How Do We Know How Old the Earth Is?

Рет қаралды 270,474

Күн бұрын

In the wake of World War 2, Clair Patterson embarked on a scientific quest to find out how old the Earth really is. His hard work paid off, but it also revealed a modern danger.
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Пікірлер: 480

@barilllapasta 8 ай бұрын

Something about a scientist silently dedicating their life to a cause that they may never receive recognition for but which will ultimately save everyone and make the world an infinitely better place just gets me man

@LightBlueVans 8 ай бұрын

same, why am i crying right now 😩💜

@Jonathan-mf6rr 8 ай бұрын

The talles of unsung heros.

@AILIT1 8 ай бұрын

Yeah. The part about him passing away 3 weeks before the law was passed definitely hit me in the feels.

@ProudMurican_PVT-GR137 8 ай бұрын

Lead was replaced for something non toxic, that for sure yall so be chill

@SwipeKun 8 ай бұрын

"Infinitely better" 💀💀💀😭

@northstarjakobs 8 ай бұрын

I feel like Clair Patterson's clean lab practices are one of the most important parts of his legacy. Having standards of practice to protect experiments from outside contamination ensures more accurate and more repeatable results

@victoriaeads6126 8 ай бұрын

I agree, it is the polar opposite of how at least two artificial sweeteners were discovered. Hand washing and clean labs for the win!

@piraterubberduck6056 8 ай бұрын

Definitely. Clean rooms are all over the place now and used in many cases to directly save lives. The guy did a lot of good, much the opposite of the guy who came up with adding lead to petrol.

@outsideaglass 8 ай бұрын

Makes sense we haven't heard a lot about Clair Patterson before. An activist who got his activist zeal on because of science? Not great for big industries. Glad we have SciShow to teach us about the unsung heroes of science and the world!

@darthplagueis13 8 ай бұрын

I actually read about that just recently in Bill Bryson's Short History of nearly Everything. Patterson doesn't get anywhere near enough credit for helping to put a stop to this poison being blown into the atmosphere.

@by9917 8 ай бұрын

Interesting, but many details have been left out. It wasn't so much the oil industry that fought for lead, but the Ethyl Corporation, a division of GM. The danger of lead was well know. Back in the 20s NY & NJ were trying to get production banned in those states, but GM appealed to the president, who commissioned a panel of experts (auto industry experts) and they determined that with a few safeguards for workers it was completely safe.Patterson's research had actually been funded in part by GM, but once the results were out GM pressured him to do other research, When he refused GM tried to discredit him and even get him fired. GM started a campaign of science denial,. You know the "not enough is known", "conflicting data", "we need more research", etc, that also was later used by the tobacco industry and even later by the oil industry. Possibly GM started all of the anti-science crap that we deal with every day. BTW, Henry Ford had argued against the use of TEL in gas, and pushed for an alcohol solution for the octane problem with early gas.

@CritterKeeper01 8 ай бұрын

Don't forget the hysteria over hemp that ignored science in favor of demonization….

@GrumpyOldFart2 8 ай бұрын

Yep. Definitely a case of Deja Vu, hearing that…I think it was Exxon, that had research showing that yes, anthropomorphic climate change is a thing, back in the SEVENTIES…or the 80s, can’t remember which. Either way, they knew about it decades before it became a hot button issue.

@jadoei13 8 ай бұрын

@@GrumpyOldFart2 I came across a Guardian article this morning that claimed that the Keeling curve research was (at least partially) funded by oil and car manufacturers back in 1954.

@GrumpyOldFart2 8 ай бұрын

@@jadoei13 Oh, thanks! I sub to The Guardian so I’ll have to read that article. 👍

@alanloeb899 8 ай бұрын

Just to correct a detail or two. Ethyl wasn’t a division of GM, it was a company created by GM and Exxon in which they held equal shares. The decision to allow lead in gasoline in the 1920s was made in a process under the Surgeon General (since there wasn’t yet an EPA) in 1925-26, not by the president. Patterson’s confrontation with industry was with Exxon. Yes, there is a tobacco connection. The company b that ended up buying Ethyl in the 1960s from its founders was Albemarle, which produced paper for cigarettes.

@ShadowDrakken 8 ай бұрын

"Zircon are forever" sounds so much better than diamonds :)

@caydennormanton9682 8 ай бұрын

"Zircon" just sounds better than "diamond" - sounds like something extraterrestrial.

@rickysanowara8254 8 ай бұрын

*de Beers had just left the conversation

@jeffbenton6183 3 ай бұрын

@@caydennormanton9682Zirconium is better than diamonds confirmed.

@LFTRnow 8 ай бұрын

It is for reasons like this that I'm perfectly OK with science funding for science's sake. The value you can get from this kind of research is absolutely amazing.

@DaleOwens-x4q 8 ай бұрын

This is why public funding of science is necessary. The private sector is strictly after profit, stifling scientific progress. It takes great cost and resources to advance sciene that the private citizen will not fund for science's sake.

@dragon_nammi 8 ай бұрын

This is exactly what NASA is about for instance. There's no money in sending rovers to Mars, but NASA can do it without expecting to turn any kind of profit

@therealjammit 8 ай бұрын

We no need math. What good for? Brontosaurus steaks need eaten, not counted. Dum dum.

@KOKO-uu7yd 8 ай бұрын

Critical thought - don't leave home without it! 😂 (I'm tired 🤪 But I do very much agree with you)

@TakenTook 8 ай бұрын

There are many things we use in the modern world that were found completely by accident by scientists trying to investigate something completely unrelated. And there is also knowledge gained that we wouldn't have otherwise. Like when a researcher who was trying to study a certain type of fish figured out that nonylphenol and other compounds used in the manufacture of plastics have detrimental hormonal effects.

@zogar8526 8 ай бұрын

It is kind of crazy to think of how recently it is we really figured out how old the earth is. So many things that seem like we've always known them are actually fairly recent discoveries in the grand scheme of things.

@piraterubberduck6056 8 ай бұрын

It is odd to learn that so many facts we were excited to learn about as kids were recent facts that our parents and teachers were excited to learn about as adults.

@jokuvaan5175 8 ай бұрын

Some discoveries also feel crazy because of how old they are. Like the circumference of the Earth was calculated with couple of percentage of error by a Greek guy in 200 BC.

@Chris-hx3om 8 ай бұрын

Thomas Midgley Jr is the man responsible for lead in petrol. He was also responsible for the invention of Chlorofluorocarbon based refrigerants. Not only did he develop two of the worst things environmentally, he knew full well their dangers! And yet he still went ahead. Greed....

@truckerdave8465 8 ай бұрын

And his company and the ones involved in leaded gas are still alive and well today, Ethyl Chemical, Dow Chemical, and DuPont.

@rin_okami 8 ай бұрын

He went on to contract polio, devised a contraption so he could get in and out of bed by himself, and one day was found strangled to death by the ropes of his own device. The mind that wrecked so much havoc on others killed its owner too.

@ragingfirefrog 8 ай бұрын

True. I recall watching Veritasium's video covering him a while back. It was pretty interesting.

@jokuvaan5175 8 ай бұрын

To those who don't know, chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere that protects life on Earth from harmful ionizing radiation of the Sun. The use of these compounds greated huge holes in the arctic ozone layers and were on their way to destroying so much of the ozone layer that it could have caused a mass extinction event.

@05Matz 8 ай бұрын

Technically he was fully aware of (and complicit in hiding) the dangers of tetraethyl lead, but not chlorofluorcarbons, as far as I know. Still a scumbag, though!

@98Zai 8 ай бұрын

I just went into a deepdive on leaded gas. Turns out it wasn't completely removed until 1995! (!!!) And it's still used in fuel for aircraft like commercial planes. They also still allow older cars that need some sort of lubrication to add lead to the gas. I always thought it was phased out in the 80's.. So that dang old 50's car that was frequently idling outside my apartment, waking me up with exhaust fumes coming in my window was in fact poisoning me in my sleep. Thanks a lot. I also learned that Algeria phased out leaded gas only in 2021. Honestly so tired of cars.

@YunxiaoChu 8 ай бұрын

Do you even drive?

@Nazuiko 8 ай бұрын

It does say that 1995 date in the video, fwiw

@silaskuemmerle2505 8 ай бұрын

Commercial aircraft typically run Jet A or Jet B which are kerosene based and don't contain the lead AvGas does, and in fact, if you burned leaded avgas in a turbine engine you would cause lead oxide fouling on the blades

@ronkorn8454 8 ай бұрын

Most commercial plane run on Jet-A or a similar fuel, which does not have lead in it. Though you are right that most general aviation aircraft (Cessna 150's, 172's, Piper Cubs, etc) have lead in their fuel. This has been an annoyance in general aviation for years now, with a few companies trying to produce a fuel with enough octane to avoid engine damage at higher altitudes. These alternatives have been promising, but the FAA certification process has been quite the challenge.

@silaskuemmerle2505 8 ай бұрын

@@ronkorn8454 the octane content isn't the problem, the problem is the valves and valve seats, the lead oxide provides a bit of a cushion for the valve seats which prevents some amount of the wear they would otherwise face. Aircraft engine manufacturers really haven't changed anything significant about their designs since the 1940s

@tomholroyd7519 8 ай бұрын

I think it's important to preface radiometric dating stories with a brief bit about how when crystals form they tend to be pure elements; this is the "reset" that starts the clock, when it crystalized from some melt. Like, finding an atom of argon inside a crystal containing potassium is a giveaway that that argon was not there to begin with. Of course other isotopes might still be present in the original crystal but certain decays are pretty clear. Most of the argon in the atmosphere comes from potassium isotope decay (think bananas)

@TonboIV 8 ай бұрын

Just remember this every time certain politicians say we don't need the EPA.

@opossumlvr1023 8 ай бұрын

While the EPA has done good things, eventually every government agency over reaches its authority and becomes tyrannical.

@TonboIV 8 ай бұрын

@@opossumlvr1023 Saying things doesn't make them true, and that's a very big claim you're making.

@opossumlvr1023 8 ай бұрын

@@TonboIV Have you forgotten Iran-Contra, Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the illegal sale of arms to Iran, who was subjected to an arms embargo at the time. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras, an anti-Sandinista rebel group in Nicaragua. Also the FBI gunned down a mans wife and child who committed no crimes in the early 90's and for doing so the US government had to pay the family 3.1 million dollars. Don't forget the time that the Federal government burned women and children alive at Waco Texas.

@jeffbooker 7 ай бұрын

Those examples do not incriminate the EPA however. It is a bit of an overreach to claim that corruption in one department, or even several, that these would make all others guilty of the same thing. Can you name an environmental policy that has done harm like what you claim by the others?

@jeffbooker 7 ай бұрын

@@opossumlvr1023 Well said! That's a fair point ☝️ made there.

@AplaTaSpaw 8 ай бұрын

One of the best videos you have ever published. What storytelling!

@aguman 8 ай бұрын

Clair Patterson is a hero

@douglasharley2440 8 ай бұрын

wow, never heard of this dude, much thanks! clearly, claire patterson wasn't just a great scientist, *he was a great human being.*

@BoidLP 8 ай бұрын

Never heard of Patterson and im blown away by his ambitions, perseverance and acomplishments. A true inspriration and a example figure I will remember and willing learn more about in the future. And a big cheers for your work as well, watching this channel for years and appreciate your endeavour very much. Keep up the great work. Cheers

@chillsahoy2640 8 ай бұрын

The Moon has been trying to date the Earth for at least 4.46 billion years. They're just making circles around each other.

@ericacook2862 8 ай бұрын

There's been some research that indicates a reduction in violent crimes correlates to the first generation of children born and raised after the ban on lead being used in such masses. Even when adjusted for the slow removal of lead from lower income areas, there's a stronger correlation between lead in homes and violence and race and violence.

@artcurious807 8 ай бұрын

sadly just as lead was being removed from gasoline children were being put on toxic anti-depressants that spiked the violent crime rates again

@ericacook2862 8 ай бұрын

@@artcurious807 I'd be interested in seeing the articles you get this information from because the research I've done indicates the opposite.

@artcurious807 8 ай бұрын

just google something like "increased violence and suicides linked to SSRIs". These drugs were carelessly deployed in the same way oxycotin was and the drug corporations were not honest about how exercise, diet, therapy/counseling and even placebo sugar pills performed the same or better for treatment. @@ericacook2862

@drakep271 6 ай бұрын

@@artcurious807 which anti-depressants? There's dozens of them

@artcurious807 6 ай бұрын

@@drakep271 the reason we dont know which ones specifically is because big pharma threatens media outlets that report on it. the issue bubbles up every time theres a mass incident because something like 90%+ of suspects since 1990s were taking SSRIs. do not take these medications unless absolutely there is no other option. We now know that counseling, therapy, exercise and diet all work better and in many cases eliminate the problem. Read "Spark" , came out in 2008. By MD John J Ratey.

@BettMagnett 8 ай бұрын

This may already be one of your top best videos this year in my opinion! Awesome job! I love it so much.

@jergarmar 8 ай бұрын

Dang, that's an incredible episode, well done.

@lereleron 8 ай бұрын

He went from cleaning the lab to clean the entire planet!!

@RoxaneJ14 8 ай бұрын

Gosh, dude was DEDICATED 😅

@HockeyParent97 8 ай бұрын

The longer format is great. This SciShow episode did a great job with the topic, adding more detail and nuance than was possible with just a couple of minutes to work with.

@martinomasolo8833 8 ай бұрын

An impressive feat of scientific dedication and love for this planet, worthy of our undying gratitude. Thank you Shishow for telling us this beautiful story❤

@Nash_42 8 ай бұрын

Great video! Thanks!

@VarianAlastair 7 ай бұрын

Must have been nice to be an adult in an age (the 1990s...?) where science could force the government to force the petroleum industry to change their practices. How far this country has fallen in such a short span of time

@ronkirk5099 8 ай бұрын

I was raised in So. Cal. back in the 50's and 60's when gas was leaded and we suffered some of the worse air pollution in the nation. Can't help but think that it cost me more than a few I.Q. points as a result and reduced lung capacity as well. Thanks to the pioneering work of Dr. Patterson, maybe future generations won't suffer the same fate.

@deanporter3509 2 ай бұрын

full of unwavering appreciation for scientists and science communicators on this rainy saturday morning

@stax6092 8 ай бұрын

I really do appreciate what Patterson did for us normal folk.

@davesatxify 3 ай бұрын

Reid! awsome storytelling. Dr. Patterson was a true hero several times over.

@sussekind9717 7 ай бұрын

It's one reason I quit using lead sinkers when fishing. I have switched to nuts (as in nuts and bolts), instead. Plus it's a lot cheaper. My dad's shed is full of them. And he's happy that what he saved, found a use.

@MuteD6 8 ай бұрын

This is the greatest thumbnail

@matthewbergeron3641 3 ай бұрын

"Finally we get to Lord Kelvin, who was wildly wrong and thought the world was a turkey, but then his former unnamed intern did some stuff and got the closest than anyone has ever been in the history of Earth." Thanks history

@Altprophet 8 ай бұрын

Finding earth's age is what ended an epidemic of lead poisoning.

@sebastiandelfinbarcelo1061 8 ай бұрын

as someone not very into history, this video has made Clair Patterson one of my favorite persons from the past

@colinfew6570 8 ай бұрын

Best video yet!

@paigemalloy4276 8 ай бұрын

Damn, Clair Patterson was a hero

@onisimsuciu7250 8 ай бұрын

It begs you to wonder where all that lead went that wasn't inhaled.

@dawsie 8 ай бұрын

Dam KZbin un-subscribed yet again. Loved this one, I had heard of Clair Patterson years ago I just never knew how extensive his research had lead to the banning of lead. It’s just a shame he never lived long enough to see his results of all those years of campaigning

@alwaysardent1125 7 ай бұрын

I dont know what it is , but i honestly think this video presentation is one of the very best SCIShows I have ever watched.

@pierrevillemaire-brooks4247 8 ай бұрын

Wow , less than 4000 patreons , that is shocking 😲 Great report , keep up the great work !

@IoEstasCedonta 8 ай бұрын

I didn't think a steady-state Earth had been broadly believed since Steno.

@richardrhodes9664 7 ай бұрын

Wow what a hero. Love hearing stories like this!

@Edmonddantes123 8 ай бұрын

How did this person not get the Nobel prize?

@RafaelFaenir 7 ай бұрын

Great episode, I knew some isolated facts about lead dating and the lead contamination topics, but it was great to see how it ties down to the work of one person (among many others)! And how one life of research can lead a person in quite unexpected directions! Thanks for the hard work to get all this together in this video :)

@linuxdragon57 8 ай бұрын

We still use lead in the aviation fuel used by planes that still use reciprocating engines. How do we get rid of that?

@starrywizdom 8 ай бұрын

Clair Patterson & SciShow Patrons are my heroes.

@rogertulk8607 7 ай бұрын

Excellent video! Thank you for posting..

@mrwedge18 8 ай бұрын

A certain bottle manufacturer should probably take some notes.

@kdavidsmith1 8 ай бұрын

I thought leaded gas went away in the 70s. I didn't realize it was around through to the 90s.

@AlbertaGeek 8 ай бұрын

Still used in some aviation fuels.

@h7opolo 8 ай бұрын

whenever you start talking about fission, you really start being meaningful.

@coeal2680 2 ай бұрын

Imagine a world were scientists run governments instead of living fossils and orangutans

@mscott54321 8 ай бұрын

Anyone else think initially based on the voice this was Keegan Michael Key? Key & Peele going in a whole new direction.

@FrazerKirkman 8 ай бұрын

Thank you Mr Patterson.

@jessicaholscher4097 8 ай бұрын

Didn't the dude who invented leaded gas also invent like CFCs or something bad for the atmosphere. bro was speed running climate change.

@ragingfirefrog 8 ай бұрын

Yup. Veritasium did a video on him about a year ago titled 'The Man Who Accidentally Killed The Most People in History'.

@t156t2 8 ай бұрын

@@ragingfirefrog Yes, it is a very enlightening episode.

@ralph.aguinaldomd 7 ай бұрын

Claire Patterson should be considered a national hero and be taught in every school. He should be a reminder to everyone that science can change the world and save lives.

@peterdore2572 8 ай бұрын

Another great topic.

@Alice_Walker 8 ай бұрын

I don't think I've ever clicked on an episode so fast. Fantastic title!

@latheofheaven1017 7 ай бұрын

Clair Patterson is the most unsung hero of the 20th Century. He improved the health of millions of people (and billions of animals, probably). And almost no-one knows about him.

@birdwomanobservations 8 ай бұрын

It is worth noting that leaded gasoline, ie gasoline with tetraethyllead, is still used in off-road vehicles, motor racing, and piston-engine aircraft in the US, and around the world there are companies that continue to manufacture it, albeit illegally. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead

@FaughtyEmit 7 ай бұрын

As a leadworker in the UK, this was really interesting to know where stuff I use everyday actually comes from. Don’t worry folks, annual blood tests let me know that I’m being adequately sensible!

@aliengeo 8 ай бұрын

This is the kind of thing I want people to think about when they think about the potential for health and ecological justice. Lead was not added by accident and it was not removed by accident. Positive change that seems daunting may still be possible.

@s1283 8 ай бұрын

Funny thing is leaded gas still exists for prop plane use…. Clean air act didn’t touch that monster

@K113-A 7 ай бұрын

Salute to scientists who goes above and beyond their duty in the name of science You don't have to do all of that, yet they did!

@Hei1Bao4 6 ай бұрын

I heard this story many years ago and drew parallels to where we are today.

@ppsaha1994 8 ай бұрын

We need someone like Clair to do something about the microplastics now.

@_TheCollective 8 ай бұрын

the public tends not to care for real heros, i do not intend for that trend to continue

@JacobTheGM 8 ай бұрын

Oh, cool. So the cut off for Millennials is about the same time we stopped putting lead in the gasoline. No wonder these kids seem smarter than me.

@inlandmist5503 8 ай бұрын

Technically people say the Earth is 4.6 BYO

@peterjohn8625 8 ай бұрын

Why call it ' unleaded gas ' ? Gas originally had no lead and correct me if I'm wrong but when they added lead they didn't call it ' leaded gas '. Edit: So I was wrong however they should never of called it ' unleaded gas ' since gas never originally had lead. Prove me wrong. 🤣🤣

@mscott54321 8 ай бұрын

If I recall, back in the 70s - 80s, you could get leaded & unleaded gas at gas pumps, and were labelled as such, and you had to put unleaded into newer cars, otherwise you would ruin the catalytic converter with leaded fuel. Hence the label.

@mscott54321 8 ай бұрын

I could be wrong, and it could be a Berenstain Bears type situation.

@lenabreijer1311 8 ай бұрын

@@mscott54321yes. And the leaded gas nozzle did not fit into the unleaded gas car hole.

@peterjohn8625 8 ай бұрын

@@mscott54321 Good answer. However gas never had lead in it so it's either ' leaded gas' or just ' gas ', lol.

@SaberusTerras 8 ай бұрын

It's because until unleaded was introduced, virtually all gasoline sold had lead added. So from the public's view, the leaded gas was the norm, and 'unleaded' was the new stuff that needed to be labeled as such. It's because of that norm that we have 'unleaded' gas. It's not based in science.

@first782 7 ай бұрын

Lmao "The kingpin of clean" dude seriously earned that title

@HavanaWoody 8 ай бұрын

It will be interesting to see the correlation curve with lead and technology advancement in the distant future.

@ancientswordrage 8 ай бұрын

Glad you didn't bury the lead on this one

@isaacmmerced6114 8 ай бұрын

This was actually talked about in the show called the cosmos!

@15muffinz 7 ай бұрын

Reed is my favorite. so great to listen to, and definitely not half bad to look at 😉😅

@StraussWyldeTT 7 ай бұрын

❤❤❤ One of your best vids

@MrTruehoustonian 8 ай бұрын

Before unleaded gasoline was leaded gasoline making everyone a little dumber for decades 😢

@neoboletuserythropus3111 8 ай бұрын

How can lead/lead dating distinguish between uranium decayed since the formation of the solar system and uranium decayed before? Shouldn't the 4.5 billion years be the age of the uranium itself instead of the age of the solar system (and thus the time passed since the supernova that created it in the first place)?

@travisbrewer5391 8 ай бұрын

The problem with radiometric dating is that, as you admit, isotopic ratios are not constant and assumes a lack of daughter isotopes which throws off your calculations.

@General12th 8 ай бұрын

Hi Reid! Down with lead!

@Cosmo-Cosmost 8 ай бұрын

Very cool!

@johncooper4637 5 ай бұрын

I would dearly like to hear how they came up with half lives that are in the billions of years.

@OllieBrady-kp9fx 3 ай бұрын

Because things are old

@SubtleMischief 8 ай бұрын

Thanks for a fantastic video! All hail the Algorithm!

@adamrspears1981 7 ай бұрын

You mean to tell me the Earth isn't flat & 6000 yrs old??

@deetheoriginal3117 7 ай бұрын

You’re brainwashed and clueless

@jonasg.bisgaard1086 7 ай бұрын

@@deetheoriginal3117or just a troll, anyone that actually believes that would be way more cocky about there comment. Something along the lines of” how do these idiots think the earth is over 4 billion years old when it says loud and clear in the BIBLE that the earth is only 6000 years old”.

@cryptochris9001 7 ай бұрын

Sphere and 6k years old

@jonasg.bisgaard1086 7 ай бұрын

@@cryptochris9001 the earth is approximately 4.54 billion years old.

@Rene-uz3eb 7 ай бұрын

What if most wars were due to aggression from lead poisoning? Even today, lots of developing countries have environmental lead toxicity

@jpe1 8 ай бұрын

Lead is still added to aviation gasoline to this day, despite the fact that the FAA has approved an alternative fuel with no added lead. 100LL should be banned, but instead the FAA has a half-assed plan they hope will “phase out” 100LL by 2030.

@jonatanromanowski9519 7 ай бұрын

Go Go Sci Show!

@istvansipos9940 7 ай бұрын

a champion of science

@chrisskatehii5121 6 ай бұрын

well that ball experiment wouldn't really work bc you'd have to add everything on the periodic table liquid,gas, solid, hot, cold, warm etc. into that cooling ball of metal

@dewainanderson8088 8 ай бұрын

I think it's worth mentioning that aviation gasoline still has a little bit of lead in it

@tomdchi12 8 ай бұрын

Less than used to be in auto gas (which is why it's called 100LL for "low lead") but it's still lead. There is currently one good alternative zero lead fuel and they're working on more options, plus getting things set up to phase out "low lead" for zero lead, but it's such a small part of the overall gasoline refining industry (a small fraction of a percent) that this is difficult.