Spinosaurus: Ferocious Sail-Backed Dinosaur from Late Cretaceous

Spinosaurus is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur that lived in what now is North Africa during the Late Cretaceous period, about 99 to 93.5 million years ago.
00:00 Introduction
03:03 Function of neural spines in Spinosaurus
07:05 Diet and feeding
09:55 Locomotion and posture
12:41 Spinosaurus skull
13:20 Postcranial skeleton
16:43 Reproduction and interaction with other species
Sources:
1. www.sciencenews.org/article/s...
2. www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dino-d...
3. biologicalsciences.uchicago.e...
4. www.britannica.com/animal/Spi...
5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosa...
6. www.thoughtco.com/things-to-k...
Special Credits: Julian Johnson-mortimer, BBC studio, Julio Lacerda, fine art America and others.
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[@Unbearable_Truth]

One of my favorite unique theropods which is still very much a mystery on how it looked like. There are a few things I wished you mentioned that keeps getting overlooked: 1) The largest Spinosaurus specimen is a humerus called NMC 41852 that is over 50% greater than the neotype. Scaling it up from the model given by Ibrahim et al. 2020 and using the densities provided by Larramendi et al. 2020 with the disparity in size SpinoInWonderland (a paleoartist) got with it and the neotype it would have been around ~16.65 meters long and weighed around ~14,340kg. It possibly represents the largest known theropod and largest predatory animal capable of locomotion on land, only rivaled by Deinosuchus hatcheri. 2) There is a Spinosaurus tooth embedded in the vertebrae of Carcharodontosaurus meaning it fought/preyed towards large theropods equivalent to Tyrannosaurus. Nizar himself stated that Spinosaurus lived in the most dangerous place in the history of planet earth. 3) In a 2023 abstract by Evan Johnson-Ransom and Eric Snively, they tested the feeding ecology of Spinosaurus and found that it had a bite force of over 20,000 newtons and a strong skull. While the bite force was average for as far as giant theropods go, its cranium and rostrum were resistant to stress when biting. Surprisingly, the cranium in particular experienced similar stress to Tyrannosaurus. “Finite element analysis suggests that the lower jaw experienced high stress while biting, but cranium experienced similar stress to that of Tyrannosaurus” (Evan Johnson-Ransom, 2023). With a more complete skull and appropriate jaw fleshing, Spinosaurus may have exerted a powerful bite.

[@timidshell]

The editing in this video is so well put together, you have such a calming voice aswell. How are you so underrated? Keep doing this, your great at it.

[@CreatorOnline2.0]

Thank you very much for your support! I had a groin hernia surgery recently. I will not be able to post new videos in the coming week, but after that I will continue creating vids and do my best to make great content.

[@timidshell]

​@@CreatorOnline2.0sorry to hear that, I wish you a speedy recovery!

[@CreatorOnline2.0]

Thank you! @@timidshell

[@theobozikis8225]

Excellent, well informative video! Thank you.

[@CreatorOnline2.0]

Thanks a lot!

[@benjones1717]

Swimming animals get shortened limbs, and often have claws for catching fish.

[@chissstardestroyer]

The other detail of how come its center of mass really doesn't matter is that its legs were designed for rapid running due to how its tendons attached; and running is a constant continuation of falling forward and catching yourself after you throw yourself forward and repeating the process: a vital skill for any hunter; and this animal was clearly a generalist large predator: the largest predator the world has ever seen regarding land predators- bigger than some truly huge whales in fact! Truth be told: its maximum size, we've found from skeletons, is *at least* 5/4ths the size of the sperm whale, the largest toothed whale in existence: *at least* 60ft long- though due to food availability max size is almost never reached; the largest Spinsaurus skeleton we've ever found has a body length of 60ft and a skull that's 8ft long! Nothing else of the carnivorous animals even comes *close* to that!

[@katayamamakoto]

背中の帆は、天敵の攻撃から脊髄を守るための器官でしょう。ステゴサウルスの背中の骨盤も同じ機能。四足歩行の本種は上部からの攻撃に対して背中が無防備になることから、これを齧らせておいて、其の隙に反撃したか、逃げたと考えます。

[@dragonfox2.058]

Fine presentation 👍🏼

[@CreatorOnline2.0]

Thank you!

[@Shimosevilbrother99]

Top 10 largest carnivorous dinosaurs accurate January 2024 Weight/Mass= size 1. Tyrannosaurus rex: Length- 12.8 meters (42 ft) Weight- 11.5 tonnes 2. Giganotosaurus carolini: Length- 13.5 meters ( 45 ft) Weight- 10.2 tonnes 3. Tyrannosaurus mcraeensies: Length- 12.3 metres ( 41 ft) Weight- 9.7 tonnes 4. Mapusaurus rosae: Length- 12.7 meters ( 42 ft) Weight- 8.5 tonnes 5. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus: Length- 14.7 meters ( 49 ft) Weight- 8.3 tonnes 6. Saurophaganax maximus: Length- 12.9 meters ( 43 ft) Weight- 8.3 tonnes 7. Carcharodontosaurus saharicus: Length- 12.3 meters ( 41 ft) Weight- 8.2 tonnes 8. Sauroniops pachytholus: Length- 12.6 meters ( 42 ft) Weight- 7.5 tonnes 9. Tyrannotitan chubutensis: Length- 11.7 meters ( 39 ft) Weight- 7.4 tonnes 10. Bahariasaurus ingens: Length- 13.4 meters ( 44 ft) Weight- 7.14 tonnes

[@Unbearable_Truth]

Outdated with no scientific evidence behind those estimates.

[@Distix-uz8qr]

@@Unbearable_Truthbud is capping 😂

[@Distix-uz8qr]

Sauronips due to very fragmentary remains can’t be given an accurate size

[@Shimosevilbrother99]

@@Distix-uz8qr Sauroniops most underrated theropod ever.

[@gheffz]

Ferocious? How do they know that?

[@danielcain8136]

Let's be real considering its sizes and body build there's no way spinosaurus has short legs heck it's even been disproven and not a lot of people are talking about it please check out EDGE science

[@JustAnotherRandomGuy-_-]

Transitional to aquatic dinosaur we could've seen Mosasaur-like dinosaur if they evolved into fully aquatic species. 😅

[@Distix-uz8qr]

Pretty sure it was the mid Cretaceous

[@chissstardestroyer]

Part of the anatomical problems this animal would have; from the male's point of view, is that the species requires reproduction by physical intimacy to be able to continue *past one generation*. Since this animal clearly did, and since due to anatomy of the hips, and the spine being fused to the sail, how'd the couple mate without the guy dislocating his wife's spine and thus killing her? I mean, as a guy; killing your wife, and mother of your kids in the process of the act *specifically designed* to make the kids: that's extremely humiliating to begin with!

[@chissstardestroyer]

We *know* this animal could only have been bipedal, and never walked on all fours: the reason why is its hand-bones couldn't support "knuckle-walking" and so it had to walk only on its hind-limbs, hence those would be as long as regularly shown; not short or weak at all.

[@bilwilcox44]

The pictures are obsolete! It had a crocodilians tail