Solving Stephen Hawking’s famous paradox | Janna Levin

Quantum wormholes are mathematically possible - but might also be physically impossible. Physicist Janna Levin explains Hawking’s famous information paradox.
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Theoretical cosmologist Janna Levin challenges long-held assumptions about the behavior of black holes, information conservation, and the fundamental nature of space, time, and gravity. She uses black holes to explore the physical feasibility of wormholes: theoretical passages or tunnel-like structures that connect separate points in spacetime.
Stephen Hawking proposed that black holes emit energy via quantum particles, causing them to eventually evaporate and challenge the conservation of information. The holographic principle suggests that information is encoded on a black hole's surface, addressing the information paradox.
Levin metaphorically likens black holes to embroidery, woven from quantum threads. Her quantum perspective has profound implications, potentially altering our understanding of gravity and spacetime's fundamental nature - even questioning our pursuit of a theory of everything.
Read the full video transcript: bigthink.com/the-well/what-is...
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[@SzymonAdamus]

I understood about 20% of this and still got amazed :) Theoretical physicist who work with these problems must be blown away hundreds of times a day. What a fascinating world we are living in.

[@gymns411]

This way that this scientist explained each concept was absolutely amazing. Right from the beginning she explains the idea of information concisely applies it to various scenarios. Amazing amazing job that makes me excited to learn more as science slowly peels back the theories in volved in quantum wormholes and quantum information theory. Amazing! 🎉🎉❤❤

[@The-Well]

Wow, thank you! We're so glad you enjoyed it! If you're interested, here's a playlist with the other videos we've made with Janna: kzbin.info/aero/PL_B7bI1QVmJDEmPG-ND833lStOVPmYAl8

[@mattorr2256]

She is a world class Astrophysicist. She’s simply amazing

[@philborer877]

WOW Brilliant. Even though I had no idea what she said, I was mesmerized. Do it again! I am so happy women are hitting the world stage with their brilliance. From Taylor Swift in the arts and music to astrophysics. Women are finally getting to show their true intellect on the world stage unencumbered. Lovely!❤ Thank you

[@naywenne6761]

What a time to be alive...

[@The-Well]

Truly!

[@eternity8811]

And it is only because we are "alive" that there is "time"...

[@TaliAlba33]

Yeah, too bad I don't understand anything science has to say...

[@wintermoonomen]

So informative and definitely mind opening!

[@MCdeltaT-]

My personal theory, and I think it's a pretty good one for many reasons that take a lot of explaining, is that all black holes, and anything that exceeds the speed of light, lead through time and space to the singular singularity, the one white hole, the big bang. The universe is a giant 4 dimensional sphere. It's a feedback loop. When you have infinite time, what stays is the perpetual loop. It all feeds back to the big bang. The information isn't lost because the paths of the particles eventually cross paths again. The path of each bit of information is an infinite circle. Expanding on the quantum theory-of-everything shit, I strongly believe that consciousness is inherent to particles. They behave in a certain way, making the best choice available to them, looking for higher value. Humans and anything sentient do the same. Sentience and free will are the ability to shift your perspective. When you look at a pattern in a different way, the best choice changes. When someone tries to control or insult you, they try to impose their perspective on to you. Changing how you observe something affects how the waveform collapses into information. The way I see it, and modern science actually supports this really well, the universe is 4 dimensional. Those are the fundamental forces. They're void (mass), motion (position), time (progression), and perspective (relation to other things). They're all expanding and shrinking spheres twisting together that we experience as 4 dimensional, 3 dimensional, linearly, and static, respectively. Energy takes 7 forms, which resonate and have similarities on different periodic levels, just like the periodic table and elements. They're crystal, liquid, gas, plasma, current, vibration, and field. Things like magnetic fields, potential energy, and consciousness all fall into the field category. I have a hunch that dark matter may just be a massive field of potential energy. Liquid can behave like current, plasma can produce current, current can behave like vibration and produce fields, fields produce current as soon as they're able to. Gravity is just a form of current induced by a field. Anyway, that's it from me. I'd like to hear any thoughts anyone has.

[@MCdeltaT-]

@eternity8811 Essentially. Time is a dimension, and everything in our universe is spheres. Look up Hopf Fibrations for the best visual. But it's less a loop of big bangs and more like the big bang is always happening and always being fed, we just move further through time away from it, from our perspective. If you exceed near-instantaneous, you're just moving instantaneously, and since it all loops back to the big bang, you would just be there instantly where you'd be compressed and shredded and exploded out as elementary particles. Straight lines don't exist, they can always be broken down into spheres or slices of spheres. Why would time be any different? I think linear experience is an optical illusion. Like electrons following magnetic flux lines. We're pulled through time like we're pulled by gravity, which is also just a result of time, mass, motion and perspective. As for what she was talking about, I could also see some of the information being sent all the way to the big bang, and other information being spit out a bit later in time depending on its properties going in, which would create the hologram of the black hole. Potentially getting sucked back in and spit out again in an infinite loop, until external time passes and all the information is either cycled to the big bang or radiated from the black hole. But I think the idea of it being a 3 dimensional projection of a 2d object is fundamentally flawed, while the right school of thought. The universe is a 3 dimensional projection of a 4 dimensional system. I think black holes are the same.

[@MCdeltaT-]

@eternity8811 think holding a microphone up to a speaker and the signal getting louder and louder and louder. Black holes would act as diodes. You need to complete a circuit in order for there to be current and work done. It's just a matter of if it's DC, like most people think, or AC, like I'm proposing. Could be a system of natural inverters and rectifiers. Borderline is it's all resonating.

[@MCdeltaT-]

@eternity8811 God would be the macro consciousness generated by every single moving system interacting together. Which would make you and me and our actions both part of God and directly God's will. God creates the universe, supposedly. The universe is created by every single moving system, making the best choice available to it at once. That's sounds like God to me. When you change the way you interpret the Bible, it actually fits surprisingly well with modern science. You just need to understand that they're metaphors, intentionally or not. Science stemmed from philosophy, trying to understand our internal experience. We try to recreate ourselves. The idea of reincarnation is that all matter (which is just compressed energy) is conserved and recycled. In an infinite feeback loop, you would be everything at some point. People figure things out, but they don't have a wide enough perspective to fully understand them. When people say "separation is an illusion," this is what they're talking about.

[@MCdeltaT-]

Not an easy thing to wrap your head around

[@ShonMardani]

Hi, I am Shon Mardani, this is my Unifying Theory Of Everything. I have more to fill in between the lines once I validate the fundamentals of my hypostasis, Please let me know if you see any conflict with Observed Facts, Thank you. [GOD] Created NOTHING, a Void Point in Space. NOTHING Attracts [neighboring] Space as the Only Law of The Nature which gave NOTHING its Property to be the GRAVITATIONAL PARTICLE (GP). Fast Moving Space into GP, Creates its own GP at the [Vacated] Space which Attracts the Surrounding Space which is a Negative Pressure or PULLING/SUCKING IN of a GP on Neighboring Space. There are 3 Pairs of 2 Directional Possible Movement Axis, this Creates Magic Numbers of the Nature, Numbers 2, 3 and their Sum 5. Propagation of the GPs in a Closed Cyclic Patterns / Locked Loops of GPs Create Collection of Virtual Positions in Space known as Atom, Starting with Hydrogen to EVERYTHING else. Atoms are Connected by Overlapping/Common/Shared (single, double bonds ...) GPs to Create Molecules. Hydrogen Atoms Virtually/Positionally Collect to Form Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms and Form the Atmosphere, in a 4 Nitrogen to 1 Oxygen ratio which I call one ATMOSPHERIC UNIT (AU). Movement of GP toward the Center of the Gravity Transforms 2 AUs (2(N4O1)) into 6 Carbon with H2O as Hydrogen Transformer and CO2 as State Transformer, the Collection of this Cyclic Process is called LIFE. LIFE Synthesizes the Heavier Organic Elements to Create Species of Independent Life Cycles. Overlapping Fundamental Atoms Create Heavier Atoms/Elements which are collected in the Periodic Table. The [Virtual] Movement/Propagation of GPs in a Circular Patterns within the Connected Atoms has Frequency and Direction which Constitute and are Observed as its Weight/Mass/Gravity, Force, Polarity, Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, Light, Color and ALL other Physical Properties and they Move and Interact by Connectivity. The Gravity Force we Experience on the Earth, Is the Flow of GPs through Matter Moving Perpendicular to the Surface of the Earth towards the Center of the Gravity of the Earth and all Matter Connected to it, like being under the rain from a Firehose. We feel the Flow to the CG as Push and from the CG as Pull. Imagine there is a room full of Marble balls and you remove/disappear ONE Marble from the middle. One of 6 possible adjacent Marbles can move in and fill the empty space, the one on the left, right, front, back, above or below. If the Marbles move into the empty spaces at the Ultimate Speed in Nature, the traces of the MOVING/PROPAGATING GPs (empty spaces) will look like a Spiral. Hydrogen [Matter] is OVERLAPPING GPs. Imagine the Light Sources like Sun, Light Bulb and LEDs are NOT Ejecting Photons but they SUCK IN the GPs which we see and call them Photons. Turbines convert the Gravity Force to Magnetic > Electrical > Heat > Light and everything in between, all different manifestations of the GP [Virtual] Moving in the Matter. Space comes to existence when GPs are created, in other words Space is the Moving GP. Like a battery whose positive (+) side exists only when Negative (-) side is created.

[@zagrosqazy3798]

This is amazing thank you 😮

[@songsofmeca]

This is quite educating! LESSON#1: Genuine great inventions will always elude charlatans, because they are not achieved by chance... Thanks for sharing

[@yashwantkumarjoshi4174]

Great information, thank you for bringing this video with very easy graphics. A very significant point we can address here regarding the black holes that the information never collapse or perish fully even after reaching singularity eventually through the black hole . The black holes never destroy but exists with its energy at a very subtle level, the energy which is at infinitely supercool stage where even the light sucked inside a black hole losses it's expression as light, but the information of light is preserved. Black holes might be reversible. Take for an Instance A wheel, take a point A on the wheel, now move the wheel forward at some point of time point A will touch the ground. Now reverse the wheel, point A will touch the ground again at some point of time, here the ground remains same i.e. constant . Only point A at some point enters into singularity and at other distant point comes out of singularity. Therefore, wormholes also exists. This is my interpretation on philosophical ground, could be derived mathematically, hope so 😊💐

[@SpotterVideo]

Both Matter and Energy described as "Quanta" of Spatial Curvature. (A string is revealed to be a twisted cord when viewed up close.) Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the constant exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together. Therefore, the gluon is a synthetic particle (zero mass, zero charge) invented to explain the Strong Force. An artificial Christmas tree can hold the ornaments in place, but it is not a real tree. String Theory was not a waste of time, because Geometry is the key to Math and Physics. However, can we describe Standard Model interactions using only one extra spatial dimension? What did some of the old clockmakers use to store the energy to power the clock? Was it a string or was it a spring? What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles? Fixing the Standard Model with more particles is like trying to mend a torn fishing net with small rubber balls, instead of a piece of twisted twine. Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: “We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr (lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958) The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with some aspects of the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose, and the work of Eric Weinstein on “Geometric Unity”, and the work of Dr. Lisa Randall on the possibility of one extra spatial dimension? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics? When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if Quark/Gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks where the tubes are entangled? (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Charge" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry. Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Gluons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. If a twisted tube winds up on one end and unwinds on the other end as it moves through space, this would help explain the “spin” of normal particles, and perhaps also the “Higgs Field”. However, if the end of the twisted tube joins to the other end of the twisted tube forming a twisted torus (neutrino), would this help explain “Parity Symmetry” violation in Beta Decay? Could the conversion of twist cycles to writhe cycles through the process of supercoiling help explain “neutrino oscillations”? Spatial curvature (mass) would be conserved, but the structure could change. ===================== Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons? Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The production of the torus may help explain the “Symmetry Violation” in Beta Decay, because one end of the broken tube section is connected to the other end of the tube produced, like a snake eating its tail. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process, which is also found in DNA molecules. Could the production of multiple writhe cycles help explain the three generations of quarks and neutrinos? If the twist cycles increase, the writhe cycles would also have a tendency to increase. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves. ( Mass=1/Length ) The “Electric Charge” of electrons or positrons would be the result of one twist cycle being displayed at the 3D-4D surface interface of the particle. The physical entanglement of twisted tubes in quarks within protons and neutrons and mesons displays an overall external surface charge of an integer number. Because the neutrinos do not have open tube ends, (They are a twisted torus.) they have no overall electric charge. Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137. 1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface 137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted. The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.) How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter? Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles? I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist producing a twisted 3D/4D membrane. This topological Soliton model grew out of that simple idea. I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles. .

[@antor2471]

Might wormholes be the channel that entangles particles (information exchange/ inside management)?

[@CherryBlossom-gi7kw]

Fantastic video!

[@The-Well]

Glad you liked it! Thanks for being here!

[@Robinson8491]

Excellent video thanks

[@The-Well]

Thanks for watching! We have another video with Janna coming out soon, so stay tuned! 💡

[@ivocanevo]

Anyone know the name of that last hypothesis? The one she described with embroidered wormholes.

[@mariomoltez4552]

Underrated channel 👏

[@The-Well]

We appreciate you! 💡

[@estebanclouthier8521]

In another video Levin said that a black hole is a not a thing, but a place, but in here 5:11 she says that a black hole can decrease its mass, so she means the mass that it had accumulated? And how can a black hole decrease its size? If it has infinite gravity, how can it decrease? How can something finite beat something infinite? How can a place evaporate, if it is a place and not a thing? Maybe the names given to all this phenomena and effects may confuse what it really is. And maybe nobody understands completely what the formulas say, and only know they work.

[@NotNecessarily-ip4vc]

In this speculative scenario, let's consider Leibniz's Monad (first emanation of God), from the philosophical work "The Monadology", as an abstract representation of the zero-dimensional space that binds quarks together with the strong nuclear force: 1) Indivisibility and Unity: Monads, as indivisible entities, mirror the nature of quarks, which are deemed elementary and indivisible particles in our theoretical context. Just as monads possess unity and indivisibility, quarks are unified in their interactions through the strong nuclear force. 2) Interconnectedness: In the Monadology, monads are interconnected in a vast network. In a parallel manner, the interconnectedness of quarks through the strong force could be metaphorically represented by the interplay of monads, forming a web that holds particles together. 3) Inherent Properties: Just as monads possess inherent perceptions and appetitions, quarks could be thought of as having intrinsic properties like color charge, reflecting the inherent qualities of monads and influencing their interactions. 4) Harmony: The concept of monads contributing to universal harmony resonates with the idea that the strong nuclear force maintains harmony within atomic nuclei by counteracting the electromagnetic repulsion between protons, allowing for the stability of matter. 5) Pre-established Harmony: Monads' pre-established harmony aligns with the idea that the strong force was pre-designed to ensure stable interactions among quarks, orchestrating their behavior in a way that parallels the harmony envisaged by Leibniz. 6) Non-Mechanical Interaction: Monads interact non-mechanically, mirroring the non-mechanical interactions of quarks through gluon exchange. This connection might be seen as a metaphorical reflection of the intricacies of quark-gluon dynamics. 7) Holism: The holistic perspective of monads could symbolize how quarks, like the monads' interconnections, contribute holistically to the structure and behavior of particles through the strong force interactions. em·a·na·tion noun an abstract but perceptible thing that issues or originates from a source.

[@NotNecessarily-ip4vc]

Metaphysics Context The monad, the word and the idea, belongs to the Western philosophical tradition and has been used by various authors. Leibniz, who was exceptionally well-read, could not have ignored this, but he did not use it himself until mid-1696 when he was sending for print his New System. Apparently he found with it a convenient way to expound his own philosophy as it was elaborated in this period. What he proposed can be seen as a modification of occasionalism developed by latter-day Cartesians. Leibniz surmised that there are indefinitely many substances individually 'programmed' to act in a predetermined way, each substance being coordinated with all the others. This is the pre-established harmony which solved the mind-body problem, but at the cost of declaring any interaction between substances a mere appearance. Summary The rhetorical strategy adopted by Leibniz in The Monadology is fairly obvious as the text begins with a description of monads (proceeding from simple to complicated instances), then it turns to their principle or creator and finishes by using both to explain the world. (I) As far as Leibniz allows just one type of element in the building of the universe his system is monistic. The unique element has been 'given the general name monad or entelechy' and described as 'a simple substance' (§§1, 19). When Leibniz says that monads are 'simple,' he means that "which is one, has no parts and is therefore indivisible". Relying on the Greek etymology of the word entelechie (§18), Leibniz posits quantitative differences in perfection between monads which leads to a hierarchical ordering. The basic order is three-tiered: (1) entelechies or created monads (§48), (2) souls or entelechies with perception and memory (§19), and (3) spirits or rational souls (§82). Whatever is said about the lower ones (entelechies) is valid for the higher (souls and spirits) but not vice versa. As none of them is without a body (§72), there is a corresponding hierarchy of (1) living beings and animals (2), the latter being either non-reasonable or reasonable. The degree of perfection in each case corresponds to cognitive abilities and only spirits or reasonable animals are able to grasp the ideas of both the world and its creator. Some monads have power over others because they can perceive with greater clarity, but primarily, one monad is said to dominate another if it contains the reasons for the actions of other(s). Leibniz believed that any body, such as the body of an animal or man, has one dominant monad which controls the others within it. This dominant monad is often referred to as the soul. (II) God is also said to be a simple substance (§47) but it is the only one necessary (§§38-9) and without a body attached (§72). Monads perceive others "with varying degrees of clarity, except for God, who perceives all monads with utter clarity". God could take any and all perspectives, knowing of both potentiality and actuality. As well as that God in all his power would know the universe from each of the infinite perspectives at the same time, and so his perspectives-his thoughts-"simply are monads". Creation is a permanent state, thus "[monads] are generated, so to speak, by continual fulgurations of the Divinity" (§47). Any perfection comes from being created while imperfection is a limitation of nature (§42). The monads are unaffected by each other, but each have a unique way of expressing themselves in the universe, in accordance with God's infinite will. (III) Composite substances or matter are "actually sub-divided without end" and have the properties of their infinitesimal parts (§65). A notorious passage (§67) explains that "each portion of matter can be conceived as like a garden full of plants, or like a pond full of fish. But each branch of a plant, each organ of an animal, each drop of its bodily fluids is also a similar garden or a similar pond". There are no interactions between different monads nor between entelechies and their bodies but everything is regulated by the pre-established harmony (§§78-9). Much like how one clock may be in synchronicity with another, but the first clock is not caused by the second (or vice versa), rather they are only keeping the same time because the last person to wind them set them to the same time. So it is with monads; they may seem to cause each other, but rather they are, in a sense, "wound" by God's pre-established harmony, and thus appear to be in synchronicity. Leibniz concludes that "if we could understand the order of the universe well enough, we would find that it surpasses all the wishes of the wisest people, and that it is impossible to make it better than it is-not merely in respect of the whole in general, but also in respect of ourselves in particular" (§90). In his day, atoms were proposed to be the smallest division of matter. Within Leibniz's theory, however, substances are not technically real, so monads are not the smallest part of matter, rather they are the only things which are, in fact, real. To Leibniz, space and time were an illusion, and likewise substance itself. The only things that could be called real were utterly simple beings of psychic activity "endowed with perception and appetite." The other objects, which we call matter, are merely phenomena of these simple perceivers. "Leibniz says, 'I don't really eliminate body, but reduce [revoco] it to what it is. For I show that corporeal mass [massa], which is thought to have something over and above simple substances, is not a substance, but a phenomenon resulting from simple substances, which alone have unity and absolute reality.' (G II 275/AG 181)" Leibniz's philosophy is sometimes called "'panpsychic idealism' because these substances are psychic rather than material". That is to say, they are mind-like substances, not possessing spatial reality. "In other words, in the Leibnizian monadology, simple substances are mind-like entities that do not, strictly speaking, exist in space but that represent the universe from a unique perspective." It is the harmony between the perceptions of the monads which creates what we call substances, but that does not mean the substances are real in and of themselves. (IV) Leibniz uses his theory of Monads to support his argument that we live in the best of all possible worlds. He uses his basis of perception but not interaction among monads to explain that all monads must draw their essence from one ultimate monad. He then claims that this ultimate monad would be God because a monad is a “simple substance” and God is simplest of all substances, He cannot be broken down any further. This means that all monads perceive “with varying degrees of perception, except for God, who perceives all monads with utter clarity”. This superior perception of God then would apply in much the same way that he says a dominant monad controls our soul, all other monads associated with it would, essentially, shade themselves towards Him. With all monads being created by the ultimate monad and shading themselves in the image of this ultimate monad, Leibniz argues that it would be impossible to conceive of a more perfect world because all things in the world are created by and imitating the best possible monad.

[@robertmoran]

Everything is entangled so, the quantum foam may consist of wormholes, winking in and out of existence in timeframes keyed to the wormhole in question. If so, the information paradox becomes moot as nature is lazy as the principle of least action rules. Great video for sure. :)

[@paulfrunza]

A great mind of our time!

[@roque4854]

I’m such a Janna Levin stan

[@The-Well]

Relatable. If you're interested, here's a playlist with the other videos she's done with us (with another coming out soon!): kzbin.info/aero/PL_B7bI1QVmJDEmPG-ND833lStOVPmYAl8

[@dangarcia5755]

wow.... just, wow

[@ericajohnson8418]

Would it be possible that the evaporated black hole, and it's stolen energy, has become dark matter? Amazing talk! Thank you for this.

[@duartelucas5746]

Maybe when they know what dark matter is.

[@ericajohnson8418]

@@duartelucas5746 They don't have to know exactly what it is to postulate that it could be a source of dark matter.

[@mattorr2256]

Or dark energy

[@paulallenscards]

@@mattorr2256same difference at the end of the day, until we can identify and differentiate different forms of whatever it is

[@175griffin]

No, black hole radiation is electromagnetic, light. The light has a wavelength on the order of the diameter of the event horizon. The virtual particle pair explanation is an oversimplification.

[@user-zr2zz9dd5f]

The music is sooo loud, distracting

[@liam8370]

The more I know the bad I feel about how much I don't know but will we ever know everything... there is to know?

[@PeterPan-vt6sy]

One will never be able to understand all of infinity.

[@khills242]

I had to read this like five times and I still have no idea what you are saying

[@Madamchief]

Knowing is impossible due to the observer effect

[@khills242]

@@Madamchief I may not know what they were saying but I don’t think the observer effect has anything to do with it

[@RichardEnglander]

It's OK to know that there will always be unknown unknowns. To be otherwise would be to have the mind of God. If you wonder what it may be like to know everything and then forget what humanity is, then read Michael Moorcock Dancers at the End of Time

[@juanaguas7728]

My head hurts

[@nickshryock7470]

the music is a noisome distraction.

[@Jamex07]

So quantum wormholes are kind of like strings? Also, i've always found the information loss paradox to be flawed. Quantum descriptors like spin, charge and mass are fixed characteristics of a system but the arrangement of those atoms are relativistic. To me this immediately made me think of vertical complexity and horizontal complexity. However, horizontal complexity can be destroyed, can't it? Configuration A and configuration B can have the same energy but different amounts of information, so is horizontal complexity really conserved? Is vertical complexity even conserved? We can annihilate particles after all. That spin, charge and mass are all destroyed when two particles annihilate. The energy isn't, but can we reconstruct what particle it was just from the left over photons of light? It seems to me that modern physics still hasn't effectively defined information which is leading to all these tangential arguments about fuzzy black holes, holography and firewalls. And perhaps all vertical complexity is horizontal complexity from some perspective. Quantum wormholes are a cool idea, but the information loss paradox doesn't lead me to believe that they exist.

[@ZaBuZaMoMoChi86]

Black holes may lead to another point of the same universe or to another paralles universe (chaotic inflation theory or dual parallel theory universes). If matter cannot be lost,it may deflate this universe and inflate what lies on the other side of the black hole. 🤔

[@ps-gh3hu]

this is too much information for my tiny brain to handle

[@lyamscrazyworld435]

Janna you are an amazing woman ❤.

[@ag3ntmp339]

Don't black holes emit their own excess energy.. so even through it eats up information it still expels excess information. So the information we perceive that is lost technically isn't lost but being used somehow‐ perhaps to keep the black hole a black hole?

[@ag3ntmp339]

I swear black holes are just inverted stars and nothing else. Literally nothing too special or significant

[@Eyeyamgod]

No, it doesn't emit energy. The idea is it may emit hawking radiation but if so it would be very little and hard to detect. It's an idea in doubt though.

[@Eyeyamgod]

@@ag3ntmp339lol you're not smart enough for this stuff 😂

[@bitkurd]

I love campfire stories

[@philsophkenny]

😮

[@LaboriousCretin]

Nice talk, though. A wormhole like Stargate would destroy fermionic matter. Paulie. Electrons would need to change energy state. You need a non fermionic bridge. A singularity is a human construct for lack of knowing. Infinity used as a cheat so they don't have to calculate all the particles and regimes and matrices and mixing and such. Use the particle zoo and energy density mapping. Neutron star calculations for fermionic to berionic layer, and neutrino layer. CMB,CNB showing that also. With layer and particles falling in the holographic theory falls short. The spegetification of a particle also gets smeared into radiation. Penrose blue shift problem solved. Energy conserved. No need for wormholes when you have quantum tunneling to a lower energy state. Information not lost but scrambled/smeared together. Firewall is more like the levels of censorship within. Fermionic, berionic, gluonic, neutrino. Each censoring in a way. I like Suskinds work, but holography seems to disingenuous when taking into account for everything. Though looking back I have to cringe when they use infinity for a finite system and singularity for something they do not know. All those teachers teaching bad habits and not clarifying it's a large number with lots of sidework they probably don't want to do. Einstein rules black holes and the big bang/ early universe. For the quantum particle pairs. Why would that not also point to a sister universe? I never hear of a multiverse theory like that even though some math points that way. Finite black holes and finite universe has solutions. CERN has a prime candidate particle and not higs lol. You can also use a virtual particle for R=0. Question does particle production increase in gravitational density? Quantum foam and gravitational waves. Why go looking for aliens when humans are already so alien from each other?

[@farzad2panahi]

my brain is on 🔥

[@The-Well]

We hope this is a good thing 🔥🧠

[@farzad2panahi]

@@The-Well it is great. keep the great content on black holes coming. I truly appreciate Janna Levin. Her depth of knowledge and explanation skills. 👍

[@eastafrika728]

Afrikan Ma'at science and Mathematics does not allow anything to disappear without reappearing in a new form. Differentiation and integration are the fundamental laws by which everything exists, all depending on the limit of energy of sense of equality that one has. The less energy, respect and empathy one has the more they are likely to return to this Earth as an animal after death.

[@ag3ntmp339]

I don't think black holes and worm holes are even related. I don't even think black holes are holes so to speak

[@IceColdProfessional]

The world is going quantum.

[@louisagarcia9923]

Reversing Time to The Bible of Enoche *! Clouds are [Portals, WormHoles] to which Rain Cometh truly from Quothe that also provide shade from the Sun! Evaporation aids the Ozone*!

[@03Griffen]

about the two side in one coin thing. this is just a theory at the moment Sun other half probably black hole?

[@peterdamen2161]

Already in her first sentence "Once you start accepting that spacetime can curve or it can stretch, it can contract, time can warp - you can play any game you want" she's wrong. Spacetime doesn't exist, GR is wrong, and hence wormholes simply don't exist.

[@geraltdelautreriv]

Spacetime doesn't exist sure buddy sure lmao

[@peterdamen2161]

@@geraltdelautreriv No, spacetime is a mathematical fabrication lacking any relation with the physical reality.

[@peterdamen2161]

@@geraltdelautreriv Exactly, spacetime doesn't exit. It's the truth 🙂

[@mightyaxis3123]

She's beautiful ❤

[@c.f.3503]

First

[@PeterPan-vt6sy]

I wonder if there’s infinite dimensions

[@Madamchief]

Probably not? It would violate Pauli Exclusion Principal

[@colinwright5157]

y = x^0 dx dy/dx = limit(0,1) x = 1 Therefore x^0 = 1 For x = 0 Singularity y = 1/0 = 0/0*0 = 0/0 = 1 There are no singularities , no black holes. It’s about time the physics community were brought back to reality. Strings is another example of runaway nonsense.

[@Nedlop1]

Rs = 2GM/c² kT=ℏg2πc=ℏc4πrs

[@marktunnicliffe2495]

So what were the objects photographed by the Event Horizon Telescope?

[@ElRayDelRio]

​@@marktunnicliffe2495 dare I say..........artificial 😅

[@moses6486]

QFT is taking it so hard that its wrong that its trying to kill GR entirely. 😂

[@PoitinCZ]

I try to follow what Janna's saying but keep getting lost in her gorgeous liquid black hole eyes....

[@Footprints1111]

The Akashic Library can never be lost. Laws of the Universe exist, they are real, they are accessible, and they are infinitely infinite. 🦋🌈✨💕

[@naromsky]

So much dogma.

[@prototype0398]

What!! Wtf?

[@ivocanevo]

You know they don't just make this stuff up, right? Even the extent of the speculation itself is quantified. The fringe ideas may turn out to be wrong, but all this is pretty far from "dogma". Unless you're going to step really far back and question absolutely everything, which is valid and you're welcome to.

[@Madamchief]

Science is actually full of dogma. If you've ever finished a high school biology course, you know about the Central Dogma of Genetics: DNA, RNA, protein.... physics has similar fundamental principles that must be presumed for every other theory to be integrated and continuous

[@MastiKaHathi]

​@@ivocanevo Basically, quantifying makes it science else it's a dogma.

[@Eyeyamgod]

Equations aren't dogma, it's not some made up fairy tale, but the Bible is though.

[@maha-madpedo-gayphukumber1533]

Nsnn