Something Strange Happens When You Follow Einstein's Math

[@veritasium]

If you want to pull your data out of a black hole of data brokers, then head to incogni.com/veritasium and use code veritasium to get 60% off an annual plan.

[@Ihavenoclue437]

Hello veritasium

[@AquarianSoulTimeTraveler]

What you're seeing in your thumbnail is a cross-section of a torrid on one side of the singularity of the toroid time Flows In Reverse and on the other side it flows regular this is the shape of the universe and we observe a flat universe because we are not the fundamental dimension of space and we have proof of Singularity inside of a convex or concave mirror and also inside of magnetism which is also a toroid with opposite spinning toroidal flows

[@venomous7321]

this comment is strangely old

[@mage4369]

make a video about strange ocean stuff like the bloop. (The bloop is debunked but there's possibly even stranger unsolved mysteries)

[@lelouchlemprouge6380]

If black hole is there , there must be somewhere like an exit so is that exit Past or some parallel universe?

[@bluerie._.3021]

And now I can begin to understand why photographing a black hole was such a big deal. Incredible.

[@windws7137]

1930s: black holes are crazy, how can they exist! 2019: here's a photo

[@prateekpanwar646]

​@@windws7137 Leave black hole we didn't even knew if Pluto was real.

[@Powerate]

It seems that the first black hole discovery was in 1971 tho

[@ProjectMATHEW]

​@@PowerateKinda, it's my understanding that there was objects that were assumed to be black holes with the observation methods available (without being able to detect gravitational waves) and they were then used to form the basis of Penrose and Hawkings' work on thermodynamics and radiation, but in 2016 they were able to detect gravitational waves, probing their existence and in 2017 they were able to capture an image which 2 years later was proved to be the first confirmed and sighted black hole. Though earlier observations were assumed and formed a basis, it is impossible to know that they weren't something else that acted in the same way, and in this field you kinda don't count anything out until you've got all the proof, you just keep working at it.

[@Powerate]

@@ProjectMATHEW This is very interesting because media culture has been portraying black holes for decades, I wonder if the perception or how they are portrayed will change by taking inspiration from the photo

[@elementallobsterx]

Finding out about a black hole on paper and then finding it in real life must’ve been an eerie and horrific endeavor.

[@iffyfox9749]

I can only imagine the existential crisis some of these theorists and scientists felt when they discovered one

[@TheTechAdmin]

Must have felt good though. A lot of times I know the inner workings of things without opening them up. But when the day comes that the object is broken and I get to open it; I enjoy seeing I was right. I imagine it was a similar feeling.

[@trppstar]

@@TheTechAdmindude yess loll

[@wordt123]

Actual bot.

[@elementallobsterx]

@@wordt123 big word scare TikTok baby🍼

[@john_wack]

Redbull will be the first to cover someone going through a singularity

[@sharthakghosh970]

🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@Merlin_YouTube]

On the worlds most advanced GoPro, no less

[@theunknowman12]

​@@Merlin_KZbin Galaxy most advance GoPro*

[@corl4147]

and the footage will be relayed back by Starlink

[@RM-sy8oo]

max Verstappen attempts to traverse the singularity in red bulls 2038 season entry car

[@lenapermyakova7307]

After discovering Hidden Astral Projection Techniques on Shirlest, I can't believe I waited so long to explore astral projection. The little details made all the difference for me!

[@namitapa]

thank you

[@megalaldamor8854]

I read it few days ago and its really great

[@jumpvelocity3953]

Is this a botted comment? This is so strange. No relevance to the video whatsoever, but an absurd number of likes with little to no replies.

[@mcmuffinravager891]

@@jumpvelocity3953 That's what I was wondering. If you search up 'shirlest' it brings up tons of ads for "astral projection" BS. How sad.

[@prizm8530]

⁠@@jumpvelocity3953this comment is super weird to have like 6k likes in 2 days

[@allseriousness]

Insane that you’ve kept 6.3 million people watching so far (after 5 days) and gotten to #1 on trending with a math heavy video with the word math in the title. It’s an educational KZbinr master class

[@BigDamCentral]

Yeah math and topics like this are dope, shouldn’t be a surprise

[@B20C0]

Also a visualization master class. Visualizing this in this way made it understandable for people with no math affinity.

[@Vincer]

Many things help: Eistein still have a stardom fame in popular imagination, and then the title also lures with Strange - and something... something what? A weird/exotic/strange mistery around einsteins greatest work. Then that vagueness of the title +mistery +strange can also allude to way more things- like what if its alluding to something wrong or something shattering... Sadly the kind of public interest (even more so for education) we ideally need would be one where this kind of view count would be in a video called 'the fascinating math of eistein' wich just doesnt happen

[@Fungfetti]

I have a severe math disability, and I'm still invested despite not knowing a single thing going on 😭🙏

[@hhaste]

@@BigDamCentral It's a surprise because of the algorithm, not because of the content

[@audioentropy6242]

As a german, I'm still stunned how a person with the name "Schwarzschild" could predict the radius of a black hole. It's such an unbelievable semantic coincident, as it basically is translated to "Blackshield"... Feels very weird hearing this, as I couldn't imagine a better word describing this phenomenon.

[@andydataguy]

Simulation confirmed - lore designers got lazy with the naming conventions

[@tsraikage]

superior beings were like "this humans are dumb, lets create somebody who can actually solve it, I've got a perfect name"

[@Princesspandapop]

😳😱🤯

[@christiankrause1594]

Yeah, and the poynting vector is the vector, pointing to the energy flux. When you experiment with cold nitrogen, the Leidenfrost Effect will prevent you from Frostleiden (german for: frost damage / frost suffer). The Rayleigh scatter scribes the scatter of a light ray. Nomen est omen! P.S.: It's a pitty Amalie Noether didn't proved that there is no ether in spacetime.

[@el0j]

i thought the same thing! very certain Schwarzschild already visited it and came back and changed his name, or, he actually came from another universe. ooooooooooooh

[@zerz4617]

The transition to Penrose diagram was one of the smoothest I’ve ever seen. Never understood it until now

[@thewhiteknuckler]

Clearly 👍

[@BhimChawhan]

Goosebumps

[@vixinitydbz]

Penrose Diagram jumpscare

[@EnciuConstantin]

I'm just a regular guy who wasn't exceptionally bright at maths or physics in school, my field of work is nowhere near astrophysics or something like that. I just like Veritasium, PBS Spacetime and Isaac Arthur's channels, and this was the first time I actually got to kinda make sense of all this stuff.

[@c.jishnu378]

314 likes but I destroyed it.

[@ŤĦĖØŅĒÅŃÐÖŇŁŸ]

0:57 for the people from the shorts

[@ShiggumsDiggums]

Goat

[@_._._.o._._._]

ily man

[@levrai-qw5cu]

Thanks bro

[@waze3174]

you are a hero

[@hiranpeiris877]

thanks

[@agnosticpanda6655]

It's an amazing coincidence that the event horizon acts as a kind of "black shield", shielding the events inside from the outside world, and "black shield" is literally what "Schwarzschild" means in german.

[@mariocastillo8334]

Ayo...

[@atomgutan8064]

Extremely big language coincidence. Like how could this happen. He didn't choose his last name or anything.

[@EEEEEEEE]

E‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎

[@austinhixson625]

Dude is that actually true? That's WILD

[@atomgutan8064]

@@austinhixson625 Yeah like this a thing I would tell my future grandchildren.

[@MaoMaster69]

This is probably the hardest thing about math. When you get this deep into math in college, it all becomes just numbers, variables, expressions, and equations. Things start to remove themselves from a tangible way of understanding. Breaking it down like this so all of it can be consumed and comprehended in such a simple fashion while still being awe-inspiring is the most astounding things that people can do in STEM fields. People explaining an entire field like this in such a tangible fashion is so important and hard to come by.

[@tonyhart2744]

math become deep, it remove the number with symbol and words

[@NinetyUnderScore]

math hard, remove number, make easy

[@jamesedward9306]

@@NinetyUnderScore 😂😂😂

[@noiJadisCailleach]

This is why we need Human artists.

[@blackwind743]

The human effort to try to understand infinity while simultaneously trying to ignore that it exsts is amusing but also very fitting considering the nature of infinity.

[@inder11111]

"he looks back at you, shaking his fist at a constant rate" something only a physicist would say

[@markkline6123]

lol I was thinking the same thing

[@blaeks]

I was thinking about something else:)

[@averageracist_219]

​@@blaeksI was thinking about u😈😈🔥🗣🐐🧑🏿‍🦲

[@mattjack3983]

​@@averageracist_219Yikes

[@guerrillaradio9953]

Picture a spherical fist....

[@nyscersul42]

This video deserves a better title. If it had been, "An exploration of black holes, white holes, and wormholes", as he sums it up early on, it's likely it wouldnt have sat on my feed unseen for 5 months before viewing. Excellent topic, by a proven excellent explorer. :D

[@lorkano]

There is a video on this channel about why they have to clickbait - I am still against it though

[@nyscersul42]

@@lorkano Silliness ends up with people missing the true topic.

[@nikplaysgames4734]

absolutely true, but ta title like that wouldn't do well under the yoututbe algorithm. Unfortunately, he has to play towards that to get any sort of traction

[@BB-9E_top-1]

"Based on Einsteins math

[@bigfoot1861]

and assholes

[@betterchapter]

Once you get so far into math, the math doesn’t even look like math anymore

[@danyaproudstudent]

then you need meth to understand math

[@herobrine8763og]

You don’t even need to go far tbh lol

[@DrDeuteron]

omg, this stuff is so practical compared to, say, category theory.

[@parithiilamaaran.h9829]

@@danyaproudstudent lol me asf

[@Zazacollector]

Math ain't Mathing

[@nilsgensert5814]

"We have one universe, why can't we have two?" Youre not getting another universe until you finish your first one, young man!

[@thetruereality2]

Underrated 😂

[@variancewithin]

Lmfao

[@Perseverence111]

We’ve had one universe, yes, but what about second universe?

[@hr8032]

@@Perseverence111 I don't think Aragorn knows about second universe, Pip!

[@dolurosu]

@@Perseverence111 *Newton throws an apple at you*

[@NikolaiRubanovskii]

I see a lot of smart physicists and astrophysicists in the comments being blown away by explaining and visualizing the diagrams, but I am just a regular guy who works in marketing and is simply fascinated by this stuff. I don't understand nearly as much as was intended for me in these videos, but I am infinitely grateful that I can still get something as complicated as this thanks to your impeccable delivery of information. Thanks Veritasium!

[@goodshiro10]

same sir, I'm just 16 and i too am fascinated by stuff like these I like veritasium as he has videos that's understandable by someone like me too lol

[@enzobg2163]

@@goodshiro10 You can still choose to follow physics in college if you want. That was the career I wanted to follow when I was young, and ended up in law haha

[@ethanbang9881]

How do I get into marketing I’ve been really interested

[@gx9362]

Starting astrophysics in college next year because of creators like this. Amazing what people can do.

[@botato64]

@@enzobg2163 I would like to live happy and wealthy, which doesn't rhyme with physics

[@Justapersonwholikescommenting]

1:56 so many holes

[@m-J_C]

I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual I'm a mature individual

[@xmcbyte8328]

A-holes

[@Mr.TwoFaceGuy]

@@m-J_CSorry I didn’t catch that. What are you again?

[@MANOFTIME]

​@@Mr.TwoFaceGuyI am just guessing here but I think he might be mature?

[@utubeSEP]

😂😂😂😂😂

[@ActionLabShorts]

The graphics in your latest videos top most any scientific graphics that exist on the internet. It is very hard to make graphics that are both accurate and understandable. Very well done

[@darkshao51]

Well I think you should see scienceclic english.

[@Isusia]

What do you think about this graphics? 😂 And most important about an idea that black/white holes are just viewer position perspective? Viewer outside: black hole (material flow in) . -- ~~~ -- . .-~ ~-. / Viewer \ / inside: \ material flow | white < < < |< < < < < | hole < < < |< < < < < | < < < |< < < < < \ material flows / \ from / `-. everywhere .-' ~- . _ . -~ White hole by definition is a "surface" where anything can only fly out of it and nothing can fall in/reach it. So when someone outside of black hole he just see like everything fall in and disappears. But when he fall in he see material can only fly out of that same "surface" he just pass through. And nothing can reach it back. Then that is a "white hole" now. How do find this idea? :)

[@hector4913]

@@Isusia not completely true & not completely false cause you just might be right & wrong at the very same time...friend

[@EmpressOfExile206]

​@@hector4913Well you can't really label his hypothesis true/false either seeing as *_all_* theories on black/white hole physics are simply unproven hypothesis based on hypothetical possibilities and thus are *equally* possible of being "true" _regardless_ of how "supported/unsupported" they are due to the amount of *_direct_*_ observation/ _*_objective_*_ data_ which we base these hypothesis on being *none* precisely lmao 💯👍

[@EmpressOfExile206]

It's awesome to see another of my *favorite channels* for demonstrations of science concepts here‼️ The viewers *_want & need_* an ActionLab/Veritasium collaboration 💯

[@hashbrownthebro]

this is why u shouldn't divide by 0

[@tarferi]

You know what? I'm going to start dividing by 0 even harder

[@baomao7243]

@@tarferiDon’t be a Zero…

[@Benjamin-od8od]

​@@tarferiyou scare me

[@christopherstage9814]

How many 0s does it take to get to center of a singularity?

[@baomao7243]

@@christopherstage9814 All that you’ve got…then add at least one more zero…

[@kovelamanas9905]

This video is just ART. Didnt understand anything but realised human ingenuity is what that needs utmost appreciation. How did we end up with these solutions with just pen and paper ? Great visuals and Narration. Veritasium never disappoints

[@VNeto94]

Some of us are really smart monkeys, which can raise the levels of awareness of the rest of the troop.

[@jayjoe3716]

@@VNeto94 And then there are some who are not smart and believe the earth is flat... It is a disgrace to humanity.

[@harryshearer992]

Eh. It’s about as impressive as a priest standing below a goat, slitting its stomach and going “ZEUS PROTECTS”

[@djannias]

🎯 Key points for quick navigation: 00:00 *🚀 Time Dilation Near the Event Horizon* - As objects approach a black hole’s event horizon, they appear to slow down and even seem frozen in time due to extreme gravitational time dilation, - Light from the object gets redshifted, eventually fading away entirely as it nears the horizon. 01:26 *🌌 Implications of Einstein’s Relativity on Black and White Holes* - Einstein’s equations hinted not only at black holes but also white holes and potential bridges, or wormholes, connecting parallel universes. - Black holes absorb all nearby matter and energy, while white holes theoretically do the opposite, ejecting matter. 02:26 *🌀 Einstein’s Field Equations: A Gravitational Shift from Newton* - Newton’s gravity faced a conceptual gap that Einstein resolved by showing gravity as the result of spacetime curvature, with masses shaping their surroundings. - These equations link mass-energy distribution with spacetime curvature, effectively describing gravitational interactions without “action at a distance.” 04:22 *⏳ Spacetime Light Cones and Event Horizons* - Light cones determine which regions of spacetime can affect or be affected by a point in space-time, defining reachable and observable areas. - Close to massive bodies, light cones narrow, signifying that objects cannot escape certain regions, hinting at black holes' event horizons. 06:22 *🌍 Karl Schwarzschild’s Solution and the Singularity Paradox* - Schwarzschild solved Einstein’s equations in 1915, discovering that near a black hole, spacetime curves steeply, leading to a “singularity” at r=0. - A second apparent singularity arises at the Schwarzschild radius, the event horizon, where escape velocity equals the speed of light. 08:22 *💥 Black Holes and Star Collapse Theories* - Early theorists doubted black holes’ existence, suggesting degeneracy pressures (electron and neutron) might prevent collapse, forming white dwarfs or neutron stars. - Chandrasekhar discovered a mass limit where even these pressures fail, suggesting massive stars could collapse into black holes. 11:55 *🌠 Event Horizons and the Spacetime Experience* - Oppenheimer’s insight showed that while external observers never see objects cross the event horizon, a person crossing it wouldn’t notice anything unusual. - Spacetime diagrams demonstrate how light cones change near a black hole, tipping inward so that anything within the horizon must continue towards the singularity. 15:25 *🌍 Distortions of Spacetime Projections* - Just as map projections distort Earth’s geography, different spacetime maps alter how we view black hole dynamics. - Reframing the coordinates at the event horizon removes the apparent singularity, allowing objects to cross it smoothly. 16:56 *🕳️ The “Waterfall” Model of Black Holes* - Space near a black hole behaves like a waterfall, where space flows inward; photons near the event horizon struggle against this flow but eventually fall in. - At the horizon, space itself falls faster than light speed, trapping everything inside. 20:19 *⌛ The Kruskal-Szekeres and Penrose Diagrams* - The Kruskal-Szekeres diagram reinterprets the black hole singularity as a final moment in time rather than a spatial point, revealing spacetime’s temporal boundary. - Penrose diagrams compress spacetime, illustrating the inevitable progression toward the singularity and showing reachable and unreachable zones in spacetime. 22:15 *🌌 White Holes: Black Hole Counterparts* - White holes, theorized counterparts of black holes, eject material instead of absorbing it, remaining inaccessible as nothing can enter them. - Unlike black holes, white holes exist in theory as time-reversed black holes, theoretically expelling matter and light. 23:46 *🌌 White Holes as Time-Reversed Black Holes* - White holes, the theoretical inverse of black holes, expel matter instead of trapping it, as relativity allows time-reversed solutions to the equations, - If real, white holes would prevent entry but eject everything inside back into space. 24:44 *🌍 Parallel Universes and Coordinate Systems* - Relativity equations allow alternate universes; parallel worlds might theoretically exist beyond the black hole's horizon, - Schwarzschild’s model shows that another universe could be mapped mathematically, similar to discovering a “southern hemisphere” on a previously unknown Earth. 27:09 *🌀 Einstein-Rosen Bridges and Wormholes* - Extending solutions to Einstein’s equations reveals theoretical wormholes, or Einstein-Rosen bridges, that link separate universes, - This model, while hypothetical, suggests that black holes might connect different regions or universes in spacetime. 28:11 *🕳️ Challenges of Traversing Wormholes* - Wormholes, if real, are thought to be unstable, with the connection “pinching off” before anything can cross, - Light cannot bridge these gaps, making travel between universes through a wormhole impossible with current understanding. 29:40 *🔄 Rotating Black Holes and Ergosphere Dynamics* - Kerr’s solution for rotating black holes includes layers such as the ergosphere, where space is dragged by rotation, making escape challenging but possible, - A second inner horizon allows limited movement but would still lead toward a ring singularity, theoretically providing a way through. 31:45 *🌠 Entering New Realms in Rotating Black Holes* - Within a rotating black hole, explorers might navigate freely around the ring singularity and enter other universes or an “anti-verse” with reversed gravity, - This remains theoretical; even if spacetime curves allow such transitions, verifying them remains beyond current science. 33:43 *⚠️ Limitations of Eternal Solutions for Black Holes* - Extended models of black holes and parallel universes assume static, eternal conditions not found in our universe, - Real black holes are formed through star collapse, making white holes improbable, as they would lack the necessary formation mechanism. 34:43 *💥 Instability of Inner Horizons in Real Black Holes* - Real black holes’ inner horizons may concentrate energy infinitely, creating singularities that block passage to any parallel universe, - This would limit any wormhole-like structures to theoretical speculation rather than practical reality. 35:13 *🚀 Theoretical Wormholes and Exotic Matter* - Wormholes suitable for stable travel require “exotic matter” with negative energy, an idea not supported by current physics, - Without exotic matter, wormholes collapse, preventing them from connecting distant parts of the universe or separate universes. 36:17 *🌌 Possibility of Surprises in Cosmology* - While white holes, wormholes, and parallel universes seem improbable by today’s physics, black holes were once deemed impossible too, - Continuing advancements in cosmology may reveal unexpected realities in our understanding of the universe. Made with HARPA AI

[@benjaminw3922]

Fun fact as fellow artilleryman, when calculating ballistic trajectories you start by pretending there is nothing in a flat 2-d universe except the howitzer, the round, and a constant 'down'-word acceleration. From that start point of the "standard" world, you then add corrections for every error, wind speed/direction/density, humidity, your distance from the equator, the rotation of the earth, wether [sic] you're firing with or against that rotation, the weight of the round, air temperature, and most anything else that could effect any part of the round traveling. It makes logical sense to me that Schwartzchild would take a similarly empty starting approach to solve Einstein's equations.

[@trrrmac]

how many did you hit.

[@benjaminw3922]

@@trrrmac I've never missed? Missing is pretty uncommon in the US. The math is surprisingly detailed, facilitated by hundreds of reference pages of raw reference data and simple/repeatable step-by-step reference sheets you use everytime all to make sure the round goes where you were asked to put it. 🤣 Not the most fun thing thing to do manually, but it works! Plus, we have a few computer systems we use as the primary means to do the math once we're out of training which helps dramatically!

[@ThePrisoner881]

@@trrrmac A conventional unguided M549A1 155 mm artillery projectile has a circular error probable (CEP) of 267 m (876 ft) at its maximum range, meaning that half of the rounds can be expected to land within 267 m (876 ft) of their intended target. The lethal radius of a typical 155mm round is about 50m, but fragments can extend well beyond that for "soft" targets (i.e. humans, light vehicles like unarmored trucks, etc.). So a "hit" depends on a lot of factors, not the least of which is what you're trying to hit. Troops in the open? 50m away is likely lethal to them. A tank? Unless you hit it directly, you're probably not even damaging it. A bunker? Not only must you hit it, but you must penetrate it.

[@Mmoll1990]

This is the common approach to basically any problem that applies mathematical theory to the physical world.

[@828SAGE]

Not just a run-of-the-mill grunt... They're grunts who are good at ballistics and calculus 😂🎉 thanks for your service!

[@kyalanur1]

this is the kind of veritasium videos i live for. complex enough to make me feel a lost, but with a clear thread of intuition running through it that makes me feel like I understand what's going on. def watching this a 100 more times

[@hector4913]

it's exactly what I felt...or this just might be one his best videos ever produced 🤩!!!

[@TamWam_]

Frr, he explained it in such a way where I grasp the concept/bigger picture, just not the details, and I haven't even studied calculus yet 💀💀

[@user-os7ec4dm8x]

White holes are better than black holes!

[@biopsiesbeanieboos55]

You’d love Floathead Physics.

[@ThomasJr]

Lol, it's very complex indeed. Complexity that requires a lot of studying. Then again there's a point where even the experts can't have a consensus anymore.

[@adityavenkatraman7509]

A mathematician friend of mine pointed to 16:39 and reminded me not to put infinity directly in the integral limits. I told him that if I ever dealt with a black hole as an engineer, I'll remember not to

[@cheowweikoay2601]

need more likes!!!

[@DipanshuSehjal]

Spot on!

[@emilyrln]

Who needs infinity when you have a reasonable approximation? 😂

[@seaonat1576]

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[@afaintbluelight]

​@@emilyrlnexactly!

[@enilegnave87]

4:19 I am currently studying philosophy of physics in my third year of university. I'm a philosopher and haven't done much physics so this idea was entirely mind-boggling to me. you just simplified what we've been study for 5 weeks into a couple of minutes. thank you so much this will definitely help me in my module

[@Avishek85]

Seriously, who needs Netflix when you have amazing content like this Veritasium channel on KZbin?

[@aldunlop4622]

I can watch videos like this all day, and not even want to pause. Utterly fascinating.

[@DoomMirror]

​​​@@aldunlop4622unless they start to teach how to solve all those math equations 😂

[@soundscape26]

They serve different purposes.

[@Malthus]

This comment made me look at his number of subscribers, and holy sh*t that's a big number, faith in humanity restored.

[@dancod4538]

the glaze is crazy

[@CoverBydAn]

Man, the animation is totally world class. Nothing unnecessarily elaborate, but just enough to tell the story. Derek is not a youtuber, he’s an educator who uses youtube as his platform.

[@adammiller161]

Only this dude can keep me watching a video for 40 minutes that I understand 0% of. Great stuff

[@mubaraqoshodi5953]

@@adammiller161 😂😂😂

[@MathHunter]

@@adammiller161 Um actually it's 37 minutes (easter egg?)

[@rmoore850]

Agreed.

[@panner11]

True, videos like these have such value for visualization even for people already deep their STEM fields. This is why it's sad there was that whole movement done by internet elitists to try and make Veritasium out to be a fraud because of that one electricity video that caused confusion. Mob mentality really sucks.

[@gunsandgranola7262]

I love how the PhD’s say “the mathematic equation is quite simple really.” I needed every second of this video to just grasp the idea behind it.

[@skydivenext]

Is this basic class of physics students?

[@MrLennart1976]

Everything is simple once you know how. And Once people know how, they tend to forget how complicated it felt at first

[@kiyarashborna6783]

Be proud of yourself. I rewatched every second of the video multiple times and i still dont think i even grasp the idea. @gunsandgranola7262

[@matteobenvestito9537]

​@@skydivenext Nope... you only begin to study general relativity during your master degree, at least here in Italy

[@skydivenext]

@@matteobenvestito9537 then is veritasium genius?

[@drpygmr2416]

2:43 Actual Scientists Shia LaBeouf?

[@yassirabstargo6151]

😂😂 fr

[@juliememoriesguest7958]

anyone can call themselves a scientist I call myself a mystic voyager

[@zubairno1]

I rarely leave comments, but I have to say, the incredible effort you've poured into this video is absolutely astonishing. Your ability to explain Einstein's complex equations with such clarity and engagement is a testament to your years of dedication and the deep insights you gained during your PhD research on effective science education. The stunning graphics and your compelling presentation style kept me captivated throughout the entire video. This work brilliantly showcases your passion and the extensive journey you've undertaken to make challenging topics accessible and enthralling for everyone. Amazing job, Derek!!! 👍🏽

[@GG-vv1zq]

Excellent review for this video. So well stated, that I couldn't help but think that you would be great at writing reviews for companies. You could sell just about any company, with your eloquent way of speaking on a subject. Outstanding!!

[@zubairno1]

@@GG-vv1zq Thank you for your kind words. I am unsure who would pay for my reviews lol but I am glad my approach resonated with you :)

[@shloksinha7023]

what about melody ship

[@beigeninjah]

This comment right here golden

[@robdutk]

YES! us plebians really appreciate your time and effort to edumacate us!

[@virtualnk5825]

I got mind blown when Prof. Geraint F. Lewis said at 26:58 "This is the simplest solution to the Einstein field equations and it already contains a black hole, white hole and two universes".

[@vedantchourey7362]

This may open the possibility of things which are beyond our comprehension.

[@ivoryas1696]

​@@vedantchourey7362 Or maybe... and this _maybe a _*_big_* if... *_just_* inside it! I'm hoping it is, tbh.

[@ironhorse492]

This progression of complexity is pretty common in physics. We use differential equations to describe how the Universe works. Thos differential equations can go from trivially easy to solve to a five minute exercise to a real headache to literally impossible to solve by just adding one term for each step. Einstein's equations are a set of 11 differential equations all coupled together, its a miracle we have any solutions at all

[@galactoman5503]

@@ironhorse492 bruteforce ftw?

[@zFreacker]

@@galactoman5503 brute force get´s kind of hard considering you basically have an infinite amount of functions (let alone the curvature) most of which when applied will just return something you have to spent time on trying to understand and interpret. It´s way more than just pluging in random numbers and seeing what fits (the tough but interesting part)

[@boomerfingers]

At 09:20, we witness one of history's cussing sickest science KZbin transitions. WTF @veritasium!? Clean!

[@Xecoda]

I just went to the comment section to say the same thing.

[@icecream6256]

"Hey there's the southern hemisphere" "Also there're 2 earths" gets me 😂

[@megahemphead]

It made me snort :(

[@MbitaChizi]

My parents said if I reach 10k, they'd buy me a professional camera for recording... Pls guys Im literally begging you!.

[@Apr0x1m0]

Just keep ignoring us, we'll be whats left after the nukes.

[@kronasdese]

Timestamp?

[@TaylorfromPapaLouie]

​@@kronasdese26:28

[@andybrinegar8861]

I fully expect a “37” Easter egg in every video from now on

[@Eclipse_L_]

I NOTICED THAT

[@nightelfmohawk9821]

And notice the episode is 37 minutes long too

[@animatorslife9733]

yeah, me too!

[@asheep7797]

like at 1:14

[@animatorslife9733]

@@nightelfmohawk9821 👀

[@The_Unintelligent_Speculator]

Every single minute of this documentary was surreal.

[@Sir_Loin_]

That's because it's false

[@raider_cz1946]

@@Sir_Loin_ Explain?

[@HellionSol]

Its fun that a KZbin video can educate me and make me feel like a dumb monkey at the same time

[@BroadHobbyProjects]

​@@raider_cz1946He probably thinks the earth is flat.

[@Asd-tk2if]

@@BroadHobbyProjects And you probably drool and clap at everything you see without forming an opinion. Not everyone agrees with some theories and not everyone needs to.

[@st.altair4936]

This is hands-down one of the coolest videos on KZbin. So many concepts I just could not wrap my head around summed up so succinctly.

[@74Gee]

I think the coordinates directly between a white hole, a black hole and the two universes would be a great place for a cafe.

[@ciaran5519]

The Restaurant at the End of the Universe: good book title there, don't you think?

[@sphinx1239]

​@@ciaran5519 Damnn

[@Just-screw-it]

@@ciaran5519the last coffee on earth

[@mihagomiunik2758]

Or a Wallmart, highway and some parking 🇺🇲🇺🇲🇺🇲🇺🇲🦅🦅🦅

[@plo8monster]

@@Just-screw-it take forever to get that cup of coffee. very slow waitresses

[@popoliodiego]

"This is the simplest solution to the Einstein field equations and it already contains a black hole, a white hole and two universes" Great line.

[@SinHurr]

Glory to me, the 100th like.

[@TamWam_]

No bc when I was thinking of what would happen if you went inside a black hole that's spinning, before he showed us the answer, I was like "crosses into another universe through a white hole right?" But I realised it wasn't possible. Til that reveal at the end, to be fair I think anyone would've guessed that but still 😭

[@tabhorian]

And spinning at that!

[@lukeutah420]

Glory hole

[@otggoddess2415]

@@tabhorianAND A THEORY AT THAT.

[@Jerrrbear]

As someone with a bachelors of science and physics who has studied general relativity, this is an absolutely phenomenal video; it is arguably one of the most amazing videos on this channel. Derek, you have absolutely outdone yourself! This video finds a way to communicate some of the most complex topics in all of Physics in a way that anyone can understand, many hats off to you!

[@TamWam_]

Physics scares me 😨 this is why I take chemistry

[@cjpartridge]

@@TamWam_ You'll learn much more about your reality with chemistry, than you ever will from these Jesuit spawned mathematical models masquerading as science.

[@ThomasJr]

I've watched many such videos and there many amazing ones. I think the one by Alex of Astrum is even better than this one (then again Alex is a real physicist, not just a communicator).

[@ncykalewicz]

All his videos are great. Love this guy

[@professorwiggins3290]

We are like house cats discussing calculus. We can't even imagine. We throw words around that we can understand, but we don't have brains that can comprehend.

[@danielodom3839]

Lots of people don't realize Albert Einstein had a crazy evil brother. Frank Einstein

[@themchannel853]

"It's Frankensteen!"

[@Benjamin-v5l]

He was one hell of a doctor. Did great things in the field of anatomy and transplant science

[@vikingbiker]

Oh ffs! 😂

[@SivadBop]

Opened this thinking "ok black holes are well-trodden youtube material and PBS Spacetime has been crushing it on the science explainers," and what could this possibly add? Then there's this coherent, beautifully structured and produced, 37-minute-video-that-feels-18-minutes long that is a masterwork of both passion and competence for teaching. It makes NdGT seem unapproachable in comparison. Awesome

[@dsp4392]

Woah, I honestly wouldn't have realized this was 37 minutes long if it wasn't for your comment.

[@krishbrd]

NdGT catching strays

[@Merennulli]

PBS Spacetime did a good job explaining it as well. They split it up across a few videos to get more into the weeds, though. This was a good high level overview.

[@gracetonsanthmayor6687]

Well spoken, comrad

[@panner11]

My hope is that this video leads curious people and bridges them over to channels like PBS spacetime that dive deeper into these subjects.

[@haariger_wookie5646]

Full respect for dancing on the line between „ohhhh that is how that works“ and „I have no idea what they are talking about…“

[@haariger_wookie5646]

Never mind… it has been 5 more minutes and I am firmly in „I have no idea what they are talking about…“ Still very entertaining

[@rohan7637]

LMAOOOOOOO, I'm still just sure about few things said here, yet unsure about all the maths and the diagram which was shown at last about wormholes

[@cslack813]

Did you know that you can use the same character for opening and closing quotes “”??

[@MrJdsenior]

@@cslack813 Hell, I didn't even know that character EXISTED. :-) Can I assume it is just a double comma? It makes me wonder if that is the way quotes work in some language other than English. Also, just because one question mark is good doesn't mean two are better (just kidding).

[@tomas.stesti]

You are just on the event horizon of not/understanding it 😀

[@TheCompleteZygarde]

36:38 Pippin - "We have one universe, yes, but what about second universe?" Merry - "Don't think he knows about second universe, Pip."

[@bozhidarmihaylov]

Winnie: But I Want More! 😂

[@Alex.Winchester]

@@bozhidarmihaylovno this is a lord of the rings fellowship of the rings reference

[@RadioFreeMN]

best comment

[@delvijayjon]

Relativity as per J.R.R.Tolkein

[@cookymonstr7918]

No, no, the Big one. Big one!

[@hunszaszist]

This is probably the best video you've done yet. You consider all known factors for why these structures might exist but also don't jump to Michio Kaku-like insane conclusions by showing how the universe we see don't seem to allow that. All the while you never crush our sense of longing for something wondrous. Amazing job, Derek. You're a science communicator par excellence.

[@inscrutablemungus4143]

Got to hand it to you: this is probably the best layman-focused explanation of black holes that I've seen anywhere on the internet (not including formal lecture series like Lenny Susskind's Theoretical Minimum). -- I'm a theoretical physicist at a national lab in the US.

[@thefreemonk6938]

How do I become like you?

[@OK-69420]

Thats the neat part, you dont ​@@thefreemonk6938

[@CuboydMC]

@@thefreemonk6938Lots and lots of learning

[@squedward]

@@thefreemonk6938depends how old you are

[@inscrutablemungus4143]

@@thefreemonk6938 Major in physics (and/or math) at your local state school, do well in your classes and if possible join one of your professor's research group and get some experience tackling 'real' problems. Apply to grad school (helps to have an interested advisor, so make connections!), write papers and present at conferences. Get your PhD and apply for research positions that are interesting to you. Most faculty and national lab staff positions typically require you to do a postdoc to build up your publication record. It's a long road, and academic positions come with their own annoyances and downsides. You'll make a lot more money in industry (especially given the extent of your education) and not have to work as hard. But if you really want the pure 'discovering the unknown' vocation that the Einsteins and Kelvins of the past had, a national lab staff position is about as close as you can get (excluding becoming a billionaire and funding your own lab).

[@goofyloofy293]

Veritasium has a knack for explaining intense astrophysics in a somewhat understandable manner to us laymen.

[@SoraNeku]

he has a PhD in Physics Education so theres that.

[@AriefAsakura]

wait.... you could understand the video?

[@goofyloofy293]

@@AriefAsakura not really but definitely moreso that some random lecture or textbook. It was still entertaining though

[@MAYNOR82]

But if you want real deep astrophysics explanations with calculus equations and theoretical physics, go see Matt @ PBS Spacetime! I could barely keep up!

[@NebulaAccount]

​@@AriefAsakura it was pretty simple

[@rishuraj2806]

22:38 . "Now your entire future is in blackhole." Most relatable line ever.

[@unknown0soldier]

Underrated comment xD

[@BagOCheetos]

I came looking for this comment. Wasn't disappointed. Haha

[@rabeni805]

@judgeaileencannon9607 Space/physical exists because of time. Not the other way around.

[@blipmachine]

He stole that line from my mom

[@MrVinky59]

I was expecting this comment from at least one person!

[@Laki_v]

Quantum physics and black holes together are going to reveal a new another world

[@justyourfriendlyneighborho903]

Insane that an educational video got to #2 on the overall trending page, goes to show how amazing this channel is

[@wyzcrackzcomedy5215]

🤣🤣🤣It's funny that you all think this ridiculousness is educational. Shows why this world is in the situation it's in. People really believe pseudo science is real science. Following the herd generally indicates that you're following stupidity. And that's exactly what this nonsense is. A bunch of theoretical nonsense.

[@JJean64]

Actually it was #1 for some time

[@PHOTON.thief.]

okay

[@rosestrohm7986]

I think its great that people still want to learn

[@Epoch11]

It shows that not everyone on KZbin is an idiot just most people

[@X3n0nLP]

The moment the diagram was laid out as a square with a triangle on top I thought "well that kinda seems incomplete" and with every expansion my mind was further blown. So satisfying to watch that diagram slowly grow until it reaches theoretical infinity.

[@punjabiexplorer]

So you think you are better than Einstein

[@stellarintellect]

​@@punjabiexplorerbruh what

[@elwoodjardeo6133]

​@@punjabiexplorer whaat hes just exclaiming in awe why are you making this an ego thing

[@janimalius]

Is it reaching infinity, or is it looping? I mean, the guy gave the example of a globe...

[@jokerimmortal]

It's a pyramid scheme

[@SuperShadowmetal]

"the war treated me kindly enough, in spite of the heavy gunfire, to allow me to get away from it all and take this walk into the land of your ideas" ..... BARS and eloquence.

[@solidoxygen7873]

I'm glad he didn't get killed by a stay explosion

[@richtigmann1]

@@solidoxygen7873 agreed, that would have really sucked

[@ShaiyanD]

@@richtigmann1like a black hole

[@NickGreyden]

The war has treated me kindly enough In spite of the, like, gunfire and stuff To allow me to get away from all this malice To allow me a walk inside of your mind palace

[@sion8]

​@@NickGreyden *+*

[@HD-gw4wf]

Must be annoying doing an interview with a camera in your face from the guy interviewing you when there is one already setup in front of them both

[@ScienceClicEN]

Fantastic video as always! Very glad I could participate 🙏

[@yoloboogie3674]

hard to understand the scienceclic videos but this makes more sense

[@Siberian_Khatru.]

Ive seen a few of your videos,they are absolutely good and your editing levels are top notch too!

[@Advythe]

I've been subbed for a while, as soon as I saw the Astronaut POV clip I knew it was you, congrats on the collab!

[@mouchoirs_blancs3582]

Sa m'a étonné quand j'ai entendu ton nom dans la vidéo XD

[@albertosierraalta3223]

@@yoloboogie3674I disagree. I think ScienceClic has some of the best explanations in science

[@st.blocks8055]

00:02 Objects crossing the Event Horizon of a black hole appear frozen in time. 02:31 Einstein's field equations describe how gravity is mediated by SpaceTime curvature. 07:08 Schwarzschild metric describes spacetime curvature around a massive object. 09:33 Electron degeneracy pressure explains white dwarf formation 14:29 Different projections of 4D SpaceTime can help study different properties. 16:51 Understanding how space flows into a black hole 20:58 Universe can be contracted into a single map using Penrose diagram. 23:09 White holes expel matter, opposite of black holes 27:14 Black holes can potentially be used to travel from one universe to another. 29:12 Kerr found solutions for spinning black holes 33:39 Challenges with Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions 35:43 Wormholes require exotic matter with negative energy density.

[@roxaskobold5101]

Doing God's work

[@ChrisBeenDeadInside4WhileNow]

Thank you for your service

[@HoboGardenerBen]

Champion comment :)

[@arrondeese5688]

Thank you! 😂

[@totally_not_mikey]

Bro saw this video and went "these small details are killing me... Must... Correct"

[@rickintexas1584]

The brilliance of the people who figured this stuff out is staggering. That Einstein guy truly was pretty smart.

[@aldunlop4622]

It's also a lot of bloody hard work.

[@AndrewBailee-x5w]

i like newton...you like fruit (ice cube 22 jump street line)

[@MysticalRefpanel]

people continue to underestimate the term "a life's work" dude literally spent his entire existence on it and also had the enough intelligence to keep going. yes.

[@bobs182]

@@MysticalRefpanel Einstein came up with General and Special Relativity while he was young.

[@BiasOfficialChannel]

What's really fascinating here is that we can predict the universe with math. Like did we invent math or discover it?

[@asrarbw]

28:13 Voldemort gives phenomenal insights into Einstein-Rosen Bridge.

[@Etanmm]

Math: You can't divide by zero Physics: Dividing by zero produces an einstein rosen bridge in the space time manifold to another universe traversable only if the singularity is spinning

[@liam78587]

average math nerd vs average physics enjoyer

[@lilwoody1738]

@@liam78587In this context its actually really funny and makes sense lol

[@zaidbhaiboss]

From what I understand I think it's not dividing by absolute zero but something that approaches zero so that's a different thing. You do this all the time in Calculus.

[@necoyouth]

Dammit math nerd😂 I like the Einstein rosen bridge into another universe through the spinning singularity

[@MagikMKW]

Me when I compare highschool maths with research level physics

[@gibn1542]

I never expected to learn how Einstein Rosen bridges actually work more than just watching it being referenced in pop culture media as a cheap way to get characters to another space

[@DarthHoosier3038]

One thing I’m confused about is, he speaks about anti-universes where gravity pushes rather than pulls. But, in that case, wouldn’t it be impossible for black holes to form? Aren’t black holes essentially wells of inwardly pulling gravity?

[@woodthomas14]

@@DarthHoosier3038 I think it would be similar to how white holes are most likely impossible in regular universes

[@BrianWelch-vc7xy]

@@DarthHoosier3038 Yes, which is why in an anti-verse white holes would dominate instead of black holes. The mode of travel to a new universe would be the same. Not sure how a ship would react being in such a universe, however. Interesting thought experiment.

[@MysticalRefpanel]

@@woodthomas14 yeah it takes looking at the anti universe with the same lense as our regular one, the white holes take place of the black holes and black holes take place of the white ones. white ones in the antiverse are not just possible but provable just as our regular black holes there. on the other hand the black holes are "unlikely to exist"

[@tobbse4ever]

​@@BrianWelch-vc7xy You know what would be awesome? 1. Travelling into the Antiverse, 2. get some good ol steel bars with negative density, 3. go back into a normal universe, 4. build custom wormhole back to home. 5. Bring freedom to new planets 6. Profit 😊

[@josephmuema7916]

30:14 This whole motion sequence just blew my mind. I felt like I was the one travelling through it. Phenomenal

[@MichaelEilers]

Why is it a cardioid shape, not a sphere?

[@Kavaitsu]

​@@MichaelEilers because this black hole is rotating, Veritasium said it right before the time stamp

[@Kavaitsu]

I hope someone makes a movie with these accurate dimensions (I guess Interstellar is the closest yet)

[@josephmuema7916]

@@MichaelEilers just as @Kavaitsu said, it is because it's a rotating blackhole, so the centripetal force resulting from it pushes its boundaries outwards from its original spherical shape.

[@thibaudbourgeois4406]

Go check out ScienceClic youtube channel (the one who made the animation). The is one of the best channel here on KZbin. State of the art videos for understanding advanced astronomical concepts. Maybe the best educational channel. He does videos in french, but I know that he now uploads the same videos on a new English equivalent clone channel with English voice explanation.

[@teddyochieng7922]

The thing I like about Veritasium is that the math and Physics parts are hard to watch, but I can endure that pain knowing there's something amazing coming. Delivers always!

[@bartk07]

The guy talking just like that with physics world gurus and showing it all to us here in yt in such a quality and elegant way simply blows my mind.

[@mikemondano3624]

Derek has a background in physics education. Normally, that means more education and less physics. He turned that paradigm on its head. It's refreshing to listem to an educator who actually knows what he is talking about. Prospective teachers at my university get simplified courses whose textbooks look like coloring books. But they sure study a lot about how to deliver the knowledge that they don't have.

[@bartk07]

@@mikemondano3624 I follow Derek's channel for years and yet still cannot believe there is still room for the quality to be getting better and better.

[@mkhanman12345]

@@bartk07better believe it Watching some Ty tube KZbin

[@jonasjanousek7132]

You've just got me puzzled. Again. Literally every Veritasium video makes want to leave university and go study physics, maths or anything the video talks about. I barely understand anything in your videos, but that's what I love about them, and what makes me watch every single episode. Thank you for educating people. Keep up the good work.

[@Dilip-be9xb]

I guess i am not the only one thay feels this way

[@aerchys4779]

I mean, if you’re in uni you’re already in one of the best possible positions to study physics, so if it really captivates you that much give it a shot, like a minor or a double major if you’re not ready to change yet

[@GamerKiwiOfficial]

U gonna hate it, dont 😂😂

[@DanBowkley]

You could "take a few courses" via MIT's Open Courseware. They don't count for credits or anything (hence the quotes) but they include all the course materials including tests so you can see if it's actually something you'd want to study. It's a free test drive you can take infinitely.

[@lemyskaman]

becarefull is not that visually easy on math or physics universities course, to taggle that down you need skill and they need time and effort to be develop

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

This video was a fun journey from explaining things I thought I already understood, to things I knew I didn't understand, to things I didn't think I could understand, to explaining things I didn't realize anyone could understand, to explaining things that can't be understood. It's like I've entered this video's event horizon and ended up at the end of its universe.

[@Innovate22]

Well Said Sir 👏👏👏

[@mdmoz1777]

Substitute "video" with "physical life."

[@songteller]

Another issue that isn't covered here is that if you passed through into that antiverse you mentioned, you could continue tiling the universes, black holes and white holes laterally into infinity - and if you did that then you could enter the same universes from both sides of singularities. From one side you'd enter via a white hole from a universe, the other via a different white hole from an antiverse, where gravity would work backwards. Somewhere in that process there would have to be a reversal of gravity for one of the travelers, suggesting that the equivalent to a singularity must exist on some edge of a white hole. There's nothing in the models shown that accounts for that (it would be interesting to see one that did).

[@ericbeauchamp7385]

I've taken just enough math that I BARELY understand what they're saying and my mind is absolutely blown. This. Is. INCREDIBLE.

[@michaelcherokee8906]

There was math in this video?

[@sorteskyer]

@@michaelcherokee8906 Everything shown in this video was math

[@michaelcherokee8906]

@@sorteskyer Shown? You mean you actually WATCH videos still?

[@gav23444]

the ad countdown timer in the upper right corner is genius i love it

[@supdawg_27]

Yes, makes it easy to skip

[@maxbildungsaccount6915]

I mean yes for me too bc it‘s easier to skip but isn‘t this kinda his job to make ppl watch ads?

[@supaplayer123]

Get KZbin premium Best ever I honestly forget ppl even watch ads on KZbin

[@gav23444]

@@supaplayer123 I’m momentarily poor lol

[@gav23444]

@@maxbildungsaccount6915 nah he makes content, he obviously cares more about his viewers than ads. But yeah there’s def still a balance between the 2 he gotta maintain

[@PaulThatcher-iu5in]

Approaching the problem by using different projections really helped me to understand, for example, why images of everything that fell in do not remain at the event horizon. In fact, the map projection analogy itself made Penrose diagrams suddenly feel much less alien, more intuitive. Also, pleased to see the cooperation with Science Clic, a channel that excels at intuitive explanations. All good!

[@travissmith34]

So, someone correct me if I'm wrong. As you get closer to the black hole, the more time slows down relative to a static observer far away from the event horizon. So hypothetically, if you fell beyond the event horizon and reached a point close to the singularly (and you were still alive) would you be perceiving time flowing at a normal rate for all things in a similar proximity to the event horizon? The implications of this question I believe are very significant and incredible. Because, if the singularly is truly the absolute end of time, that would mean time dilation would be able to continue exponentially to infinity, which in turn means that you theoretically never reach the singularity from the perspective of an observer in relatively normal time. Secondly, if you did reach the singularity, wouldn't you essentially be fast forwarded to the last possible point in time? So my theory based on this, is intriguing to say the least. If you fell in, you would be falling towards the singularly for what would feel like a reasonable amount of time from your perspective, but before you reached the singularity the entire rest of time outside the time distortion of the black hole would have passed. (Until something happens to the black hole itself.) So basically in the most crude of explanations, you fall in for a little over an hour and right before you reach the singularity, the black hole fizzles out. If you miraculously survive, you're in a universe where there are only black holes. No stars, no planets, no light. You're at the end.

[@travissmith34]

I've given this comment great thought, and the more I think about it, the more conceptions I can come up with. I can't comprehend how a singularity could possibly be a single point. I was looking at the Penrose diagram and I feel, through intuition, that it could be improved. At the point before the concept of a rotating black hole where it was just the 4 regions, black hole, white hole, our universe and parallel universe, I believe for the case of the diagram it could be copied in any direction and still make sense. For example if you copied the four regions in the same format, aligned where r=0 , above each other, that it would make everything make sense. The singularity is a point of 0, to go beyond it is to be negative. The singularity of the black hole is simultaneously the singularity of a white hole.

[@travissmith34]

I ask everyone that reads this to boost this post, I want these options to be explored. I have hypotheses that have inadequate time, resources or knowledge, to disprove or prove. I truly believe that the equation could be altered, but I'm no Einstein.

[@travissmith34]

Also, a completely new thought as of about a minute ago, white hole singularities. Time near one is opposite of that of a black hole. The closer you are to the singularity of a white hole, the closer you are to the infinite beginning of time. Everything moves faster relative to an observer outside the radius of space time distortion. All the math regarding the black hole works in opposite.

[@dreammachine86]

@@travissmith34 My physics capabilities are pretty basic but I can recall from watching some videos about black holes on the Kurzgesagt channel - another fantastic channel for science & discovery - that a singularity is actually meant to be a ring; something similar to the shape of a donut! I can't remember much more, you'll have to check out their videos. Your first post is very interesting by the way. A similar thing I've wondered myself and seen a few other commenters suggest that if you fell into a black hole but were facing back towards the event horizon, then surely you'd be able to see all the rest of time/history pass incredibly quickly. Just like time dilation in other scenarios - one observer will see the other's time going really slowly, but for that other observer they will see the first observer's time going really quickly. So if a distant observer is seeing the events in time next to a black hole's event horizon go really slowly, from the black hole's perspective the time outside it would be going incredibly quickly. As you say, would time dilation be infinite at the singularity? If so would that mean that, from the perspective of the singularity, it begins & finishes its existence in a single moment? A single moment in which it sees the entirety of time from its creation - or at least up until it ceases to exist through some other means. Actually I can see a kind of analogue with a photon in this. I recently discovered that from the perspective of a photon, travelling anywhere in the universe is instantaneous. We see it travel at the speed of light from our frame of reference, but if a photon could experience its own existence, its creation, travel and absorption (or dissipation if that's the best word) would all be in a single moment in which no time passes in its own frame of reference. So the similarity I see here is that this time dilation for a photon is infinite - caused by relativity, but special relativity - the time dilation is caused by the high speed, the highest possible speed in fact (I have seen 'kinematic time dilation' as a term for this). Whereas the time dilation from a black hole is caused by gravitational strength - but the end result is pretty much the same, an infinite amount of time dilation.

[@2kDVI]

@@travissmith34 this is some great stuff to think about :)

[@opterios]

Derek, I think this is your best video yet (and that's saying something, because every video you make is worth watching), but this is on another level. As a non professional physisist/mathematician, I finally understand what scientists mean when they say "math predicts that there may be other universes" or "math predicts that white holes are possible", which was almost like a taboo to go into details by anyone! Thank you!

[@muhammadahwar3023]

This is the best Scientific video I have ever seen by Veritasium or anyone. I used to watch a lot of videos on your channel but sometimes could not understand it because my math is very bad. But, this video was the best as the diagrams and way of explanation are awesome. Thanks for such a great experience, you must watch it wearing headphones and in a dark room to see the beauty of this video.

[@EEEEEEEE]

E‎ ‎

[@CostelloDamian]

Facts. I watched it glued to the screen.

[@cbuchner1]

@@EEEEEEEE rushed E or regular E?

[@johnchessant3012]

I love math. The fact that people were able to mathematically see that black holes could exist, even as most physicists thought they were preposterous, is just so awesome.

[@mikemondano3624]

It was the physicists who saw them as mathematically possible.

[@MarkAhlquist]

It's happening again with the Many Worlds interpretation, isn't it?

[@Tubylec7028]

facts

[@HandledToaster2]

​@@MarkAhlquist No

[@SedoKai]

​@@MarkAhlquistI'm sure there's many worlds. But there's no way they connect neatly like is proposed here, and you're not going to see "parallel" worlds where things look nearly identical and there's extra versions of yourself or others. And there's certainly not infinite worlds.

[@AlexGolimbievsky]

Mind-bending in the very best way. Stellar job breaking down these concepts into understandable pieces. Veritasiam is a gift to this world. Thank you, Derek and team!

[@ivybridge4054]

This topic, especially for many in your regular audience, has been attempted by many from PBS to Sabine to even lectures by Leonard and podcasts in which Penrose himself is explaining. From someone who is not on the level to truly understand despite a lot of attempts and re-watching, as well as an educator, thank you for trying again because I really learned and connected a lot that I had not fully understood before. One of your best videos, and that is saying something.

[@mishmash86]

My thoughts exactly. This is the clearest explanation I've seen thus far for a layperson with keen interest in understanding astrophysics. Superb!

[@TamWam_]

​@@mishmash86Fr, I haven't even reached the point in math where you learn calculus and I still felt like I understood this (the concept and not the details tho) 😭

[@shilohbridgewater6407]

Check out the book in the video by Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw called Black holes. If you want to dive deeper, it's an excellent read

[@rishi_sk]

This "37" minute video on black holes might be one of the best educational video to ever exist.

[@joj4541]

36, the ad

[@VelexiaOmbra]

37 | 73 12 | 21 (prime ranks) 144 | 441 (prime ranks squared) 37 | 27 | 73 12 | - | 21 37+27+73 = 137 12+21 = 33 (prime rank of 137) Behold the mathematical Trinity ;) 37 -> Your inner world (Red, Thor, Animus, Conscious, Horus) 73 -> Your outer world (Blue, Hel, Anima, Unconscious, Set) 27 -> the observer (Green, Loki, No One, Subconscious, Anubis) 137 -> everything and nothing (White/Black, Odin/Freyja, Self/No Self, No Self/Self, Isis/Osiris) (Check them out geometrically as well, centered hexagonal numbers, star numbers, triangular numbers (makes the "triforce" together), etc) Note, 37 and 73 are hyperbolically mirrored, such that one appears larger from the vantage point of the other, one appears to wrap around the other, until you cross the "event horizon" between them, just like crossing a black hole event horizon, the horizon would wrap around you completely, appearing at first convex, then a perfectly flat infinite plane, and finally concave until the last bit of light directly behind you was gone, and at that point you have "crossed". You would never see yourself pass through, but the inside would become the outside, and the outside would become the inside, going from Spacetime to Timespace.

[@noodlepoodleoddle]

Derek I don't know how you managed to create a video going over such massive and complex concepts and still making it all make sense. The building blocks, the reveal of blackhole, the transition into Penrose diagram, the theories leading to the white hole, parallel universes and even the antiverse together making this the most epic and informative educational content I've ever seen. It shows how good you truly are at what you do. Thank you for being you.

[@GDOsmium]

And in less time than an average university lecture too!

[@johnfarmind5267]

Humblebraggggg

[@newtonswig]

I agree, this 100% is the best veritasium ever

[@scandalouslando204]

37 mins is perfect. Thank you for not over doing it or cutting it short and losing important facts. Great video sir! Again thank you!

[@nicho7010]

37 minutes long on purpose? veritasium you naughty boy

[@pradeepgade8355]

37th like

[@MartinPrinzler]

oh, reference to an earlier video. I thought the maximum time a StarGate can kept open xD But this would be 38 ;)

[@mindtricks4761]

@MartinPrinzler 37 minutes ago

[@chotai]

​@@mindtricks4761 I missed by 1 min

[@piyushmate3837]

I like it 😂

[@amitamaloo9248]

It's really amazing how a human mind sitting on earth could literally think of this visualize this and bring out all this stuff.

[@badboi4lyff]

I like to think those that watch and briefly understand the concept of videos like this are the privileged ones. Those who can appreciate the complexity of what's out there. There are millions, if not billions of people out there that have no idea what a black hole is and don't care.

[@mkhanman12345]

Omg

[@phoenixlal7428]

Its like origami. We fold the physics as much as we can (without tearing it up) to make it understandable which eventually turns into a beautiful object.

[@athgowla687]

@@badboi4lyff And the majority have good reasons not to care. If you need every hour to work-eat-sleep (+ household & care) and survive, you better don't care about this, even if you would have access to youtube. So, you need double privilige for it: education/intelligence and a certain level of wealth. It should be our mission to make more people have this double privilige.

[@Teslijah]

And then potentially share it with every other living human

[@jakehobrath7721]

For the last several years I’ve always considered Veritasium as a warm up to the next climactic Mark Rober video drop. I don’t know why I felt this way, this channel has become far superior than any other STEM edutainment. I now consider your animated discovery/biography videos to be my most sought after “latest drop” in all of KZbin.

[@cuthbertallgood7781]

Mark Rober is for kids and occasionally adults, and Veritasium is for adults and occasionally kids. This has only grown wider over time as Derek's voice has grown smoother and more professional, and Mark's voice has grown shriller and more childish. Not an insult to Mark; just the direction he chose, and inspiring kids is fine. To put it another way, Mark is trending toward Mr. Wizard/Bill Nye, Derek is trending toward Carl Sagan.

[@docilelikewintercatfish]

Mark focuses to reach a wide audience & inspires them to pick STEM. Veritasium focuses on those inspired audience & shows them the boundaries of STEM Both are superior in their fields

[@carlobunagan6681]

And im gonna look for videos like what he did on blue bulb, im sure he snatch this video also

[@jasonholtkamp8462]

PBS space time is still the king for this field though (no pun intended)

[@wally7856]

^"Mars Rover" videos. That's what I call him anyways.

[@AVR0709]

1:29 The 37 easter egg is just brilliant!!

[@CalvinFayle]

The geometric pattern of the black whole, the universe, white whole, parallel universe, and antiverse all together is perfection. So satisfying to look at.

[@b.r.1523]

I agree. It looks just like an origami crease pattern.

[@croozerdog]

@@johnnysilverhand1733 you cant call anything cringe with a profilepic like that bro

[@markkline6123]

Love this. Also, nothing says, "this is a math video" as much as, "your nemesis looks back at you, shaking his fist AT A CONSTANT RATE" 😅😅😅

[@feynmanschwingere_mc2270]

LMAOOOO sooo true

[@Heroo01]

more physics but yes

[@diestormlie]

It's very considerate of them!

[@AudioPhile]

The theory itself is bonkers, but imagine not only thinking about that in maths, but coming up with it in the first place. Einstein was a freak man.

[@Manhunternew]

He didn't come up with it he discovered it

[@Phoenix80675]

@@Manhunternew he did infact invent it. Its like saying people discovered languages and saying i discovered the word for orange.

[@AverageAlien]

Einstein built his work on the backs of previous physicists, it wasn't like he pulled everything out of thin air pal

[@deserteagle78966]

@@Phoenix80675 No it isn't. Language is a human creation that is entirely spawned from humans, mathematics and sciences are the fundamental ways in which the universe works. They exist as they are regardless of whether humans have found out about them or not. Our language however was created by humans and would not exist without them.

[@Phoenix80675]

@@deserteagle78966 and math is a language. Creating something to describe something is not discovering it. Per the example I already made, an orange is in existence like natural phenomena, and the word orange is used to describe it akin to the way mathematics is used to describe natural phenomena. I can replace every math symbol with whatever I want and it stays the same because the symbols are a human invention and describe them to a human. The numbers don't dictate reality.

[@TheEmmef]

23:46 But then, according to the external observer, nothing can ever have been inside the white hole, like nothing ever can enter the black hole, right?

[@jlo2017]

That has to be THE best explanation of some of the higher concepts that get touched on but never really explained in other YT videos. While still incredibly complex, I could follow this enough to feel better about some of the concepts that drive theoretical physics. Thank you!!!!

[@pbsuite]

So if we want to talk to someone from a parralel universe , we not only can't send info back to report our interraction , we will also be both crushed at the singularity 😢😢😢

[@amatthew1231]

I love all the anecdotes from history of famous scientists basically saying "Yeah theoretically maybe but there's no way that actually exists, no sane man would believe it, it's absurd. And the video is about worm holes and parallel universes.

[@bozhidarmihaylov]

The only possible journey one can have at the moment 😊

[@undine120]

"When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong." - Arthur C Clarke.

[@atomgutan8064]

​@@undine120 This single quote is one of the best I have seen about science.

[@davidwuhrer6704]

​@@atomgutan8064It's about the guy who won two Nobel prizes. Linus Pauling.

[@jhchooo]

We are the music makers and the dreamer of dreams

[@bakasaksham3630]

If someone is wondering which book is it at 25:03 its, Black Holes: The Key to Understanding the Universe By Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw

[@bulletsizednuke1100]

Thanks, may the universe endow you with great fortunes!

[@sokjeong-ho7033]

heheheh cox

[@Estebiken]

Is fantastic book

[@spongebob6216]

you can't have two universe's because the definition of the universe is EVERYTHING .

[@amppari_234]

That definition could be flawed

[@spongebob6216]

@@amppari_234 The use of the word is flawed,its like saying infinity plus infinity sure little kids use it but it still makes no sense

[@lynniesaade4710]

Oh my god this was amazing! You debunked so many lesser-known misconceptions: the idea that stuff appears to "freeze" on the event horizon, the idea that you can avoid a singularity in a Kerr black hole and use it as a wormhole, you even brought up mass inflation! -sincerely, an astrophysics postdoc who studies black holes

[@comical_rushing]

Really basic, unfounded question coming up here but I didn't know how to research it myself so I thought you might be able to help as I am sure it has already been considered: When looking at the diagram in the video, on a purely geometric level when an infinite number of universes and black/white holes was mentioned it seemed really tempting to sort of stitch the top and bottom of the first panel of the diagram together, to make an infinite loop with only 2 universes. What would this actually mean (I am aware I am introducing a completely arbitrary dimension here)? I just thought it seemed kind of an intuitive way of solving the arbitrary directionality of time idea as well as it would mean a white/black hole were one and the same just seen from different perspectives.

[@Qrazout]

Please read my comment (made about 12 hours after yours). I know it is probably a very mistaken idea, but want to know how and why. Obviously I'm not a physicist, but I have been following physics for most of my 62 years. Thank you.

[@Geordiicus]

🫡🙏

[@fashvr9961]

@@comical_rushingbro are you studying this or did you just come up with that yourself?

[@trigashrrr7175]

​@comical_rushing Broo that's another way to look at it. I really wanna know too.

[@geekdice]

The most comprehensive explanation I've ever seen. Everyone only covers the usual and you can predict what they'll say, "... So much gravitational pull, not even light can escape.". I think we all know that ad nauseam now but this video really gets under the hood. ❤❤❤❤

[@jonathan3372]

28:15 Juan Maldacena, discoverer of the AdS/CFT correspondence! His paper, first published in 1997, has more than 20000 citations by now. It's such a pleasure listening to him talk about physics.

[@andreaskiemer]

Im late to the party in commenting but I need to say that this is one of the best if not the best explainer videos i have ever seen. It makes those difficult math problems so gobsmackingly accessible and clear it deserves whatever is the scientific explainer video counterpart to a Pulitzer Prize.

[@lukechu1]

Tiny inaccuracy at 9:46: for most stars it is not the radiation pressure but rather the gas pressure that is dominant in counter-balancing the force of gravity. The radiation pressure, which is the pressure exerted by the emitted photons, is usually many orders of magnitude smaller than the gas pressure which is caused by the motion of the atoms themselves. However, radiation pressure is proportional to T^4 whereas gas pressure is simply proportional to T (where T is the temperature). This means that in very heavy stars where the temperature is higher, radiation pressure can indeed become more important than gas pressure. But this is usually very rare. Otherwise, awesome video!

[@LeahandBlair]

Yep, I knew that too..

[@jasondoe2596]

Thank you so much for this comment! I'm just a layman, but that point immediately stood out as suspect to me.

[@LocalShowerShitter210]

You mean molecyles?

[@ognimimerkki]

I don't think the wording necessarily excludes other effects being involved, but it can be misleading.

[@Sollace]

My immediate thought upon seeing this is "But all quantum physics is strange". Except for quarks. Only a sixth of those are strange.

[@wstavis3135]

Nice. 👏

[@KafshakTashtak]

I thought only 1/6 are strange.

[@Kazedor]

One sixth. There are six types of quarks. Only one sixth of them are strange.

[@Sollace]

@@Kazedor Ah my bad, I didn't count them xD

[@ThangPVan_]

nice joke

[@AHeckman118]

A big issue with sending someone through a singularity to see if it leads to another universe, besides all the ones related to the whole “we’re made of meat” thing, is that if we managed to get someone through a singularity, unless time worked different in that universe somehow, they wouldn’t be able to “turn around” and come back to tell us

[@warrenarnoldmusic]

Its me, my people sent me here to tell you that our souls are black and that we should turn to the lord

[@doublevgreen]

the problem with the einstein rosen bridge is that it is physical garbage and only used to catch peoples attention for propagating physics. parrelel universes or wormholes do not exist. they are just a mathematical hallucination of general relativity and have no physical reasoning

[@domothebro2435]

Wouldn’t we be able to assuming it’s all spinning? Using the energy to pull something faster than light seems like it could also be the solution to turning around and relaying that info

[@OverDunkNessSEVEN]

If you could enter their universe then it stands to reason that the other universe could enter here. By that logic there's no reason they couldn't "turn around" to come tell us, just as long as they've already entered the other universe. Might be billions of years later from our perspective, but we would find out eventually.

[@magicksilver4444]

@@OverDunkNessSEVENif it’s billions years later we will definitely not be there to see that haha

[@killswitch3021]

I’m pretty sure any object that comes even close to one, immediately gets torn apart end condensed because of the amount of gravity. There’d be no way any object could past the horizon without being a clump of all the light, matter, dark matter, and cosmic dust.

[@britishguy339]

I think the most amazing part is that maths alone proved that black holes must exist and several theories about what they were and the universe around them materialised before we even had any proof of their existence

[@dvdtsb]

not that they must exist, only that they can exist :)

[@eval_is_evil]

Yes but math doesnt always explain reality. Infinite density makes no sense. So yes it **predicted** their existence but thats because singularities are a thing in math.

[@eval_is_evil]

​@@dvdtsbthis

[@TheForneveralone]

@@eval_is_evilyou said what he said in a more convoluted way

[@ThomasMuirAudionaut]

are your parents from 3 different cultures of UK? no? then you are NOT 'British'

[@pannenkoek2012]

This may be the second best explanation of parallel universes I've seen

[@ModernMugs]

what is the first?

[@bop8357]

Super mario

[@normalrachael]

Sheeeeeeeeeesh

[@jasoneverett]

Best explanation is what happens when you put bacon bits on a strip of bacon.

[@Blaisem]

@@ModernMugs The best is presumably in a parallel universe.

[@Anonymous-ow6jz]

That big reveal with the penrose diagram implying the existence of a white hole was absolutely incredible! Gave me chills! Bravo!

[@MaiSirAndrey]

It's weird i've had several chills through out the video. This video is something i've always imagined what it'd look like if someone try to explain what happens around event horizon but didn't think no one is articulate enough to come up with it. Except this amazing dude ofc. My god this was amazing.

[@stanconya4393]

It is difficult to be patint while Einstein, Newton and Galileo's theories are "growing"