What would it take for everywhere called Hell to freeze over?

[@RyanZerby]

I grew up about an hour from Paradise, Michigan. The newspapers loved the line "It's colder than Hell in Paradise"

[@SpaceSWE]

lol

[@The_Original_Rtxyz]

Paradise? Isn’t that the place where that alien dude lives in that one book/movie?

[@glenpatton2576]

There's a paradise in Montana too, and they've hit -40°f in the winter lol oddly enough it's right next to hells gate Montana

[@aceman0000099]

​@@The_Original_Rtxyz Postal 2

[@jonathanbowers8964]

Yep. Hell MI is a small village about 25 minutes from Ann Arbor while Paradise is right on Lake Superior. Hell, MI does freeze over most winters (as in the ponds in the village are covered in Ice, which is a good definition of "freezing over"), but Paradise does freeze over more often

[@hinenik]

Glad you're wearing a jumper while talking about cold stuff. It makes it more believable

[@gillablecam]

So many wonderful jumpers!

[@mothhut8637]

Jumper? I don't see any pogo sticks, redcoat.

[@crushingcrusader736]

@@mothhut8637 A warhammer sweater no less!

[@giorgospapoutsakis5271]

Wrong,it doesn't make it more believable,it makes it more fitting because that would imply you wouldn't believe him if he didn't wore a jumper which is absolutely stupid since science is real regardless of whether you believe it or not ,quit talking nonsense

[@echelade3781]

You’re watching a British channel firstly, secondly it doesn’t matter at all what it’s called because American English is a variation, not a language. Lastly you’re going to have to come up with better insults than that after 250 years.

[@fathercay]

As someone from the Cayman Islands, who also has watched you on and off for years and is now actually a meteorologist, I did NOT expect this video in my recommended after clocking off my shift. Thanks for an amazing video as always Simon

[@SimonClark]

That's so cool! Thank you for watching ❤

[@Uhhhi-ih8bb]

I used to live there and we always joked about the church of Hell. I always found it weird a predominantly Christian island would have somewhere named Hell though.

[@lythd]

ayy fellow caymanian. i went from hell cayman to hell michigan 😭

[@simonnorris8076]

That connection between continental drift and rainfall patterns affecting the direction of travel of the Earth's temperature is so cool, man everything is just cogs is this massive self-balancing machine

[@kristophia7310]

Oh, the pun...

[@ThomasRintoul]

This is better than I could have possibly imagined suggesting this!

[@echelade3781]

@SimonClarke could we have more Warhammer content?

[@平和-v1z]

These sweaters represent peak fashion.

[@megamewtwoxgoose6165]

FOR THE EMPEROR

[@ilpi7216]

Shame that Hel in Poland didn't get a mention😆

[@piros100]

or Hölle in Austria

[@szymonpazura4630]

Considering the location of Hel this would make an interesting episode.

[@Bennyboy-dog]

What about the religious Hell?

[@jonathanmelhuish4530]

Exactly what I was thinking, seems mean to exclude Hel due to a minor difference in spelling.

[@MorganaLarsen]

@@piros100 i mean he obviously only wants the english hells. I live in Hell, Norway, but we do also have another place called "Helvete" which is Hell in norwegian

[@ScenicFlyer4]

I love how this takes the phrase, "when hell freezes over," and just turns up the dial by a factor of a thousand.

[@rateeightx]

I remember I used to keep the weather for Hell, Michigan up on my phone, So I'd always know when Hell froze over. Never knew about the Dutch or Cayman Hells though, Great video, Learnt so much I didn't think I would!

[@davecgriffith]

I absolutely love the geographic analogy for time and using maps for illustration. What a great way to present the timeline!

[@realryleu]

it's great because people have an intuitive understanding of "it takes a few days to drive across the country" and "it takes 3 minutes walking to get to the parking lot" and the difference in scale between the two

[@kevincronk7981]

As soon as I understood the concept, my mind immediately went to snowball earth. So glad it's where this video went, it's such a cool part of earth's history

[@elishuster5943]

and then the Earth was a snowball maybe twice

[@oberonpanopticon]

Hehe… cool…

[@jonwallace6204]

I been to the Hell in Grand Cayman. Absolutely stunning coral formations.

[@lythd]

glad u liked it! we have lovely coral in cayman

[@AaronGeo]

Same. Went there in June of this year as part of an 8-day long cruise that also went to Jamaica and Cozumel Island. Loved the coral

[@PLANET_ODREDS]

That place is absolutely amazing, glad to see some more cayman lovers here

[@PloverTechOfficial]

16:40 Science compels us to explode the sun!

[@eshansingh1]

OUTER WILDS HELL YEAH

[@evanmyers580]

S-tier reference!!

[@oberonpanopticon]

I’m fairly sure that exploding the sun tends to make things considerably hotter, at least for a while. I mean, it made my marshmallow catch on fire.

[@bobspivics502]

1:23 hey guys I just found three new slurs for French people

[@GreatestRiceMuncher]

Only 3, I got 40😈

[@thelordmayor-l5e]

damn, only 40?

[@GreatestRiceMuncher]

@@thelordmayor-l5e Still installing software updates😔

[@thelordmayor-l5e]

ah

[@Freedmoon44]

Please do the more creative they are the more creatives the newest slurs for english people will be, something about spite

[@olencone4005]

16:45 "Do... something something... blow up a star." -- Sounds like a plan! Let's get to work! ^_^

[@Ryukachoo]

The walking analogy for the Earth's age is really good, i need to use that

[@hellodelightfulrando]

As someone who lives in Jamaica I always knew we lived next door to hell but I didn’t know we were THAT CLOSE! Explains a lot 😂

[@bernardofitzpatrick5403]

Excellent! I really like your sweaters !

[@hinenik]

Glad to see more people pointing this out

[@travcollier]

Simon takes the ugly Christmas sweater game to a new level (puns intended)

[@wiiza4ever]

I'm pretty sure that the picture at 2:09 is from Hell, Michigan, since Tom Scott made a video about being mayor of Hell for a day, and it looked an awful lot like that picture.

[@ariaden]

14:33 Why not Pongola? Photosynthetizers did not exist back then, or if they did exist they were not resistant to high oxygen concentrations? Either way, I would not say the reasons "will become immediately clear". Was there a longer explanation that got cut out of the final edit?

[@reilandeubank]

Thank you! I was waiting for the explanation then the video just ended!

[@simonabunker]

I don't think any life existed then? But I also went searching for an explanation

[@Hatypus]

@@simonabunker Life first appeared around 3.5 billion years ago, but heavy underlining on the "around". The Pongola glaciation was 2.9 billion years ago.

[@glenmcgillivray4707]

Missed segment it feels like, but that's so long ago it could have been the formation of the moon or something.

[@JamieElli]

I assume it got cut, but the Pongola glaciation was before photosynthesizers were producing much oxygen. The first production of lots of oxygen is actually around the Huronian.

[@moydodir79]

The Sweaters!!! The Sweaters!!! What's with the sweaters?!?!?!?! Knitting pixel art is da thing! Where do they sell these?!?

[@AverageShovelEnjoyer]

I belive the Ultramarine/blue one is/was for sale on GameS Workshop's official merch store. As far as the others, im not quite sure

[@maybevoldemort8995]

Merry Christmas, hope you have a lovely one with the family. Really happy you’ve done so well after the (understandable) wobble at the beginning of the year😊

[@Swordfish42]

Polish Hel is sad for being left out ;-;

[@jonathanmelhuish4530]

Dokładnie!

[@BreadTeleporterAndii]

Sadly it’s only 1 hockey stick, therefor is left out of h e double 🏒🏒

[@RandomCat82]

You cant use a map of america without using washing machines and bald eagles as measurements

[@sl-lz3dw]

Listening to what you're saying shortly before and around the 14 to 15 minute mark... looking at the climate as it is going... and thinking Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse!!!

[@kleko]

The millimeter step analogy placed on an US map might be the funnies thing ever. My experience tells me that people usually don't really understand how big the US is while USians usually don't understand metric.

[@rottenteeth2623]

this is such a wonderfully constructed video, wow! the map of the usa being used as an analogy for earth's chronology, the iceberg of possible explanations of global glaciation, it's fantastic, definitely subscribing

[@TheAnalyticalEngine]

"Do you want to blow up a star?" Considering that Simon is wearing a WH40K jumper, he probably already has that capability 🤣

[@msaditu]

The sweaters! 😂 Happy holidays, Simon. Excellent video.

[@smorcrux426]

14:40 is it because photosynthesis didn't exist back then? You should have clarified that

[@ansond88]

This is an excellent Christmas Eve video, thank you!

[@SpiritmanProductions]

What a surprisingly interesting and well-presented video, thanks very much! But you never explained why the hypothesised Pongola glaciation could "obviously" not have been caused by gamma radiation from a supernova explosion; I'm guessing it's because there was little to no oxygen in the atmosphere at that time, as oxygenic phototrophs had not evolved yet, with the Great Oxidation Event not occurring until 2.4 to 2.5 billion years ago.

[@SofGdggd-xt9lw]

Sounds right. No oxygen in the atmosphere to form nitrogen oxides, but also the atmosphere was chemically reducing and murky with aerosols anyway. Did I miss the explanation that we know the Sun has been getting brighter over time, meaning we could only have had life evolve courtesy of a huge greenhouse effect from the carbon dioxide and methane?

[@SimonClark]

Ah yes perhaps that was left dangling too much! You're spot on, it's the lack of oxygen plus limited photosynthesisers

[@SpiritmanProductions]

@@SimonClark Thanks for confirming.

[@goodhuman_person619]

This feels like something godamned dr heinz doofenshmirtz would do lmao "You see, perry the platapus, when I was a young boy, I once asked my father if he ever thought I would be powerful like my brother. He told me 'Yeah, sure, when Hell freezes over', and ever since that day I have been waiting and waiting for it to happen but no matter how long I wait it never seems to happen. Recently, I took to my weather app to see what was taking so long, and discovered that Hell was in the Cayman islands! It would never freeze over, and I could never surpass my brother. So, I have decided, I will wait no longer! Introducing : The Star Explodanator! This device, when fired, will shoot a radioactive proton into the heart of a dying star, causing it to explode and cover the earth in gamma radiation. The inevitable increase in the ocean's photosynthesises will then suck all the carbon from the air, causing the Earth to freeze down to the equator including Hell in the Cayman Islands and allowing me to finally take over the tristate area!"

[@mike140298]

Best part is the "ugly" christmas sweaters! Especially love the WH40K.

[@kre8or465]

Hey can I just compliment the method of showing the scale of time, that made the distance between these periods in earths history sink in for me way better than any other analogy I've heard. Idk if you came up with it, or heard it somewhere, but regardless it worked really well.

[@Txkato]

the most eloquent and well-researched shitpost i've ever seen

[@000TheMatheus000]

ok, just to make sure, the reason the gamma ray cant apply for the first glaciation is because there were no plants yet?

[@johnpaulsartorius9390]

Sees funny rock on the ground: “Yeah it was cold…like realllly cold…like 3 billion years ago…”

[@freshairkaboom8171]

Hell in Norwegian means "luck" btw.

[@Spacemongerr]

It can also mean "incline" (på hell) or a type of rock formation (heller). The Norwegian town has its name from the latter meaning, a rocky overhang, similar to a very shallow cave.

[@HyperbolicSpaghetti]

Good hell to you too 😊

[@GaraksApprentice]

Banger of a video as always, but the wardrobe choices made it even better. I'm quite jealous of your jumper collection now!

[@zodiakgames]

Another (cheese) solution: change the last hells name

[@joonasnaski9513]

These places must be great to visit as everyone keeps telling me to go to hell.

[@oscarvissers2563]

This is the most fun video I've ever watched about snowball earth. Kudos, Simon!

[@galliumgames3962]

Another wacky way to freeze the planet I’ve heard about is the solar system passing through a particularly thick nebula. If enough gas is around, some of the sun’s radiation is absorbed by the nebula before reaching the Earth, causing what is basically “space fog” and cooling the Earth.

[@tymekzagorski9689]

In Poland we also have hell. A town called piekło which translates to hell. We also have a city called Hel but it translates to helium

[@waitwhat7838]

this will definitely affect the local trout population

[@skeepodoop5197]

"Hell's frozen over." Most locations: ☹️ Caiman Island's Hell: 😱

[@AzureImperium7701X]

I came for someone to throw a big number at a fun question, and stayed for a very interesting explanation of the earths history and a amazing analogy.

[@karlthemel2678]

While pursuing my undergraduate degree at Ohio State, I went XC skiing in Michigan with the Ohio State University Mountaineers (our outdoor club). We needed to pass through the little town of Hell to get to our ski area. In the centre of town, there was a small planted place in an intersection with the name in large letters. Thanks for posting the video!

[@Jablicek]

Jesus, dude, that jumper's a statement! Hapy Xmas everyone :)

[@jimthain8777]

Well that simplifies things. If fossil fuels wants to continue with business as usual, all they have to do, is find an asteroid and smash it into an uninhabited place to cool the planet. The frightening part of that sentence is that Fossil Fuels might seriously try something like that. After all they've tried every other dirty trick to continue business as usual.

[@fghsgh]

they have thought of this already. it's called geoengineering

[@bluerendar2194]

Well, it's actually not a bad idea to deal with that one specific problem with Fossil Fuels. Of course, it doesn't solve the other, pollution and non-renewability problems, and it is nowhere near economical to actually do, soooo

[@allangibson8494]

And then you discover mining companies have entire departments investigating asteroid mining…

[@jimbothefuzzy]

The video was entertaining and informative. The sponsor spot was hilarious. Well done!

[@Petch85]

At this point it seems easier to just pull an iceberg or to, and use that to cover hell in ice. 😅

[@paulsidhuUK]

NIce jumpers! Merry Christmas.

[@Brigtzen]

This is all just so you can flex all these awesome sweaters, isn't it?

[@alphamikeomega5728]

As well as the ice albedo effect, I understand that methane and CO2 can become trapped inside ice, also contributing to the positive feedback loop. These positive feedback loops explain how in previous warming events (but not today's), the CO2 concentration lagged the temperature.

[@PavelDatsyuk-ui4qv]

The mental gymnastics required for agw theory is crazy

[@Incrementium]

You talked about Antarctica right before mentioning Hobart but because I'm Australian my brain shifted the distance analogy to thinking you meant the Antarctic Ice Sheet reached Hobart in Tasmania for a second lol

[@erikboegelundhertel8591]

In Denmark we have a city called helved wich means hell in danish

[@timseguine2]

This video deserves more traction than it seems to be getting.

[@maisonavery]

Awesome video, I learned so much!

[@knpark2025]

The Hell that I know of freezes over every winter. Its residents call it "Hell-Joseon" between themselves and for outsiders It's more well known as South Korea.🤣 For context, the weather app says the temperature of the city I live in is -2 degrees Celsius (or whatever degrees below freezing in freedom units) right now.

[@SmashPortal]

Death Valley should be renamed to Hell.

[@hyrumhanson3390]

For a second i thought this was about teraforming the planet Venus.

[@kendrajohnson6535]

What a fabulous video! The section about Brilliant made me laugh out loud!! :)

[@RockHoppingElf]

There is also a place called 'The Hell' in South Africa.

[@Magnus3144]

I live about a 40 minute drive away from Hell in Norway. I’ve never stopped there, but I’ve driven past it many times and I always enjoy seeing the Hollywood style sign that says HELL

[@chriscastagnetta]

As a college student studying paleoclimatology, I love this video, definitely a Christmas gift lol

[@blueredingreen]

I think it would be far easier to just build 4 domes around each town and use technology to cool them down to below freezing point. Or maybe you can just throw a bunch of ice on them. It would melt quickly enough, but they would, at least for a moment, be "covered in ice". You might also opt for using something with a lower freezing temperature or using artificial snow or ice, but you'd have to check the terms of the challenge to see whether that would qualify.

[@CaptainBlitz]

I love the discontinuity of your christmas sweaters

[@patrikfigo]

This video is an absolute banger!

[@PerseusvonNaxos]

I haven't watched yet, but is this title just a good hook to talk about Snowball Earth Theory?

[@iainhusband445]

Ok so that contained a number of simple sentences that effectively covered millions of years each. Really simple to think of when its boxing day and your a few glasses of Shiraz deep. Brilliant video, loved it..🙃🙃🙃

[@aidanteall7186]

Choosing America for the map shows you read your analytics 😉 As a Seattle viewer I'm happy to be at the beginning of the line

[@Genericnameperson]

Super interesting framing device for the educational material here

[@MaldingPro32]

5:54 The reason it was so much cooler was because it had sunglasses

[@pabz3218]

Comedy gold

[@dancoroian1]

You + that sweater on a snowy white background burned out my screen 😂

[@KatharineOsborne]

Came for the climate science, stayed for the Christmas jumpers.

[@xymaryai8283]

i love that i can say "yeah right, maybe when most Hells freeze over" for something very unlikely, but possible, and "pfft, maybe when ALL Hells freeze over" when its so unlikely to be basically impossible

[@heichan8657]

this must be the most recommended video mentioning Hell

[@aharanr]

Lovely video, funny writing, very entertaining video and lovely sweater too

[@idkatthispoint265]

theres a polish place called hel while it technically would mean helium, the name of the city sounds exactly like hell

[@ShibeDogetic]

demonstrating earth's timelines as an actual distance on an actual map is actually fire and I'm shocked I haven't seen it before

[@SPAMMAN123456789]

I'm glad we are getting a more in depth explanation for reasons why snowball earth happened

[@coopernik]

Pretty cool video. Gave me the chills. Ice-ubscribed right away (jk been following you since the phd vlogs i just said it for the pun)

[@ArstyFox]

2:50 he read my mind :(

[@the_samsam]

You forgot france

[@jjoohhhnn]

The Michigan one is a few miles from my house, across the county line but still.

[@michaeljf6472]

"You blow up ONE sun and suddenly everyone expects you to walk on water"

[@HankThePug1119]

Idk why but it feels like this video was made in 2017 lol

[@OldShatterham]

Great sweater selection in this video lmao

[@MatthewConnellan-xc3oj]

3:48 Now we’re still in the Space Needle, just 1mm over.

[@Kraggelhaus]

This was one of your best videos I've seen! Really interesting to learn about earth's history would love to see more on this topic. As a climate nerd it's not something I'm as familiar with. Love the hideous jumpers too

[@TimeTravelReads]

The geographic framing was clever. I liked the sweaters.

[@kingalew3805]

Great jumpers, fun episode! Nice to get an occasional silly one between -also important- climate news

[@Tropic1Thunder]

Is it just me or does this guy sound like Richard Hammond from top gear?

[@chriscastagnetta]

I think the issue with just lowering co2 is unlike past glacialations, the sun is brighter and hotter now. What caused the Huronian ice age was the great oxidation event drawing co2 out of the atmosphere. But co2 levels were still higher than today but because the sun was weaker the lower co2 levels, even still being higher then today, caused an ice age. With the sun being brighter now, dropping co2 levels to even 150ppm won’t be enough to completely freeze the planet over.

[@Bellerophon3]

Great video! Never heard about the Earth possibly having a ring.

[@nanb4146]

Question: if carbon gets removed from the atmosphere through more rain and more weathering and global warming means the air can take in more water and therefore more rain might fall, wouldn't that be a mediating factor slowing global warming?

[@Potato_Animations]

15:28 philippines mentioned

[@coffeefish4743]

It's crazy how resilent life is. The earth has had so many disasters, extenctions, and ice ages, yet we're still here.

[@benas_st]

I'd say "and yet *it's* still there"

[@billevans-u4g]

Deep time is much longer than the existence of human consciousness.