Proto-Indo-European - Laryngeal Theory

[@shirameirdrexler2940]

11:59 On the other side, the construction worker says: "Sorry, someone's doing some language reconstruction work"

[@williamwebb580]

Shira Meir Drexler lmao, the thought that they’re both equally annoyed at each other.

[@jakubpociecha8819]

Language Reconstruction Worker

[@SimonClarkstone]

LOL

[@NeglectedField]

There's no such thing as an English suburb without the sound of someone's bloody circular saw.

[@nikoGoroz]

I've been wired to find circular saw sound comforting. I'm from Poland tho, and never lived in UK haha. It's amazing we are so familiar.

[@bobstephens5599]

Right?! What are they actually doing?

[@gunner678]

Same here in France lol!

[@billywade7794]

Genius

[@chaosPneumatic]

Nor an American suburb without someone's goddamn leaf blower.

[@samuelmelcher333]

Most KZbinrs when completely inside with a great mic: “I’m so sorry guys the neighbor four doors down is doing some construction so if you hear anything sorry about that” and there’s absolutely no background noise the entire video Simon when he’s on the patio and a guy 30 ft away starts up a circular saw: “Well that’s annoying, anyway,” Edit addendum: I joke but I actually really love the honest straightforward way Simon makes his videos. Like, I’m not here for perfect sound quality; I’m here for the knowledge he has to share

[@hassanminbaghdad]

lol

[@wl2177]

Simon, on a serious note, you're a very unique person on KZbin; while the history of language has always been something of interest to me, you've brought out my curiosities in full through your videos. You have a very odd, almost entirely improvised style that leaves what's nearly a surreal touch to your videos, but your method of explaining things, as well as the familiarity that you bring about in your personality really do a strange wonder in educating. I feel very lucky to have stumbled upon your channel, and I do hope that you keep up your content; you're one of the few people who I get legitimately excited for once I see that you've uploaded; both for what I'm learning from your videos, and the rather relaxing experience in watching them. Thank you, and keep up the good work; stay safe as well.

[@marktyler3381]

I feel the same about Atomic Shrimp, and Alfie Aesthetic (he doesn't post anymore) - very english and calming, while being educational in a really individual way.

[@bashkillszombies]

[@marktyler3381]

@Nim Boo Thank you very much for that detailed reply. I will come back to it. Very interesting stuff.

[@WarLasso]

@Nim Boo "Evidence" doesn't mean what you think it means.

[@guilhemane]

Exactly

[@hamarbiljungskile8953]

Well, this was absolutely ribbiting.

[@animalunaris]

Hamarbi Ljungskile oh no you didn’t

[@laurasauraus0350]

🤣 I am laughing way too much

[@jan_Masewin]

you f**king mad lad you

[@gunner678]

No that's frog language, it was gueeeerrrrate!

[@januarysson5633]

How do you say that in Proto-Frog? 🐸

[@ChristopherRayMiller]

“What we found when we decoded the Hittite language, which was an Anatolian language, was that it was an Indo-European language spoken a very long time ago, and it had reflexes of those laryngeal sounds. That’s very, very annoying.” Obviously you were talking about the noise of the saw, but that made me laugh!

[@burymycampaignatwoundedkne3395]

Came for the subject, stayed for the frog.

[@conlangknow8787]

Ф R Ø Ä G G H

[@IAmAlgolei]

For 25 seconds, I thought I'd clicked on the wrong video.

[@WestfaliaStuff]

I love everything about you and your comment isn't bad either.

[@everforward8651]

I love your profile name and profile pic. Pure genius.

[@Jusoon]

"you can see this yourself, just make the sound "C&%Yhggghfh" and then transition to "a"...see? so simple....." edit : Not going to lie, that ending was very cool - listening to a word evolve through millennia like that.

[@iosusito5683]

@Mirzə And how is this pronounced? The closest thing I have in the languages I know is /x/ and is not even a laryngeal

[@iosusito5683]

@Mirzə I'm not an expert in IPA and I'm only familiar with the symbols of Spanish, English and Korean. But I google it and they're pretty similar tho

[@kimonas70]

Υδωρ(Greek) - outor - outer - water

[@SimonClarkstone]

@@kimonas70 are suggesting that English got the word "water" from Greek?

[@alexandrbatora9674]

@Mirzə vulvar? geez, ic dont newill make sound like ðat.

[@skeletalbassman1028]

"that would have been quite an act of foresight" 🤣

[@varana]

We should start calling English and Chinese "proto-Alliance". :D

[@Herodollus]

Historians are the best at giving people chuckles

[@geraldchurchill5576]

@@Herodollus Maybe so, but only to other historians.

[@kingbeauregard]

Kind of like how the Lombards settled in a part of Italy known as "Lombardy". Imagine how surprised they must have been when somebody told them!

[@mytube001]

@@kingbeauregard There's an 18th century poetic work by Kellgren, where the following is said of the main character "Dumbom" (my translation from Swedish): "In his travels he saw how well fortune had provided rivers that lie where great cities flow" :D

[@Sara88890]

So interesting, I love linguistics but when I try to read about it usually too dense for me and I end up down a rabbit hole of looking up definitions, your videos are great.

[@juch3]

Ah yes voiced uvular fricative

[@jordansernik]

I feel the same

[@frisbeebadwagon]

@@juch3 To be honest after you learn the terminology it gets really easy.

[@hassanminbaghdad]

lol right? I'm now trying to understand what the difference between laryngeal and pharyngeal is

[@user-bf8ud9vt5b]

Rude frog. Never said a word.

[@user-bf8ud9vt5b]

@A hc Definitely.

[@januarysson5633]

Not even “ribbit” (Modern Frog). 🐸

[@beback_]

Wtf he just gave a mini lecture on linguistics?

[@ADEpoch]

Maybe it was about to croak, and couldn't do anything ribbetting.

[@traktortarik8224]

He’s just shy

[@MrFoofarew]

This may be the nicest comment section I’ve ever seen.

[@Zorpazorp]

Hey man, can you do more of those graduated shifts through PIE to modern English? Like you did with 'wind' at the end? Fascinating stuff.

[@yogummler]

Well look who it is 😄

[@Zorpazorp]

@@yogummler Well hey there ;) how good is Simon's stuff haha :D

[@yogummler]

@@Zorpazorp didn't expect to find you here when I was just randomly scrolling through the comments lol

[@Zorpazorp]

@@yogummler I'll try and rope Simon in for a collab on Tolkien's influence on linguistics when I'm in the UK for ArdaCon and then your mind will explode hahaha

[@yogummler]

@@Zorpazorp 🤯

[@pesnevim1626]

These are very chilled and interesting vids. Also, the goth nails on one hand and Shazzer style on the other added to the general oddness. Thanks.

[@dark_messiah8183]

A hc go outside

[@corvusboreus2072]

@A hc You can go outside, just not out into the public domain. That leaves you some options for obtaining a daily vitamin D input (unless you are misfortune enough to inhabit some kind of share-cage.

[@icefire6622]

@A hc Literally nothing required you to make that comment. Simon's linguistic videos rarely have non-linguistic topics even mentioned. You seem to be obsessed with defending something that literally has nothing to do with the topic at hand.

[@persallnas5408]

Clever ending and nice to see that you are sticking up for our amphibian friends

[@therealzilch]

Our amphibian friends can use all the help they can get.

[@a05odst62]

"Quite an act of foresight" Got to love that British sarcasm

[@Mr.Nichan]

Understatement.

[@FrancisF23]

@@Mr.Nichan Irony? And anyway, anyway, a palindrome of Bolton would be Notlob.

[@mscrabson]

I love Simon’s videos: it’s like I just dropped by and we hang out in the garden and discuss vowels but there’s also a frog and trees and the sky

[@alinbarba1418]

I'm just happy he mentioned Romanian, it gets very overlooked.

[@randomname2159]

cam asa e..

[@opidacul]

@@randomname2159 ai dreptate

[@rinolancierri]

Subscriu

[@alejandrosegovia4587]

As a Spanish speaker it is very interesting to hear the proto indo european pronunciation of Wind, for me sounds like "Uentos" and if you change the U to a V as it used to be written in Latin, then we end up with Ventos, and in Spanish Wind = Viento(s)!!! very interesting.

[@Bubu567]

You can almost hear where the language diverged paths when it moves further rather than closer to the end result. But that's not always accurate, as language evolution can be a curvy path.

[@albertodimaio496]

matter-of-factly, in Latin the used to be pronounced probably as /w/ and-or /u/.

[@BudoReflex]

Environmental factors must also be a factor. I have been learning Russian as an English speaker, and it's my theory (probably not unique), that the Russian love of complex consonant sounds and simple back throat vowels is directly caused by the cold climate; you can speak Russian with your lips barely apart and be perfectly understood - indeed watching a Russian speak would be a lip reading nightmare. The large round vowels are very warm weather friends.

[@DaveTexas]

I love everything about this video - the content, the way it’s explained, the conversational tone, and the fabulous fingernails! Nothing like something delightfully unexpected to bring a smile to your face.

[@joebombero1]

It's pretty evident he has a daughter who wanted to practice nails and used him as a guinea pig :)

[@FreeManFreeThought]

Love how everyone is near unanimous in loving your nails dude! Awesome video as usual.

[@norgepalm7315]

Gays are a tight knit group

[@Deadeye777]

Man, this is beautiful. It's so calm and conversational, rational and informative, set to the sounds of birdsong and hand-cammed views into cherry trees atop a blue sky. These aren't just wholly engrossing educational videos, but glimpses into who Mr. Roper is as a person. I think these videos are art and I'm in love with them. You're an artist, Mr. Roper!

[@nextgnrationboy]

Loved the video and the nails.

[@mariabaxter8843]

Agreed! Very cute!!

[@algonzalez6853]

@@mariabaxter8843 gay*

[@MainAcc0]

@@algonzalez6853 you called?

[@GiandomenicoDeMola]

@@algonzalez6853 if he were, what would be the problem? You are a poor minded person, THAT is a real problem.

[@gigipeedee]

@@GiandomenicoDeMola ah not really, the gay is though. It's a shame because I thought he was a man.

[@solhamer3502]

Simon: it's an awkward sound to make repeatedly, *khee khee khee" Wales: hold my cheese on toast

[@retohaner5328]

Swiss-Germans: Hold my entire language

[@zoeseglins131]

I have watched so many of these videos, and yet, still have such a difficult time wrapping my head around the mechanics of it all! I am so glad someone does, and can feed us all bite sized pieces. Thank you Simon!

[@albertconstantine5432]

Nailed it, and with your usual colorful manner evident.

[@michaelnoyola7971]

Your nature shot intros add an incredible sense of awe and serenity to my day. I almost frogot my worries...

[@lils6334]

Man, I watch a lot of shit on KZbin, but your videos are always the most calming and informative. Glad I found this channel!

[@Korea4Me]

That was the best You Tube ending I have ever watched.

[@taterbase]

The visuals on this video (and background sound) are top notch

[@jaewilliss5407]

Love your work, love your nails.

[@rolig49]

thanks, Simon! Very helpful and clear. One note, however, on your language chart: Polish and Lithuanian are both in the Balto-Slavic family of languages (also satem languages). Otherwise, very interesting!

[@HoosierRallyMaster]

@Roli G Them are fightin' words to some :)

[@recurse]

Great video. Also, living for the nails, they're fantastic!

[@bugzyhardrada3168]

I once adopted a frog.....but the he started speaking french so we had to return it to the orphanage......

[@honkytonk4465]

You made that up,didn't you?

[@catattack885]

@@honkytonk4465 did he?, seems like a likely story.

[@raygoodspeed2382]

As a English Language graduate (1980), history geek and a retired TEFL teacher, i find these videos totally fascinating. But can i also say that i adore your painted nails

[@5cr3aMeR]

Hello, Simon. Lithuanian linguist here. Just wanted to say I am quite happy to keep hearing my language mentioned in your videos. If you or anyone else would like any insights into Lithuanian, I'm more than happy to help.

[@card44]

Bro really hit us with the 💅

[@StefanNeher]

Well well well . . . I had the video playing while I made breakfast, so I could listen. I happened to turn to the screen the one of the moments you flashed those nails, and it just made my day. Keep up the good work :)

[@daedbeetle]

i love ur nails :)

[@sarahpassell226]

I love these older videos that reveal the magic of historical linguistics and Simon's onscreen charisma. The frog in your English weather wraps the day's topic in a fairytale package. How deeply satisfying it would have been to sit like Dumbledore in his tower rooms or Murray in his scriptorium, with uncombed hair kept in check under a wizard's hat or a midnight scholar's cap, surrounded by ancient manuscripts and passages in every Indo-European tongue, and slips of paper crammed into stacks of narrow boxes or scattered across every inch of a large medieval oak table. To be absorbed in the detective work of tracing sound, form and meaning back to prehistory, when all the I-E languages were more or less one. This is my meta addition to the the 19th and 20th century folk canon that underpinned children's literature in my mother's generation, the 1930s.

[@arachno4hobia852]

he looks so similar to the anglo saxon guy

[@minskdhaka]

LOL. 🙂 Good one.

[@isq9901]

That end bit with the wind... I could listen to a whole video of just that with various words. 😌

[@LuisAldamiz]

8:30 - My impression is that is that 'pa:ti' is NOT related to 'feed' but something else like 'fend' and 'defend' (cognates from Latin). There's two different meanings (plus teh maybe unrelated *ph₂tḗr, father) in the IE reconstruction of *peh₂-: to protect (defend) and to feed, a different meaning altogether. Latin 'defendo' (defend, protect) and 'offendo' (offend, attack) are made instead to derive from an unattested *fendo, which in turn is made to derive from PIE *gʷʰen- (to strike), which may be even less consistent. Latin de- has not the English meaning of reverse but just "of, from", thus de-*fendo would be "of fend" (relative to fend), while its antonym offendo does include ob- (mostly 'against' such as in obstruct, etc.) so it seemst to make 'against fend/fence', what makes 'attack'. These two Latin words sound like created in military drills of some sort and the *fendo root (legit IMO) would be in the 'protect' group of *peh₂-, along with Sanskrit 'pa:ti' and others and distinct from 'feed' and the 'food' words in the *peh₂- category. I thought two hudred years of Indoeuropean linguistics would have been more fruitful, really. There's still much to prune and clean.

[@LuisAldamiz]

PS - Maybe English did not make 'fend' and 'fence' from French but from a retained Latin *fendo and *fensa lost everywhere else?

[@keyboarddancers7751]

One of my favourite lockdown subscriptions!

[@thenewdarling1]

Mate, I love your videos but also your shirt game is fantastic 👏🏽 edit: yas fellow Nail Gang!! 😍

[@simonroper9218]

Thank you friend

[@Urdatorn]

You manage to combine a beautiful artsy video with a deep and insightful lecture. Well done!

[@blacksmith67]

The illustration with great ape evolution is informative and really helps to visualize the relationship of languages that precede ancestors of our current languages (those that come before Latin, Sanskrit, Slavic, Germanic). One thought I had is that sufficiently divergent species cannot typically procreate or if they can the offspring are likely infertile, whereas languages can meld together (Old English and Norman French for instance). Are there good tools to see where languages have been _genetically_ crossed? You had given us the example of English sharing constructs of _do_ and _does_ with Welsh but not with any Germanic or Romance languages. Love your videos. Please stay safe.

[@TheLukeLsd]

Esse tipo de coisa é muito fascinante. O som para rãs, sapos, pererecas e anuros em geral, soa como uma onomatopéia muito adequada e relacionável. E mesmo hoje em dia em português a palavra para corvídeos é muito semelhante: Corvo. E finalmente consegui realmente entender o teoria das laríngeas pode ser. Essa sempre foi a parte mais difícil para mim e você conseguiu me fazer entender. Muito obrigado, Simon!

[@davib.franco7857]

nao esperava encontrar um comentario em portugues

[@TheLukeLsd]

@@davib.franco7857 olá parça. Outro lusófono por essas bandas é muito bom de se perceber. Há muitos anos aprecio esse canal e outros que falam de linguística e/ou outros assuntos interessantes deste tipo

[@JoshFerge]

Does language evolution always progress from more complex to simpler? In terms of grammar and phonetics it seems like rules / sounds are dropped, never added. Are there any rules / sounds in English today that evolved to be more complex? Is simple / complex a false dichotomy? Thanks for the video Simon.

[@SwordTune]

I don't think it has evolved to be simpler at all. The problem is that it's so different, it's like learning a new language without having a native speaker to teach you. In a way, it was probably very simple, but just seems complex to us now that we try to understand it with modern concepts of language. In a language with no writing, difficult sounds were probably easier to remember. If you think about all the homophones that exist now, the reason why we can distinguish them is because of their different spelling. But in a system with no concept of writing, or perhaps a basic idea of symbols and pictures, spelling was not something they could rely on.

[@Uriel333]

@@SwordTune this makes sense!

[@Zeutomehr]

simple/ complex is a false dichotomy say we define "complex" as a language having complex syllable codas and a word having many syllables. we've got the language examplish. in it, the word "njesom" developed into "njesm". this word has got both more complex and simpler, so what is it? not even mentioning the fact that what counts as "complex" to you heavily depends on cultural upbringing

[@simonroper9218]

That's a really good question! It often seems that way, but a lot of that is probably because we're less familiar with ancient languages than we are with modern ones. In reality, it's a bit of a balancing act between complexity and ambiguity; features of a language may tend towards simplicity, but if things became too simple, people would start to have trouble communicating effectively, and new rules would appear. For example, the distinction between singular and plural 'you' disappeared some four hundred years ago in most dialects of English, and this makes the language a bit more ambiguous in some situations (e.g. you might get confused about whether someone's speaking directly to one person, or to the whole group). Some dialects have developed new pronouns (like 'y'all') to remove this ambiguity. So if a language loses complexity in one area, it often gains it in another. Old English had a complicated system of cases but this allowed it to have a looser word order; the case marker told you if a word was nominative or accusative, so word order didn't matter so much. In modern English, now case markers are no longer a feature, we compensate by having a more rigid word order in which the word in the nominative normally comes at the start of a sentence, etc. Another example is articles; Latin had no definite or indefinite articles, but modern Spanish has developed both. It makes the language a bit more complicated from the perspective of a non-speaker, but it reduces ambiguity a tiny bit. In terms of pronunciation, each language has its own inventory of sounds. To a speaker of Proto-Indo-European, it would have been easy to produce those sounds, as they'd have been practicing from a very early age :)

[@JoshFerge]

@@simonroper9218 Thank you for the reply Simon! Your videos have been a bright spot during quarantine!

[@MonsBjørdal]

That frog now knows everything there is to know on laryngeal theory

[@bilbohob7179]

Spsnish change "f" latin sound to unvoiced "h" because interferences of euskera/basque. All of the others Iberian romances conserve the "f". Funny thing is that we indicate the ausence with unvoiced h. Another Iberian caracteristic is the fusion "b" "v", aka dissapear of v. In Roman times, romans joke about "beati hispani quibus vivere est bibere" Happy Spanishs who to live is to drink...

[@jaojao1768]

So you subscribe to the substratum theory?

[@WilliamFord972]

From learning Spanish and observing certain words and their Latin ancestors, I noticed that "f" in Latin often turned into "h" in Spanish (fac- vs. hac-, ferro- vs. hierro-, etc.).

[@pierreproudhon9008]

To live is to drink

[@moodist1er]

The v-b happened in India first

[@antonxuiz]

@@WilliamFord972 Being from Galicia, a Spanish nation with our own language, separated from Portuguese around 700 years ago, and due to Galician preserving those f, I don't even need to know the latin word, and the same with the Spanish j (x in IPA), I know in Galician it will probably be a ch or a x (sh in English), and the latin pl and cl, which in Spanish gave ll, gave us ch: Hijo -> Fillo (Filius) Lluvia -> Chuvia (Pluvia) Llave -> Chave (Clavis) Hierro -> Ferro (Ferrum) Hacer -> Facer (Facere) Hoja -> Folla (Folia)

[@genjiglove6124]

When you pronounced the evolutions of the word "wind" at the end of the video, I was genuinely moved. The implications of that thought are profound

[@robbicu]

If I lived in the UK, I'd ask if you fancied a pint at the local.

[@KAZVorpal]

I came here to watch a video about frogs, and then suddenly it's all linguistic.

[@ButchBirdie]

Frog shot at the beginning was So Good

[@RobMacKendrick]

Opening shot had me waiting 15 minutes for a surprise connexion to French. Never happened.

[@ximenamikhailova]

There’s something so beautiful, spiritual, and timeless about the way you portray yourself and edit your video. It’s been quite windy in my side of the world these last few days, it’s almost like the wind is speaking at night. Khwentos sounds so much like the Spanish word for stories “cuentos”. You do such a beautifully poetic job at explaining this theory and wanted you to know. Curious to know what you think of The Horse, the Wheel, and Language.

[@flatplant]

I like your nails :). The language stuff is great interesting too!

[@UnQuacker]

I just noticed those colorful nails, nice color choice

[@mikicerise6250]

That common ancestry point at which 'wentos' sounds equally close to wind as to viento.

[@Stoneworks]

I watched for Laryngeal theory but subscribed for your nails

[@ACruelPicture]

So... Hodor is a reflection of gradual sound change?

[@keith6706]

It is, and it's exactly how some sound changes work. Someone hears someone else say something that is slightly misheard, or the other person was slurring their speech, or the person speaking is just being lazy and dropping or changing phonemes to make them easier to pronounce, and so long as there isn't confusion about the actual meaning the sound change gradually can become the default way of saying it. A good example is _Christmas_ . Hardly anyone pronounces the _t_ but there's no problem saying, "kris-mas" or "kris-mis" or even "krs-ms" because those particular sequences of phonemes doesn't commonly appear in other circumstances that refer to something else entirely, so you're not confusing anyone about what you're talking about.

[@tondegordon]

I don't know why I am watching this stuff, why I am liking these videos. I know, great insight, you have shown me another side of language that I never realized.

[@themanhimself1229]

Most people on youtube: Long and fancy intro Simon: Frogge

[@nichl474]

That frog's voice is very soothing

[@foxpurrincess3209]

I love your nails!!

[@pat3743]

I study English language and linguistics in England and what you are talking about is very useful to my essay👌Good job!

[@ivankaramasov]

I really enjoy your videos, Simon. And there is something very spiritual and calming about your personality that adds to the interesting content.

[@silverlonerwolf]

What a handsome Rana temporaria sporting his gray breeding coloration.

[@dermmerd2644]

No snails, but nails! I like your content. Please make more. I'm playing Far Cry Primal, tried that game? Takes place 10k BC in Europe. Apparently they consulted language people on the language in game.

[@simonroper9218]

I have tried it! The sabre-toothed tigers in Europe might be a bit sketchy, but it's a fun game - the language aspect was really interesting! I think the languages were based on Proto-Indo-European.

[@catsandcrows8880]

Enjoyed your explanation (forklaring), your nails (neglene), the images from the garden (hagen) and the frog (frosken). Thank you!

[@trikayatranslationservices9434]

That frog actually speaks Proto-Indo-European fluently

[@williamjordan5554]

I thought the video started with dog faeces, which I thought was rather odd. I was relieved to realize it was a frog. But then came the multi-colored nails.

[@AK-ed4sn]

Lovely nails!

[@Steve-3P0]

That comparison of the pronunciation of 'wind' at the end was absolutely genius.

[@yes_head]

What's a Frenchman doing at the start of this video?!!

[@Mr.Nichan]

French is an Indo-European language.

[@pierreproudhon9008]

el gabacho

[@willworkswood3215]

😂

[@jackilyncaraballo6586]

I really enjoy that you incorporate the local flora and fauna in your videos!...Language origins are very interesting to me. Thank you for sharing your knowledge in such an easy going and informative style!

[@cyro136]

Interesting, in portuguese, the word wind is Vento, the pronunciation is close to wentos.

[@alejandrosegovia4587]

Wow I was saying the same thing but in Spanish which is Viento.

[@ericmoore6769]

Love the channel. I speak in a slightly extinct accent from Oklahoma. And i speak most modern Roman languages. I love the family tree, no matter how simple.

[@daisybrain9423]

Love the shirt!

[@markarellano6899]

Phenomenal work, man! Instantly one of my favourite channels!

[@martaferretti375]

Questo video ha qualità oniriche. Per via dei molteplici stimoli visivi e sensoriali assomiglia ad un'opera d'arte. Rappresenta tutte cose già note, almeno per me, in una ricostruzione nuova. Sono basita! Grazie

[@ermennda]

The gibbons! Everybody seems to forget the gibbons!

[@stevevasell429]

Very fun. The insights linguistics provides to our past is fascinating.

[@samhammill-hintz1196]

Nice nails!

[@jennykuser6149]

Really interesting research. I enjoy broadening my knowledge on things I never formally studied. It was fascinating how you took the word 'wind' through it's maturation. I would love it if you could do this with many more words. Thank you for sharing your area of expertise. You have a bright mind.

[@SilvaMorasten]

I think this is a new channel for me to video binge, I can't wait to see the next.

[@Karim-is7ew]

ngl, i'm gonna do my nails the way you did. Always a pleasure watching your videos, Simon! love you

[@KatzRool]

Your unique video format is really refining itself man, keep it up.

[@hone3134]

Always had a doubt of what was the h1, h2 and h3 and how to pronounce them when speaking PIE roots. This cleared up most of my doubts. Thank you. Also thanks for putting the phonetic sounds of h1,h2 and h3 in IPA so we can know roughly how to pronounce them.

[@LV-426...]

Well, the world has naver suffered from having too many intelligent people...

[@hakneyj]

Loving the nail varnish. Your videos are fascinating.

[@robinleefazeaction]

This is time travel. I'm now totally hooked.

[@ig14tesjahrhundert79]

and here we are, you just got me interested in your topic and subscribe :-D

[@maia8823]

This is so cool! It was so interesting to hear the progression of pronunciation of a word at the end. Amazing.

[@mochopz]

How did i know this guy was british before the video even started.

[@mosherj666]

Your presentations never fail to fascinate. It will be a true crime if you don't, someday at least, your own series on BBC 4. Please, never cease to produce your content, it's a shining light in the sea of facile nonsense that constitutes the majority of KZbin content.

[@heathcliffearnshaw1403]

Brilliant Simon!.....Historical linguistics has been of enormous help to me in learning L2 . Can’t top your conclusion with the frog saying ‘answer is blowing in the WIND’, but here’s :” A tree is a man upside-down with his head in the earth” Vindicated by following : German for ‘brain’ , Gehirne is cognate with English HORN and Russian корень (root) . Also the ЗД- ( ZD-) root group of words about things having structure (viz здание , building) often makes me wonder when they greet with ZDRAVSTVUI - if this is in fact from a historical linguistics point of view ЗД- + ДЕРЕВО , almost saying “Be healthy [ на здоровье!] Be Like A Tree! ......Cheers!

[@alexanderfroebelzehl3825]

That was so awesome at the end, I could hear latin ventus, Spanish viento, and English wind all at the same time