As well, there is every possibility that Iranian and steppe populations were also part of the Vedik culture, at that time. Aryan migration theory is only existing in the garbage can of these sciences and simply serve as an illustration of how models like this have been formed for and from political motivations and not scientific information gathering. The sciences being used to construct these models corroborate Bharatiya history and negate European historical accounts of India, which were formed simply to further their political power over India. Sanskriti has always and continues to benefit the whole world - sadly in a way which is hidden to most. These false theories act as a gatekeeper and benefit the constant plagiarism of Bharatiya culture and sciences - keeping the truth from our whole modern world - that India is the Guru and homeland of benevolent scientific culture.

[@DrMPrad]

Wonderful talk!

[@aryavansh108]

Thank you

[@janardansingh5926]

Ancient Indian Gurukulas were having students from all over the world & also there was lot of movement of people all across such places & holy places for religious visits & penance.

[@sampary3749]

But then we should have also Chinese DNA which we don't. Those religious people mostly practice celibacy so they could not pass down their genetics.

[@janardansingh5926]

@@sampary3749 Even ancient Ramayan & Mahabharata have clear mentions of marriages with people of uttarkuru present day central asians.

[@tamashbeen6610]

​@@sampary3749 All Punjabis have about 1% Tibetan/Mongol DNA. Chinese students coming to India was extremely rare.

[@sampary3749]

@@janardansingh5926 Turks migrated to Uttarkuru area recently. Search about Goturks, you will understand.

[@sampary3749]

@Papochka When did it happen?

[@badarpurschool9618]

Very interesting and uniquely informative 🎉🎉

[@kishorepandey9054]

Congratulation dear Dr Neeraj Rai for your great research work, it will change the lot of history,can you give me site where this paper was published

[@sharmilakalain7549]

This was a very interesting talk. Loved the presentation. Thank you.

[@damirashi]

Neeraj ji, when Roopkund expedition was done first in year 2002 there were lots of archeologists form deccan college involved. I read clearly in the news paper then that the Roopkund saples include 2 types of ancestry one was the local Kumau who were may be assisting the pilgrimage and then the other was the pilgrims coming from Maharashtra to the place said. They belonged to Koknasth Brahmin or Simply Chittapavan Brahmin community form here. Also there were some articles discovered form the site which included Kolhapuri chappal, means which proves that they travelled form southern part of India to the pilgrimage site in Himalaya.

[@shibanighose837]

Thankyou for this fascinating talk

[@aggarwalkaoor9002]

Dr. Rai thank you for such an enlightening talk. Do we have any dendrogram data related to genetic Y, mitochondrial and autosomal haplogroup data in populations across India. If so where can I see this data. Also is it possible to get one's samples tested somewhere. Plus is the out of India theory published somewhere. A graphical representation will make the subject matter easier to understand..... Can that be added to the video.

[@williamliamsmith4923]

7:45 I was surprised by the lateness of ANI/ASI admixture estimate. 4000 to 2000 years before present. I would have expected much earlier admixing of the two populations, particularly considering almost all Indians of present day have both ANI and ASI ancestry with varying proportion already, and the ANI ancestry may have formed 11000 years back and ASI is likely formed 40000+ years back.

[@SangeetaRathod]

Thank you…. This is great information that the steppe genes were there in Rakhigarhi last since before 11000 years…. It’s awesome

[@gautamkapila9624]

Niraj Rai ji, please write a book on this subject that carries layman, and those with a little deeper interest people along - I will be first to buy !!!

[@PK-se2jh]

thankyou

[@arindamchaudhary9]

This data so much corroborates with our literary sources. The Ramayana is dated by experts to around 4000 to 5000BC, and there are plenty of examples in the Vanaras and Rakshasas where mixing of ANI and ASI population in mentioned. Indra, Varun, Surya Gods had their sons with Vanara ladies. Vishrava rishi with rakshasi Kaikasi had Ravana. Even the Iranian theory corroborates, as Zend Avesta of the Zoroastrians is closely related to the events mentioned in the Rigveda. Even the events of Prahlada, Hiranyakashyap, Devas and Asuras are traditionally thought to happen near the west of Afghanistan. This is truely amazing.

[@aumnaad]

Need to understand the ASI ANI admixture. Hopefully there will be more in depth discussions in future. Question is regarding D REICH and Co in their paper proposed it. But they included samples from Swat valley and Andamanesae who could have been outliers skewing data. Hence, if one was to exclude these outliers groups, how much separation is in so called ASI/ANI?

[@Dhruv_Dogra]

Another eye-opening video! Came here from Abhijit Chavda Beer biceps podcast

[@katyarkhukri7003]

What about the samples from keeladi?

[@jjayaraman3191]

Gradual inclusion of into the more central land of India (for eg ) doesn't necessarily have to be interpreted as migration from Africa outwards. The other theory more inclusive of Ancient Sabda pramana history (timeless in fact as you can't "date" when the first father to son transmission BY SPEECH TO EAR took place!). The various ecologies of proto history too were paired phenomena, like sun reflecting in all ponds, lakes, oceans simultaneously.

[@SangeetaRathod]

When will you publish???

[@6ygfddgghhbvdx]

Petals falls, but flower endures.

[@drashokkumar9209]

Excellent talk . One Question -- Aboriginal People in East Pecific islands and Australia carry Denisovan genes . While Indian population does not . How to explain this ? Was there 2 Eastward streams in Asia -- South of Himalaya - India ( free of Denisovan genes ) and North of Himalayas/Tibet ( which interacted with Denisovans ) ?

[@omashankar8290]

Once Neeraj ji has claimed that in IVC their are cut mark signs on bovine skeleton remains and many pottery having Animal fat thus he opined that beef was consumed during IVC...But we have to take stoke of number of bone having cut marks out of total bones collected, animal sacrifices and Chemistry which says that if animal fats and dairy fat stored over a very long period of time will give same chemical signature.

[@JonTodt775]

Fish bones are also found along with other food waste of animal bones especially wild hunted animals . This shows that they ate meat.

[@jeevanrohtak5126]

Bruh nobody conjectured upon others personal eating habits back then unlike you who seems to jave enough leisure time.

[@SudheendraRao26]

Ashwalayana Grihya Sutra talks about shulagava. Oxes were sacrificed to Rudra at the behest of some yajamanas (may be meat eating kshatriyas)..

[@Aryandescendent4914]

@@tellsparck you are completely right in terms of meat eating, but you completely wrong in terms of portraying vedas in it is completely. No sanskrit version of vedas have said anything about sacrificing cows and by that I literally mean none. On the other hand vedas said to save horses and cows.

[@Aryandescendent4914]

@@tellsparck I am not talking about safety or not. Eating beef is completely normal. I am talking about that vedic faith prohibited it. I don't care about any books who talk about vedas except vedas. They are many people's who translate puranas and vedas on the bases of what they think but completely miss tranalate the books. I have proofs from vedas about prohibiting beef and horse consumption. I wouldn't say ancient people's don't consume beef. Alot of people's do and it's natural and alot of don't used to consume it as well. In ancient times people's miss understand the importance of ashwamedh and started sacrificing horse. I am completely accepting that this is true but vedas don't allow it.

[@parasnathyadav3869]

जय श्री राम 💐💐🙏

[@anildutta4195]

Thanks to Sangam for arranging an excellent talk by Dr Niraj Rai. Very enlightening talk. I missed the talk by 2 hours due to some contingency. Saw it after it was over. I do not know if asking a question now will be fruitful. Dr Rai said the Rakhigarhi as well as Sanauli gene has been sequenced partly. Some part is therefore missing. Could this missed part carry genes from steppes, Anatolia etc? I mean how can we make definitive statements on the basis of a part of the gene. I will be grateful if it is answered.

[@amrishganatra3189]

👍👍👍💐🙏

[@sdbaral7721]

What leads us to hold that the Iranian base is the first base line for our Indians? Is it possible that migration started from the Indian base?

[@mkelkar1]

The most ubiquitous branch of R1a-Z93 found in about 20% of R1a - Z93 carrying Indian males (about 40 million males today) L657 never existed on the steppe and is not there even today. According to genetic modeler Ashish Kulkarni a single man carrying R1-Z93 migrated to the Indian Continent and was reproductively successful. His ancestors along the way developed the unique L657 branch in situ. For the curious, Kulkarni runs a genetic blog on the internet."

[@krishnabanerjee169]

in my "our indus valley heritage" (in 3 volms), i talk about the migration of the zarathustrians from the harappan region via turan to iran. i also talk about slaves being brought by the harappans from the steppes who turned rogues and fought with the harappans battles and war. pl refer to my e- book, "our indus valley heritage" in amazon, kindle

[@raghavarvoltore6517]

Dr Niraj Rai is making a fundamental mistake by not challenging the usage of the mainstream genetic jargons with regards to the "Peopling of India". I am refering to the term AASI introduced by Narasimhan et al. (2018) and with its somewhat beginnings initiated by David Reich et al. Mainstream geneticist talk about Indus Periphery Cline which is nothing but AASI + Iran_N. The reason we don't find any large scale influx of genetic data into West Eurasia during IVC period is because of this contraint. These mainstream geneticist claim that AASI is the native ancestry of South Asia then came Iran_N some ~10K years ago. This formed the IVC cline. Though they do suggest this but not directly told, AASI is found higher in East Indians espcially those of Austroasiatic speakers. In other words AASI is nothing but East-Eurasians, which is not native to India but appeared much later. This means the only native acestry, at least for the 10K period, is Iran_N. This crucial distinction makes all the difference. The migration of Iran_N from India to West-Eurasia took place during just before the mid-holocene period which resulted in the agricultural exchange of South Asia into Western Eurasia. This includes cattles, mouse, goats, grains etc. Along with the archeological and textual evidence of OIT, this fits perfectly well. And we also know that Iran_N and CHG are closely related and interchangeables according to Lazaridis. Also Jones has linked CHG with IE migrations. (Jones et al. 2015). This all will make sense and a OIT genetic migation out of India can be shown if this is followed.

[@dharmrakshak6735]

So you are saying AASI were later migrations from east?

[@atacama1000]

@@dharmrakshak6735 yes

[@goddalehundibharathraj4374]

So east Europeans today are AASI ?

[@NileshOak]

I agree.

[@JonTodt775]

For this to work we need to find AASI in ancient samples or in modern living populations in East Asia, which we don't.

[@shashidharshettar3846]

Speaker few suggestions: 1: Speak clearly 2: Use Very Good Graphics. The one now you showed was blurry

[@Ggiieeaaahhvvvieea]

It is therefore understood that 1) the ASI came into existence in 1900bc 2) the ANI came into existence in 1500bc. and the two never met.

[@user-ot7mk2cn2l]

एकम सनातन भारत दल को मजबूत करें अन्यथा हम राहत शिविरों मे पाए जाएंगे

[@guruvlogs323]

Please provide pdf

[@urrasscal8380]

why it is called iirainian farmer ancestry called it aarya or iindian farmer ancestry ..... this is what happen when u don't do research early, some other group will do research & name it as they prefer. this lethargic attitude of govt. and scientist are the main reason.

[@vinodakamath2464]

Sir please collect some sample from saraswat communities Our story starts from the banks of river saraswati, then migrating to bengal, then to coastal maharashtra, goa and karnataka and mostly we do prefer marriage in community only

[@PKarri]

Thank you very much. You busted the Aryan migration/ invasion theory which was promoted by western countries for obvious reasons.

[@nirvanabliss73]

how is the AMT theory busted? you say it was 'promoted by western countries' - how so? given that many russian and central asian studies and scholars have contributed to its understanding

[@ayushdhingra855]

​@@nirvanabliss73earlier it was arian invasion theory Western propoganda Now coming to migration. No archeological evidance for migration One who write vedas can be indus valley people too??? Still it is debatable. Dating of right veda is also contradicting.

[@nirvanabliss73]

@@ayushdhingra855 you havent read my comment properly and you havent answered it too

[@thundercatt5265]

I agree with (out of India) the skin tone of India natives is or was like the natural color of the early proto-humans earth, until Noah/New European "blue eyes & fair skin".. there is a missing Link between India/South & Northern Native Americans/middle East/China ..I just want us all to get past the illusion of ethnic markers,(Ground Zero) = unidentified XX female chromosome/missing Link= Titi/Eve & Tiamat/Eve XX female chromosome,both had a native india type skin tone like complexion,But Tiamat/Eve had blonde hair, these 2 women are the keys.. Titi/Eve her bloodline was killed off with malicious intent, these had the longer lifespans, the Egyptian eye of Horus/Pineal gland is the same as those the red dot markers seen in India,,it started with Titi her brain was slightly more advanced than modern man ,she was born with a active eye of Horus, making her something like a oracle note the same divide in India domestically = North/South then America = Black/White the Middle East = Israel /Palestine/Iran ..Korea = North/South see the split ,or division,no matter where you go ,that divide comes from the Tower of Babel incident, Ancient India and Sumer fell at the same time = flash frozen radioactive bodies, found in India and ancient India sky god's wars ,were real after they fell Civilization spread out all across the earth fleeing that attack "blue eyes" ended up in Europe,but they started out in Sumer Titi/Eve was born in 334,000 as a reference point , Ancient India was the cradle of Sumer which was the cradle of civilization

[@pradipkumarsikder3641]

Now a days Buddhist are making tomuch propaganda against sanatan dharma. Please do something. I don't know English. So l can't write more. Thanks, pranam.

[@sunithaa.n.5028]

Not surprising,seeing the attitude of majority of politicians,the plight of Indians. The hindu sanyasis or intellectuals will keep mum,saying"Silence is golden". Most of the poor people don't have neither proper normal education nor religious education. Complete non chalance in maintaining cities,towns etc.tidy and clean.

[@aggarwalkaoor9002]

New Buddhists are Abrahamized. So no surprise they are anti Hindu

[@defactotruths1331]

Sir! Your statements:- "R1a is not found in South Asia before 1500 BC." "R1a mutation originated in Eurasia." Sir I am confused. Will anyone please explain it?

[@greaterbharat4175]

He is talking about Steppe dna not r1a R1a in India date back to 18,000 year ( Saharia tribe has oldest known mutation in India, 18,000 year old ) Their is three type of dna 1) ptdna 2) mtdna, 3) autosomal dna Steppe DNA is autosomal dna R1a = ptdna ( found in male only transfer from father to son ) Autosomal= 50 percent paternal, 50 percent maternal ( found in both male and female )

[@ayushdhingra855]

Some lineage have origin from India he state that too..

[@sunshineglow5579]

We talk about 'Evolution' why do we not consider 'De-evolution'!

[@prasadbalan1194]

What is the so called step ancestry haplogroup

[@chaisma]

Panjab and haryana jaat/jatt has stapee gene, which come from ukrain, its means jat and jatts are migrated from ukrain side to india

[@krishnamohan1065]

A modern human skull was discovered in Morocco dated three hundred thousand years ago

[@nirvanabliss73]

ok, so?

[@himynameiscat1795]

Please talk to me like i am 5 years old, okay so what are Indians a mix of exactly ? Are they a mix or not ?

[@Agnostic7773]

Mix but different caste have different percentage

[@ayushdhingra855]

Europe is mix too lot of indian right from indus valley civilization move to Europe too

[@himynameiscat1795]

@@ayushdhingra855 very minimal tbhh, more the other way around

[@Devine_wave]

​@@himynameiscat1795Europe is a mixture of anatolian farmer ,European hunter gatherer and yamnaya culture Yamnaya got it's genes from 2 groups ..one os from iran armenia or maybe indian region and other is Siberian to east European region .both these got mixed and yamnaya formed .so eurppe is a mix . While india is iranaian farmer ,steppe and aasi got mixed

[@ppchowdhury9332]

The AIT or OIT theory is relevent based on modern day India map formed 1947. It's just political boundary. But based on Sanatan Sanskriti and ancient texts the umbrella can be much bigger.. The Central Asia can be within Sanatan Dharma Umbrella, say Uttara Kuru, in that case the whole definination will need a reset, just we don't consider modern day migration between Indian states as anything significant. The basic point is Sanskriti is not based on some genetic or ethnical purity, there can be mixing , no mixing but that that may not have anything to do culture, traditions and Dharma. For eg. India and England are having interaction for a long time but there is no large scale intermixing on genetic level, where as scenario is entirely different in cultural or linguistic level.

[@madhukark8133]

What's the proof that ppl existed only in Africa Cannot have such stark differences among populations -chinese, malays, australasian, ASI, ANI, caucasians, arabs, Africans- in just 100k years

[@Neptunecloud]

No proof that human civilization started in Africa! I believe that humans were genetically manipulated /created from Hominids, Neanderthals, etc. in different parts of the world by various alien civilizations from different star systems like the Annunakis and others. Darwin's Evolution is the biggest BS theory of all 😂

[@anilraghu8687]

Rai makes conclusions before doing experiment The conclusions is right. Aryans cane only in 2500 BC

[@neerajbhardwaj9014]

Hamere ancestors real me kon hai

[@mahfuzurrahmansourov984]

africans

[@shashidharshettar3846]

You need to improve a whole lot to keep the audience interested. Seek a mentor

[@shailjasgh]

Dr Niraj Rai says that there is no Steppe ancestry before 1600 BC and that proves That there was no “Aryan” invasion that historians say. But historians are saying that “Aryans” came from 1500 BC. So how is this disproving their theory?? My question is what was the amount of influx of steppe ancestry at that time? Was it large or was it small? From when did the significant influx start??

[@anildutta4195]

Historians used to speak of 1500 bc. But since some time, the date was revised to 2000 bc.

[@drashokkumar9209]

Question is not what historians are saying . We have to go by SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE . Essentially we need explanation/s for Common Origin of Indo-European language family .

[@shailjasgh]

@@drashokkumar9209 The explanation is scientific now and plenty of it that there was out of India migration. Dr Niraj Rai points to it and so do so many archaelogists, geologists, historians in India. But west will not agree to it coz that disproves the "superiority of whites and their racial mindset is exposed.

[@NileshOak]

Correct. And what is that evidence of Steppe ancestry among Indians post 1600 BCE! It was a confusing talk right from the beginning till the end and even worse through the Q&A session. Oh well.

[@NileshOak]

@Papochka Correct. But precisely for this reason, when he says, the steppe gene is found in India post-1600 BCE, he needs to state clear why and when. Otherwise, he is playing (consciously or not) into the hands of an already dazed and idiotic AIT crowd.

[@goddalehundibharathraj4374]

No doubt most in India today is an Andamanese - dravidian - aryan mix...to different extent... But if the so called "aryans" language/literature is connected with steppe ancestry then that occurs very late in india... Right?... If R1A1 is not steppe ancestry, then what are the other factors?

[@BallsOfSteel2310]

Dravidian and aryan are not different races . Didn't u watch the video? They share common ancestry .they are language groups fall under same Caucasian race

[@goddalehundibharathraj4374]

@@BallsOfSteel2310 they were different races before mixing.

[@kingyogesh441]

@@goddalehundibharathraj4374 no they were not .

[@kathymiller8358]

Where did you get that?@@goddalehundibharathraj4374

[@sunshineglow5579]

No not necessarily so!!

[@yogaaananda3524]

The very beginning of the talk raises doubts. When you begin your narration with "as we know" to establish the man first appeared in Africa before a hundred thousand years, you established that you have not tried to think more deep or studied any other possibility in the light of our own written versions about from where the man came. It is simply proven that you have just followed what you learned in a particular kind of institute teaching the primitive understanding of the European scholars (?). You are getting such a big platform to put your research but you are not coming up with your original research or understanding instead you are just speaking out what you learned to obtain your degree or doctorate. Dr. Niraj Rai, please focus more on your method of actually studying and start exploring different possibilities. People who could use a very complex language since more than ten thousand years, actually you can say more than twenty thousand years, could help you more to understand this topic. Africans staying for generations in USA are not changed in their looks. Same with many different kind of people, not only Indians. But no need to think rationally? Focus educating yourself more before using such a huge public platform to speak with the base of a mugged up theory.

[@yogaaananda3524]

@Papochka You are absolutely right.

[@NileshOak]

I agree.

[@yogaaananda3524]

@@NileshOak 🙏

[@aryavansh108]

Use our own terminology based on Indian genome. Using Western stuff is confusing like IVC ANI ASI et al A summary needed for those who wish to learn the terms clearly

[@subhodutta6163]

@@yogaaananda3524 you think yourself as more educated than a resaercher who researched through evidences and expeditions for 20 years, you think he is reading a mugged theory, or is it you who is running a propaganda to defame scientists. get educated first then tell others to educate rascals

[@anilraghu8687]

Just his opinion, not science mixing archeology and genetics is just diversion Iranian ancestry is also Aryan

[@mahfuzurrahmansourov984]

you mean iranians are the aryans who actually migrated 4000 years ago, not the steppe?

[@rajan36742]

​@@mahfuzurrahmansourov984Neolithic Iranians with CHG/Iran_N ancestry (IVC people)

[@Agnostic7773]

Their language? ​@@rajan36742

[@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg]

Dr. Niraj Rai also says that the steppe ancestry comes after 1500 BCE . This is clearly in accordance with Aryan migration theory !

[@thusharasurajith4774]

The sinouli ( Gagentic plane)genes doesn't have any central Asian genes That proves the Aryan ( vedic) culture was there before 1500 BCE. Sinouli was a royal grave with chariot and weapons. Also the Kashmir brahmins shows a genetic continuation of Indus people. There are enough evidence of a serious climatic changes during that time all over the world and which caused the decline of most of the bronze Age civilisation including Indus valley, sumer and Egypt. Obviously people might have migrated to locations with better riversystems. . That is why India also shows signs of migration after 1500BCE.. According to Aryan story: Surprisingly the so called Aryans came to Indus valley and drove inhabitants to Tamil Nadu. Then they deserted the most advanced Indus cities of that time and went to gangetic forest to make cities! Why in the world they didn't lived therE in Indus cities??? Seriously! Does that makes any sense?

[@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg]

@@thusharasurajith4774 Was there any human genetic sample from sinauli ? Which study shows that kashmiri brahmins are similar to harappans ?

[@thusharasurajith4774]

@@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg In this video itself Mr Rai discussed both of these points. Also according to him that R1a1 the so-called Aryan hapalogroup originated in India. All Indian males from north to south have that hapaogroup. There is no original ASI population in India today. Today's Indian population have both ASI and ANI ancestry. Languages have no connections with genetic distributions in India. North Indians have more external mixings because of the geographical location and that mixing happened comparatively later stages There is no archeological evidence which proves an invasion or mass migration. Indus valley people were most civilised people of their time where as central Asians were nomadic barbarians. There for a group of nomdic barbarians came to India with one of the most sooheesticated language and philosophy cannot be real. That was one of the stupidest theory in the history.. Even Maxmuller admitted that his dating of Vedas were just assumtion. Still some people in India believes his propoganda. That is wiered! Indus valley people were vedic people because geographical locations in rigveda matches with Sindhu sarswathy regions. Archeological findings such as fire altars as mentioned in Vedas, figurines with yogic postores, swastic seals etc from Indus Saraswati sites also proves the vedic connections of Indus valley. Rigvedic people lived in the sapta Sindhu region.

[@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg]

@@thusharasurajith4774 Mr.Rai does not tell about any human DNA from Sinauli . The palian community of T N are the pure ASI people with nil steppe ancestry . The kalash people of Pakistan are the nearest pure ANI people The timeline of both ANI and ASI have been calculated as 2000 to 1500 BCE .

[@thusharasurajith4774]

@@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg That means you are commenting here without watching the video. He mentions about the genetic study of Sinouli genes ( 1900BCE-1700 BCE) and Kashmir genes. Which shows a continuation of IVC ancestry. ASI is the andamaneese tribal ancestry. Which is present in almost all Indians. Some Indian tribes have more ASI than others but there is no pure ASI. He also mentions that in the beginning. "Ancestral South Indian (ASI) (9, 10). Anthropologists believe that some of Negrito hunter-gatherer tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago (A&N) in the Indian Ocean (such as the Jarawa and Onge included in this study) may hold the key to understand the peopling of eastern and southern Asia after anatomically modern humans came out to Africa. Reich et al. (9) also found a distinct component of ancestry among the tribals of A&N, and noted that these tribals are “unique in being ASI-related groups without ANI ancestry” (9). " So they just named the andamaneese gene to ASI. ASI mixed with the Indus peripheral and Iranian ancestry ( before minimum 10000 BCE) formed IVC genes. Modern Indians have IVC ancestry. Even Tamil people have Y chromosome R1a1 which is called central Asian Aryan gene but studies in 2009 and recent Niraj Rai studies proves it originated in india before 17000 years.

[@Ggiieeaaahhvvvieea]

The following is understood from the discourse. 1) Hunter gatherer + European/Central Asian migrant + Indo gangetic plain = ANI. 2,) Hunter gatherer + Indus Valley + South India = ASI.

[@Devine_wave]

No. ASI means iranian farmer and aasi . ANI means iranian farmer and steppe . Major component here is harrapan which is also called iranain component. These two ASI ANI mixed amd modern day insianare formed.

[@nvspraneeth901]

Pandu, these populesans might have appeared in central Asia with the spread of budhhism there and not your vedick pedick drama

[@nvspraneeth901]

Pandu rai was given a mandate and is cooking it

[@raghavarvoltore6517]

You like teasing us don't you!!!

[@socialdomain5950]

@@descendedofrigvedicclans2216 bcz gov is busy in funding their party members for rally election/advertising/ IT cellsEtc etc...All that shits

[@jeremyobrien7950]

david reich here I get the medal and prizes you dont😂😂😂

[@sardarbootasingh2708]

Dr. Niraj Rai has extremely poor scientific training. India is a land which is very diverse but majority of the people belong to the mighty Aryan Race. This race is indigenous to Northwestern Indian Subcontinent and touching Central Asia. This is where the Rigvedic-Aryans and Avestan-Aryans split from a common proto-Aryan people. Thus Rigvedic-Sanskrit and Avestan-Persian is very nearly the same. Read the views by a genuine expert on BBC News: The obscure religion that shaped the West I have great respect for the Yehudis but because of the actions of the wicked Nazis the Yehudis want to remove the Aryan word from the planet or change its meaning. Forensic genetics is extremely accurate (thanks to the genius of Kary Mullis) but racial genetics is still not an objective-science thus easy to fix data. Also read what our Iranian Aryan cousins have to say: I am Darius, the great king, the king of kings The king of many countries and many people The king of this expansive land, The son of Wishtaspa of Achaemenid, Persian, the son of a Persian, 'Aryan', from the Aryan race "From the Darius the Great's Inscription in Naqshe-e-Rostam"

[@rajan36742]

Poor scientific training!? 😂😂😂

[@greaterbharat4175]

Persian origin from tribe parsua ( who were tribes in central zegros) about 900-800bce Akkadians( 900bce ) called them "parsu" While rigveda mentioned parsu tribe (pre 1500bce ) Living in Punjab region until they exiled from civil war happened in bank of Ravi Avesta - vendidad mentioned hapt hendu one of one created by ahura ( hapt hendu/ sapt Sindhu / Indus valley land as primordial land )

[@skyquestmani]

Genetics clearly prove aryan migrated to india around 1500BC 🤣 he has no guts to speak truth.

[@ayushdhingra855]

Did he mention aryan ..... Many people in ancient times have gone out of india and come to india Some lineage of r1a1 which is European gean has its origin in India

[@Devine_wave]

Dude brahmins have steppe ancestry ​@@ayushdhingra855

[@sendhamizhkodhai8746]

This is sheer mocking of real history and real Indian history.😊

[@subhodutta6163]

this is slap to all tamil dravidianist dmk goons

[@sendhamizhkodhai8746]

This antoganises science and believes in myth.

[@SantoshGairola]

Did you realised you are talking about real subject matter expert scientist?

[@aryavansh108]

Factual analysis is needed on Indians first. Other migrants are not our issue. Can you prove a certain Indian religious minority has Arab genome as you have suggested on modern Persians? Ram Ram

[@krishnabanerjee169]

i find the essay fascinating with very relevant data. expect to find the data soon in book form.

[@barkhamally]

Poor presentation skills. No introduction of your lab, your work. No credit given to your colleagues in form of giving names. No methodical approach. Poor lighting, poor pronunciation, lot to work on. Seems like hurriedly made video without enough practice or preparation

[@SunnySunny-gd7ch]

please present your topic more scientifically and systemtically using consistent time frame identifying with clear geograpic region, do not suddenly jump with adhoc time period or conclusion.

[@SunnySunny-gd7ch]

mark tawin's statement is not any proof of anything.